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EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE IN 2-D

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and,
b) Apply equations of equilibrium to solve a 2-D problem.
APPLICATIONS

For a spool of given weight,

what are the forces in cables
AB and AC ?
 APPLICATIONS (continued)
For a given cable strength, what is the maximum weight that can be lifted ?
APPLICATIONS (continued)

When this load is lifted at constant

velocity, or is just suspended, then it
is in a state of equilibrium. In this
chapter we will study equilibrium
for a particle and show how these
ideas can be used to calculate the
forces in cables used to hold
suspended loads.
 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle
A particle is said to be in equilibrium if it remains at rest if
originally at rest, or has a constant velocity if originally in
motion. Most often, however, the term “equilibrium” or, more
specifically, “static equilibrium” is used to describe an object
at rest. To maintain equilibrium, it is necessary to satisfy
Newton’s first law of motion, which requires the resultant
force acting on a particle to be equal to zero. This condition is
stated by the equation of equilibrium,
F=0
EQUILIBRIUM OF PARTICLE IN 2-D (Section 3.3)

This is an example of a 2-D or coplanar

force system. If the whole assembly is in
equilibrium, then particle A is also in
equilibrium.

To determine the tensions in the cables for a

given weight of the engine, we need to learn
how to draw a free body diagram and apply
equations of equilibrium.
 THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for you to
know how to draw and use.

What ? - It is a drawing that shows all

external forces acting on the particle.

Why ? - It helps you write the

equations of equilibrium used to solve
for the unknowns (usually forces or
angles).
 How ?
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its
surroundings.

2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.

Active forces: They want to move the particle.

Reactive forces: They tend toA resist the motion.

Note : Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and
directions. Show all unknown magnitudes and / or
directions as variables .

Note : Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

EQUATIONS OF 2-D EQUILIBRIUM

Since particle A is in equilibrium,

A
the net force at A is zero.
FBD at A
So FAB + FAB + FAC = 0
or  F = 0
 EQUATIONS OF 2-D EQUILIBRIUM

In general, for a particle in equilibrium,  F = 0 or

Fx i + Fy j =A 0 = 0 i + 0 j (A vector equation)

Or, written in a scalar form,

Fx = 0 and  Fy = 0
These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (EofE).
They can be used to solve for up to two unknowns.
 EXAMPLE

Note : Engine mass = 250 Kg FBD at A

 EXAMPLE

Write the scalar EofE:

+   Fx = TB cos 30º – TD = 0

FBD at A
+  Fy = TB sin 30º – 2.452 kN = 0

Solving the second equation gives: TB = 4.90 kN

From the first equation, we get: TD = 4.25 kN
 SPRINGS, CABLES, AND PULLEYS

Spring Force = spring constant *

With a frictionless
deformation, or
pulley, T1 = T2.
F=k* S
Spring Force = spring constant * deformation, or
F=k* S
With a frictionless pulley, T1 = T2.
EXAMPLE 1

Given: Sack A weighs 20 N. and

geometry is as shown.
Find: Forces in the cables and weight
of sack B.

Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for Point E.
2. Apply EofE at Point E to solve for the
unknowns (TEG & TEC).
3. Repeat this process at C.
EXAMPLE-1 (continued)

A FBD at E should look like

the one to the left. Note the
assumed directions for the
two cable tensions.
 EXAMPLE-1 (continued)

The scalar EofE are:

+   Fx = TEG sin 30º – TEC cos 45º = 0
+   Fy = TEG cos 30º – TEC sin 45º – 20 N = 0

Solving these two simultaneous equations

for the two unknowns yields:
TEC = 38.6 N
TEG = 54.6 N
 EXAMPLE -1 (continued)

Now move on to ring C. A FBD for C

should look like the one to the left.
The scalar EofE are:

   Fx = 38.64 cos 45 – (4/5) TCD = 0

   Fy = (3/5) TCD + 38.64 sin 45 – WB = 0
Solving the first equation and then the second yields
TCD = 34.2 N and WB = 47.8 N .
 CONCEPT QUESTIONS

