Modulan lhmeke

ivisihiy
he sct inkeaem Conis adpoai tive inteaes
all ncgakive intgos and zeo it i dorotd b

Le Z
1-... *3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2,3 - -.

-j
0,t,t2, t3.
Conbides 2 inteqtis a and b he ato a divids b

ere cuists an
inteac k such Rar b ka

sa 9 divides S4,Roe ts e integer 6 uch Ral

Sh 6 x 9

a dividab ió Oiten as alb h e Aymbel Fands

divide)
9)13-s2 S2 -4x13
9 dos no divide 7« )

78 an inlegex) 9

Division Alge m
ard b he aro tuoo unqne
a
Cuven
Given oo intqed
duch h a
Can 'aluoays
be found
and h
nleges as divibion
Kreen
this is
.

0<hza
huc
h
b:9at Called
i s Called
Caed e quolien and h is

al geti m i6
mainda.

es oivisicn is loDs
he

a)b (Y
wewe <nka
b-qa : ^

Oh<a
I b ath
4 alb
 a:2s b:18
s)18 (o

18 7 0x 2S +18

a 1 1 b 2589 17) 2S89 (S2

7
88

IS2 h: S
2589 1S2x7tS

Q 17 b 2, SS
7-245 (-1S
-25S

S h: 10 - 24S-IS x17 t IO

Note
n al divisiond m a be osihve negakive.
O Zens bu t is aluoays Posihrclon zeo) and le

Ran Re divison

Common Divien (GcD) oR

Gaar est
Highest Common Facroa (HcF)

Tne GCD koo inkegers aand b (bah o em

Pote
inteqer d such
ahe not zeo urgle

Har
aboh a and b
d is Ke Cemmon diviso
i dla, d|b
and bb dinides
dinides d.
d
Common divison.o a
) vcy
and b a\d.
i a
bdaidas is outen
ine G.Cà 2 numbeis a and
Ca.b) ic d- lab)
 12 and 18

Conbide Phe inteauis

12
anc
I,2,3, 4, 6,
2
diviaons
hve 18
8
Ihe pesi a e ,

1,2,3,
2 , 3 ,
6,9,
6,,
anc
18
divieAb a
Ihe peiHe a e 1 , 2 ,
3, 65.
13
12 and
Common
divisons o 2 and 18
2 and s
he
GCD
6 Re 18
Clay and
2
Comon
divissA
6 i sKe
ie 612 618 divids
18 divids
6
12
and 18 Mmxm2-
diviseA
on

) Sxa4 and 66
2l6, 3
ii 6 Re G.cD 2
mehod
mehod
o ind
nd GC
G cD
D..

Algeuhm
he
h e
e
exxpp h
re st
s

Euclids and to
and b
a
numkets
Nen
a t by acalrs divisea o
Cemmen diviseA
Cemmon
aealzs
inding Re y e
Re
omalles
malles

Ameod4 e langu by
Re lage
dividing Acmama
um
beus He hna
hoo h e m a i n d e n .

*Ke unll exa

Re
Smalles by ancl
ancl c e
en
on
unlzl

cmainder

Common
Aecondl
he
hence
Me giates
he gicates cxaut
oblaind
is akes
division divisot .

Re Cxau a
diviseA is

Ewlidian Algen m an
a all
)Srep l nd gco inggcol

azb in cach
andbwi
integenda
any hoo
hoo umbeiy
be Ke onucaiA
L a,b
Stp)
R.
a mod b
Sp and bR
Sep3 Le a-b
and b is

Step4Repra
Shp2 and 3 unt D.S.C.E.
caruAan d.
Find ReG-cD 32 andd Sy
SH and expAs

32 S4

32 Su -

0
32
22
22 : S-(33)
32( 0 32-(22) -
22
o 22( 2 22-2l1o)

Acmainoa is
ne as non 3ns
2 10(S 2
. aCD is

2 22-2(10)

2:ts4-)-2[m-(2)
2 Sh - 3(3a) + 222)

