1. Narration: is great for telling stories.

It can be used to captivate an audience, as

it gives readers a chance to visualize the events unfolding as they read. It's a
great way to engage an audience and keep them interested in the topic.
2. Description: is great for providing details about a subject. It allows readers to
clearly understand the topic and what it entails. It gives readers the opportunity to
get a good sense of the subject and its intricacies.
3. Definition: is great for providing concise explanations of terms and concepts. It
allows readers to quickly and clearly understand a subject and its meaning. It can
be particularly helpful when introducing readers to a new topic.
4. Cause and effect: is great for elucidating relationships between events. It
allows readers to have a better understanding of how certain events or actions
can lead to other events or actions. It can be particularly useful in helping readers
understand the consequences of certain decisions or actions.
5. Comparison and contrast: is great for highlighting similarities and differences
between two or more subjects. It allows readers to better understand the
nuances between two or more similar topics. It can be particularly useful in
helping readers discern the differences between seemingly similar concepts.
6. Exemplification: is great for providing examples to illustrate a point. It allows
readers to better understand a concept or topic by seeing it in action. It can be
particularly helpful in providing examples of how a particular concept works in
real world scenarios.
7. Classification: is great for organizing information into categories. It allows
readers to better understand and differentiate between related topics or
concepts. It can be particularly helpful in providing a structure for readers to
better comprehend and retain information.
8. Problem-solution: is great for identifying issues and providing solutions. It
allows readers to clearly understand and address a problem. It can be
particularly useful in providing readers with steps to take in order to solve a
particular issue.
9. Persuasion: is great for convincing an audience of a particular point of view. It
allows readers to be persuaded by the presented arguments and evidence. It can
be particularly helpful in swaying an audience to adopt a particular opinion.
Subjective Description- gives the personal impression of the writer.
Objective Description- present the impartial and actual picture of the subject without
biases.
Modifiers-can be in a form of word phase or clause
Sensory Language- are words used in writing descriptive paragraph
A narrative text contains the PLOT which give direction to story.
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES are word or phrases that help carry a thought from one
sentence to another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another.
Most of the common transitional words to show CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER of events
are first, next, then, after and suddenly.
The SEQUENCE of events helps to show the reader how the story moves.
INFORMAL DEFINITION- as either denotation or connotation
DENOTATION- is the dictionary meaning of the word
CONNOTATION- is the secondary meaning of word and not necessarily included it in
the dictionary

4 PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

1. ORGANIZATION- refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text

2. COHERENCE- is the quality of being logical, clearly organized, not rumbling or
confusion
COHESION- is the connection or realization of ideas which make them unified
and coherent
➢ Spatial Order- used in descriptive writing to signal spatial relationship:
above, below, beside, nearby, beyond, inside, outside
➢ Time Order- used in narratives and instruction to signal chronological
sequence: such as, before, after, first, next, then, when, finally and etc.
➢ Numerical Order- used in expository writing to signal of importance: first,
second, also, finally, in addition, equally and etc.
➢ Cause and Effect Order- used in expository writing to signal casual
relationship: because, since for, so, as a result, consequently, thus, hence
➢ Comparison and Contrast Order- signal, similarities and differences: also,
additionally, just as, as if, as though, like and etc.
➢ General and Specific Order: descriptive report and arguments to signal
specific elaboration on an idea, for example, such as, like, namely, for
instance and etc.
3. LANGUAGE USED- using proper language is one of the clearest indicators and
sign of a well written text.
Different Character of a Language Used
THE LANGUAGE SHOULD BE:
➢ Concrete and specific
➢ Concise not verbose
➢ Match with the situation presented in the text
4. MECHANICS- is the last property of a well written text that deals with the
technical aspects of writing. In this property the writer should focus on the correct
spelling, abbreviations, punctuations and capitalizing a composition.
1. CLAIM OF FACTS- asserts that a condition has existed or will exist. This is
based on facts or data. This claim is non-negotiable.
➢ State of being or not being- (there is full moon tonight)
➢ Aspects attributes of things- (the barn is red/large/old/empty)
➢ The state of affairs- (the road way is busy today)
2. CLAIM OF VALUE- is an argument based on morality, belief, ethics or
philosophy.
➢ Stated by combining limited facts and proving them even good or bad
➢ Also called CLAIM OF JUDGEMENT
➢ If the arguments challenges to decision making or judgement leading
to acceptance or rejection of the reader
3. AESTHETICS- study of beauty and the fine arts
4. MORALITY- value claim about morality express judgements about the
rightness or wrongness of conduct or beliefs.
5. CLAIMS OF POLICY-is the argument where actions should be carried out
➢ Almost always “should” or “ought to” or “must” is expressed or implied
in the claim.
➢ Respond to the most common English sentence (who should do
what?)
➢ Also called CLAIM OF SOLUTION because it suggest and support
policies and solution and the action to be taken base on the result.
6. EXPLICIT CLAIM- is directly and clearly stated in the text
7. IMPLICIT CLAIM- is indirectly expressed in the text. The reader need to look
for clues or make inferences to understand the meaning.
8. INFERENCE- involves using what you know to make a guess about what you
don’t know or reading between the lines