SH 332) +2 [ S 1(2)) -

5)-s ()
S4l3) + 32(-s)
2 S4 +32y u 3 y

Relahively Paime umbek

numbe
a and b ae said to be Aelaivcy

Re.
Pim and nluy la )=1 i
&cD a and b is

8 and 1s an adalvey Phime,

193,5) 1
and b
pngAuenny
ac
any
mibive intge ( ) ia
m be o b mooudo m

saic to be Conguent
Rn a is
nteas

d ony ma-b
 ndymbes a s Congucn le b madulo m
wten as a bmod m)
Ihus a abmod m R mab 4 Convesely i
ma-b Ren a Ebmod m)

)2523 (mad n) 25-3 ie22

ie 16-64
i)-69 -s(mod 16) 16 -6145

dih is
Considu Re Con9una 134 108 (mod 13)

13) 134(o
104
humainder
divided b 13, Ke same
134 and 108 axe
hen
4i obBaind This gavs Ke altunatt dcinikon oKe
Conuerce
db
poatve intego (>1) and
a ae

Dinition. m isa
b modulo
oio. to be Conguent
o
is
ahy inteqes en
a

leave he bame hemaind

a and b
m and only
uhen divided by m

AS= 3 (mod )
AS 3 42
442

124-172(mod 12)

172 4 8
1248
- 124+

1nad ) buc
256-1
:255 1725s
(2")1:
 P o p e c b i o
Congucnc
l o n g u u e n c c

b(
b (m
mood
d
m) t tud
(madm) m) ::

(mat
m)Hen
hen a
(mod
ab
h e l a r i o n

td
Ik ean
n lence
eauva
an
ió
Cerescl Aelahon

C o n g u c n u

inkege
In is any
2 and

d:bmod
m)
4 (mod
m)

atc
(btc)
)
(bc){mod m) huc aluoa
aloays.
ac
bi) id no
3i) Conghuuen
Popely be
Convee a
ned no
hen
Ken
s
be (mod m)
Vis a c
m oduoays) ine9
to b module
m s a posiive
and
inlegus Ren.
4. a b, C.d a Cdmod m)
and
Ha
asb(mdm)
sudh

1d) (mad m)
t) arc) lb
bd (mod m)
ac: numbu
ta) wc n d a posibive
a b (mod m)
wa
k
Aome integes
a-b
1Km on
en
Neke asblmed m)

Aincar lenguuerd ih a m
sis a

a
ax b
bmod
:
m)
(madm)
Conguenc o h e koum
A integuu
[unknouorsaa

Posi lirc inteae a,band *

Calld lincar CongiucnC
dalled a

ih Aatisis
ax eb (med m) is

value
Any
Aduhion o e Cengtuence

Analue ich is scuhien a Cenuerce

dolled an inesbe a modulo m
a 1 (mod m)i
 Ren
and a elalivdy phime
thA a m

sclubhion oa

hos a unique
Conoutn a E mao m

inNese a modulo m wrque

prime. gcd (a,m):
(a,m)
and m a Aclakivey pme gcd
PAoo Since a

and n n , a th,m:
n t a e n,
n , a 1 n,m-1
0
,atnm
(mod m)
180

n,mo (mod.m)
-

' n , a I mod m)
n3
exists namely
0x(mod m)
a
seluon
solurion e Conguu
ni
anoa
is
asume
Re n
U

n a imod m ) -
Inen

Thom4 hax
n,a-na omod m)

n,aEngo (mod
m)
Aclabircy paime
( ' a ord m ae
D,E n3 (modm)
d bd
b lmod n) Ren qcd (an)
Ramal F o A ax obBaine d
we

Acuton cists
and Rheon
Rn h u e K: 1,
2,3.
Lxat_
y otE
umber dAcuiens
rakes

in uneo Cengluent
Raules inding
axib/nod n) Aanl
Genual koama i n cach
Find Gco (a,n) d (luk)
iposble 5 Acuhion eis lonucaiA-
qAoluuhion a pombl
hede no
Find d mad n
d.
Divide bek Ade by
a
Mul ivose D.S.C.E.
sMulhpuy boh sidis by
i ad)x = b.a med n)
oution tau is +k ue
)enua k o,1,2.rdi)
 y #
12 (mod 18)
ax
b (modn)
n 18
a 4
b= 12

&cd a.n) > d

2 (d)
Gcd (4.ts)
usl
soukon

ba 1% ournu s l *
18 2 2
n 2 mad
mad
e side
Dinidle bek
+)
H1(mod)
7a 6 mod )
sides by mul inveac a
sMulipy bo
77 6 7 mad ) aa
6.7mod 9).
a
(7-c) madn = ( a c ) medn I

7xc)mood

C 7mad #
e2 4 mod 9 4

C:3 21 mod9t
C 28 mod9)

X 6-h mod 7
2 4 maol 9

Ceneal scluhon

x i a (mool is )
3 Selve

Gcd (9, I5) >

soluen a
Posble
he no
 iA eaivalent to
ne Conghurnu

a (mod s)
a b modm)
abtmk
3-H sk

ab m

3mod s)
Guenua Soukon is
n
M:maM2-

3*()
3+ SK

x3s,>

Find linan Egnuences

a blypcd n)
n 13
a- 4 12

Gc , 1 ) 2 S d-p
f26
bd

od) cxau
ned a) he lakes

( x 6 (mod S
i n coch
ax blmod n) he
nS
a a b 6 MonaCa iA
G-cd a,1s) 3 => d-3.

uien uists 4 wil at

b d 3 2

ssuons e n Rquabienn D.S.C.E.

d umb a

(med )
 3 x 2(mod s)

(mod s
832
2 3 (mod s)
(3.c) mods I a(ac)(mods)
C: 3 mod #|
3.2 modS : 6mod s I
C:2

C 2

2:2 (mod s
4od s)

4+1) ,:4tS 9

seuhon
ae Atuked
and 4
, 9

8 x 2mod 28)
ax b (mad n)
o 12 n23

a 8
(3,28)4d.
Gcd (a,n)
Aouion cus

bd 1/3
2(mod 2
2 3 mod.7)
3 4 (mod 7)
22 8.2" (mod 7)
3 2 (mod 7) a 12 (mod 1)
1
a c)(mod 7)
C1
2 mad 7
4mod7 +
C 2
G med 7 +
C 3
I
8 mod 7:
 = 19g :26

nc ino
Remainder hokesm
he i n e Remainde Retum (CR?) is wd avc a l

vauable bu dikunt
quaons oiR one
duyguunt Conguen
as shoon belouo
moduli ch ae Aloively pume
a , mod m,), xag (mad m,) iag(mod ma)
--
Qn (med mn)
cRT Aas hat Re above eqarions have a wnge
selulion oRe mooluli ote helahvely pume

X(a,M,M+G, M,M a,MM (nod M)

mL and
Le M m, x ma 7 M3

MM1
M, M M M
M

be Re soluron hapuively
Lr MM M
t CongAuentd eAuahons

M,M, 1(md.m MMI(modm,)-- MM' 1mdm)

Example ie xauE-
CRT
Solv he ollouoing eguakona using Ahe akes
3mod s) XE2tmod 7)
2mod 3) hac alc.

irn
Toind has calls-

a, 2 m, 3
M, "35M, 2 l s in corh
ME105
a 3
m SM, los : 2
OS
M Monica id-

a2 ma7 Mg 10-1 S ns
10S
M:m,x m ma 3xS x7:

MM I(mod 3) M(m, c)(mad s) = 1 D.S.C.E.

as.1) mod s) #I
35 1mod s) ss2(mods) = }
 MC) tod s
M I (mod ma)
N 21-1) mods
(mod s)
2 M

MM mod ma) c)med 7) 1

IS (mod 7)
Mm 1
(15)(mod 7)

2x15x1mod. 10s
X =2 xas x2 3x2) *1 1
1oS 2332
x 233 (mod los 110
X23

leR olobing uahons using CRT

Ax S(md a)
2 6 (mod 2o)
s (mol )
4
H'4:xsmod 9) (4c)nod 9)= 1
C1,2,3,4.S,6,7
xsmad)
1
(28) (mad 9)
=

7 x 5 (mod 9
3 s mcd 4)
x 8 mod 9 > 0

26mod 20) 2
(2c)mo
2 (mod 10) Mm m,-9x10 9 0
3(mool 1o)
To Hhd
Gaen
a, 8 m
M, 1o M M 40
a-b m10 M, M
m1: 9 . m9
mm mod10
Dcabg Mm i(mool m)
m1 9m mool to)
to (mod )
 9c)mod o) :
C : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , S , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9

C-9

X 8 x t o»| +
3x9x9) mod 1g)
As o) 323 (3
X 323 mod 9o 270

x 53 mod 90

equarions wing CRT

Solve Ro eUlouoinq
xE2(mod s) X =I (modu
ES (mod 3)
mock m
Sou X (a,,m, +@,m,m ta,m m .

io ind
Guien
Mm SS
m,-3 M:165
a- 2 m S
Mn 33
m a 1 , =1s
a m Ma:
l63
Il

x m,x m
3 xSX (medim
M,
(mod s)
mod m, m,m, mod
M,M,
I
(mod s)
33m
I mod 3
SS m, M
mod s)= mc)mat
SSe)mod 3 m,e)
IS3)(mad
ss mod 3
=
C

l6s)
ixISx3) (mod
X:SxsS
2x 33x2 t
16sAS2
S30
XAS2 mad l6S
X 122
 Solve ke llawinq quaton ing CRL
x 8 mod ) x3ltmad 20)

Sou
a, m,- 9 3020 M S A-120
a 3 , 20 M M - 130 9 M 9

M:mzO2

MM med m)_ MMELmadm

20M mod 9 9 M Lmedaa)
91med 20)
M9

X aMM 4,M, M mod m)

X 8.20 s+3.9.9) (mod 20)
iOL3) Lmac 180)
X 43

Manica bacsAem pets She dets net

Knae Ke exaLt_
cxaut
nurmhts a ps Ahe haA So she tald Rak whn
she akes
hcundsahe abaexed sem n n He maanina hac alc
i e peks a each qoup xcept
an gAoup didh has aal
Loo pks. n R
aleeanaan Mue a ecapla in incach
eNenina hia L _elcen pets
in e0ch asaup
Au Rar Ruc ne laca Monita ia
Han isa pcts Eind at
AmallealnnbeA
pka dees Ahe Imrc

D.S.C.E.
Solu
a,2

mod s)_ %mod 1) iolmec in)

Sinte , )a AdativcypAimu acdS1n)=ll

M, M 77
a 2 M SS M
M a 28 SS M M 3Ss
M
as0 Ma 2E M

MM, lmodm,- 77M= mds)

1:3 mod s)
M:3

MM Tmad m SsM mod 7)

SS M I Imod 1
SS 6 2 L mood 7
320 mod )
M6
MaM (medm
3SM3 (med

M6

x :2173 t 6.ss.é tase) lned 3es)

D.S.C.E.
2H4 2 (mod 3es)
X 132
 Solsing Felqnomial
A polynomial Conguth eguahion
LOngluenc Squatton
i eauaton
one
unknouon
Conguenc Couahion (Loi

n
t9,+n omod m
an n- -

baiol o
and a--- An Gz) Audh an souation
n a,
bu cdugke n ian ?o (mod m) i
isisCalld Re degt kO (maed
m)
dukion o e polynemia Congkuenct ts an nege
u in (o, 1, ma) 2 kl): o

Thcom Lagrange 3)
n>i lek kl): an an+
Lepbe
a
pume and intequ,
n
modulo P
be polynomial dene
+9,4
+a,4
a

Then R Conguence k #o
Ci Ono (mod m))
has a mest n
muhuoy in
Conguentt olubong
mod P)
Modulo P
med m)
Roo o t) )(mod m) bo Glt):o
(med m)
Called mod
c io

Snampl
=
*+2x-3 = o (mod s)
Solvekx)

meo,1,2,3,4
S hen
Given m

lo) + 2lo) - 3 o (red s)

20)-3 o (md s
)
a : 5 o (mod s)
k): 2 2)-
Ha):942l)-3 o (meds
l) 1 24) - 3 2 o lmod s)
Ao ots )mods)
1 à -2 a He

O 1 (moa T
 Buk 0,3,4 a nor Aoos o ) (mods)
Solve h)26- 31 b-76 tS7:e (mad a)
Rdue R given eguaion to obtain equivalen
LonguuenL tguakion.
a) 2 x'-7»*+ 6x'-4x tl s o (mad 8
Agai'n 7 -1(mod 8) 4 6-2(mod 8

hl) 2+-2*-4x+l s o (mod8)

Gwen Ren
m: 8
m3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,41
ha) 2(-a)"*(--2(-3 4l-s)+1: 130E2 7olmed
ht-2) 25 1
#o(mod 8)
hi) 94 =4 ¢o (mod 8)

hlo) 2o tmod &

h)-2 6 o (mod8)
hl). 25 F
2olmod 8)
hl- lo o (med 8)
hle) S13 alio(medda)
x* 3 is
anly e hse nod a)
unan Diophanlin qoTon

An equahkon o hype axtby C Calld linta

Diophanrnc quahion tDoaiables To ge seluhion
nd lb nd ncq valuc o aoland y Ka

oksy Re quahon Ths

uakän as
ehe ne bolulkon OA
inin numba
 (a.b) , dc Ken
en
e d Gcd
Ren oe have
dc Ren
o e
dC
soluhon
eguaton hos no Aer
One oMem
o A c l u h ' o s . One
numbe
an innite enea soluhion
Re As
a qenal
Called poshiculas

uio soluion
selulion a
ab atby C
tby:C
a paubiulas
dlc Atps.
usinq
Me olloing
ollouoing
Can be keund
Souno

to by:C hy einolinq
. Recute he uakon
is psibte
cualren bu
d.This
boAids e
h he asunpkion
e asumpkien
dirids a b and C h
betauht d

aelalion a,+b,t: 1
2. Selvc o s and t in Re

wsing tucliduan algenMm.

2adula
soluion lan be ound
In

Genua soulnon
olurion Me qenual
indina h pauliuuar
At
Aoluion Can be pund : ot)K
9 YeA)K a e k is

an imtA
 ind pahiulas and genealalution e He
cqualion 21t1y 35

Sol Gue 21x +ay 3ss sm) axtby:C

C*3s
a 21 b:14
d: 7
d Gcd (21, 4) >

Also d|c 7 dirides as

hos inknit no AsluukisnM
R
R given eaualan
boh 6ide
abivide QO hy d 7 an

t2y S a,z oy C.)

3S+2t 1 (a,s+b,t1)
Me abore equ
S= ) l alisjis
Byaumphon

poiuda olhien *oa)s 4 ye-a)t

a9) ))
:S Yo -S

Gunenal So uion

St2k
o A) :S+)
-S-12)k yS-3k

inetpe ourioA ale

Aubsiuirq k),2,3-

y)- ) (7,-8)(9.-). . - .

Thxco ench R e deun sakiskies e eniginol u.

 and quncia ourion l .
Find R paiuda
- 1S
equakion 2s +10y eoAm axtbyC

2S+10u :1S

a:2 b:10 C:15

L d:ged (25,o) d:S
d ged a,b
iS
dle S divides
has inlinthe no oouhony
e giren equarion
Thc
d:S an b o sde
Ne divide q 0 y

Sx+2y 3 (Consida a,xtb,y C)

SS+2 1 la,sb,t)
Ra alkavr
E(2) d sarisjies
By asumphen s:

equatiorn
solutèn: o *A)s y-A)t
'potiudor

e
xe:3 6

Genaal une n
*:3+ 2)
x 3 +Q)K

y:«l-)-3)x y--6 -SK

y e-x
soluukion ac Aubaituiha K:1,2, 3---)

S , - 1 1 ) (,-16)(,-2)-

e Aclukion Aakiajis Me eigina

Thee kot
cad o
equaion.
 Syskem inca Conguuencts

hcoALm The Asem o uincon Cenguences axt by nlm

and Cx+dy: s(mod n) has a unque Aolukion modue n,

Sener acd (ad-be,n):

wi hoo auabe
kemad linean Conguenccs
olvable only uen
axtby c(md n)
is

Gcd (a,b, n)/c

has olukien t gd (o.n)lb
lo hcmember ax =b (mad n)

. Aystem Cen uenes

Find he doluhion

a tHy S (mod1)
7 Imc 1a)
2x Sy
= S (mod ia) -

3
2 5y 7 (mod 1a) -
A: :SS
A
A:
A: 7
7 n: 13
n:13
d:S
b: c2
a:3 4

Geda s
-42, 3)
a d -be, n)
:
Gcd
Gcd 7,)
custs
ungueL Aouion

S and tou b4
Cenguences
caOhy
malkiplying

2s (mod 13) -
IS+2oy

8 x t 20y
28 med 13) -

Sq-co 7 E-3 (mad 12

14 -6 (mod 13)
1x
7 (mad 13)
 Sustem inca Congnuentts
- =

IhoACm ne Ayslem i n c a Cenguen uxt bu:1/med

and ha unique soukion modulo n

Cxcy: S(mod n) a

dhenevch gcd (ad-bc,,n):\

oo auabuy
emdd lincan Conguences
vable only uhn
axtby c(mad n)
is

Gied (a,b, n)lc

o hemember ax =b mod n) has Aoluhiontged (a,n))b

Find e aoluhon he Aysem Con ounces

2x y S (mod i3)
2x1 Sy E7 mod 13)

3x+4Es (mod 13)

2Sy :7 (mod a) -
d:S A:S A: 7 n:13
a 3 b:4 c2

Gcd (ad-be,n) Gcd (as - 2 , 12)

Gcd 7,12) 1

sourion usts
ungm

hy S and coub4
Malkiplyng Congauenes cq

IS +20y 2s (mod 3) - 3
8x +20y 28 mod 13) -
Sa-co h E -2(mad 1a) - -

mulkplys4S by a

4 6 (mod 13)
1 7 (mac 13)
 and
Ageinmu plynq
ConguenS
cq 2

and Ren Aubstuak

8
equ by
6n+ 8y316(mod 13) ----
6x+ISy =21(med
13) . - . -

squ-Sqp -7y -n(mod3

7 n mod18) .-(

maipyqu si 2 14 22(mad 13)

Iy:9 mod 18)
x:7 d :9
' 7mod a) and y:9 (mad 1a)

( Sobve ayse ahers

7 lo(mod 16) -0
2 Sy:9 mod 16)
a:1 b-3 n:1o
n:16
C2 d:2 ^:9

Ghcd (7,3, 16): \

Gcd (a.b, n) :
Gcd a,b a)lc
soluion
has a
.h systems
(29,6)
Gicd (ad -be,n) Ged
solulion
The ulms has a uniqme
xS
7 3t I0 (mod 16)
9 (mod ie) x 3
2x 4 Sy

29 (mad 1e)
13

13x 7(macd 16)

13x -7 16 k

16Kt7

i k 2 grentaral value
 x 3 mod 16)

73) 2y E 16 (mod l6)

213y 10 (mod 16)
3y -I(mod 16)

16 3y+
3yt+11 : 6k
y:"

hk:2 :7
y:7 (mod 3)
solre Re Aysterns aons
Sx6y o (mod 1a) -0
6x-7 2 (mad 1a) -
a S b:6 hz 1
h 1
A 2
C 6 d:-7
Gcd (a, b, n) Sed (s,6, 13) :1

Gcd (a, b, n)/c

soluhon
The byslem has a

Gcd (ad-bc,n) Gcd 71, 3): \

a unLgue soluhon

he yslem has V

Sx+6y lo (mod i3) x 6

6x 7y 2 (mad a) S

7hy So (mad 13)

6y n (mod 13)
13k
136y- ) 6 y - l-
6y 13k t
y -13Ktl)
6

k1y 4(mod 13)

Sx+ (mod3)
6y 1o

Sx+ 6l4) =1omod 13)

5x 24 10 (med 13)
Sx -4 (mod 13)- $x - (mod 13)
Sx+ Sxt=13* 13K-
 2 S s (mod 13)

2x6y I (mod 7)
4x+34 2 (mod 7)
a:2 b:6 A:1
n 7
d:3 b:2
C: 4

Gcd (a, b,n) Ged (2, 6,7) -

The Boluson ousAS

Gicd (a,b.n)/c solubion
Ghcd(ad-bc,n) Gcd (18,7) 1 Undau

x t6y ) (mod 1)
4t3y 2 (mod 1) *2

6 3 (mod 7)
2 (mod 7)

72x
) 22-1 : 7K

E+ mod 7)
21 6y 1 (mod 7)
l4)+6y I (mod 7)
8+6y mod 7)
6y:-7(md7)
7/6yt7
6yt7: 7k

yomoc 7