1000 N
1000 N 1000 N
(A) (B) (C)
1) Assuming you know the geometry of the ropes, you cannot determine the
forces in the cables in which system above?
2) Why?
A) The weight is too heavy.
B) The cables are too thin.
C) There are more unknowns than equations.
D) There are too few cables for a 1000 N weight.
EXAMPLE 2:
600 N
Given: The car is towed at constant
speed by the 600 N force
and the angle  is 25°.
Find: The forces in the ropes AB
and AC.

Plan:

1. Draw a FBD for point A.

2. Apply the EofE to solve for the forces in ropes AB and AC.
600 N
EXAMPLE 2: (continued)

600 N 600 N

FBD at point A
A
25° 30°

FAB FAC
Applying the scalar EofE at A, we get;
+  Fx = FAC cos 30° – FAB cos 25° = 0
+  Fy = -FAC sin 30° – FAB sin 25° + 600 = 0
Solving the above equations, we get;
FAB = 634 N
FAC = 664 N
EXAMPLE 3

Determine the required length of

cord AC in the figure so that the 8-
kg lamp can be suspended in the
position shown. The undeformed
length of spring AB is lAB = 0.4 m,
and the spring has a stiffness of kAB
= 300 N/m.
 EXAMPLE 3: (continued)

Free-Body Diagram. The lamp has a weight

W = 8(9.81) = 78.5 N
and so the free-body diagram of the ring at A is shown in figure b.
 EXAMPLE 3: (continued)

Equations of Equilibrium. Using

the x, y axes,

If the force in spring AB is known, the stretch of the spring can be

found using F = k s.
 EXAMPLE 3: (continued)

so the stretched length is

The horizontal distance from C to B requires

 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Select the correct FBD of particle A.

30 A 40

100 N

F1 F2
A
A) B)
30 40°
100 N
A
F F1 F2
C) 30° D) 30° 40°
A
A
100 N 100 N
 ATTENTION QUIZ

2. Using this FBD of Point C, the sum of

F2
forces in the x-direction ( FX) is ___ .
Use a sign convention of +  .
20 N 50°
A) F2 sin 50° – 20 = 0 C

B) F2 cos 50° – 20 = 0 F1

C) F2 sin 50° – F1 = 0
D) F2 cos 50° + 20 = 0
Three-Dimensional Force Systems

Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and,
b)Apply equations of equilibrium to solve
a 3-D problem.
In the case of a three-dimensional force system, as in Fig., we can
resolve the forces into their respective i, j, k components
  Fx = 0 ;  Fy = 0 ;  Fz = 0

These three equations state that the algebraic sum of the

components of all the forces acting on the particle along
each of the coordinate axe must be zero. Using them we
can solve for at most three unknowns, generally
represented as coordinate direction angles or magnitudes
of forces shown on the particle’s free-body diagram.
 Procedure for Analysis

Three-dimensional force equilibrium problems for a

particle can be solved using the following procedure.
Free-Body Diagram.
• Establish the x, y, z axes in any suitable orientation.
• Label all the known and unknown force magnitudes and
directions on the diagram.
• The sense of a force having an unknown magnitude can
beassumed.
 Equations of Equilibrium

• Use the scalar equations of equilibrium,  Fx = 0 ;  Fy = 0 ; 

Fz = 0, in cases where it is easy to resolve each force into its x, y, z
components.
• If the three-dimensional geometry appears difficult, then first
express each force on the free-body diagram as a Cartesian vector,
substitute these vectors into  F = 0, and then set the i, j, k
components equal to zero.
• If the solution for a force yields a negative result, this indicates that
its sense is the reverse of that shown on the free-body diagram.
Example 1:

Determine the magnitude and

coordinate direction angles of
force F, that are required for
the equilibrium of point O.
Example 1:

B (-2,-3,6)
Example 1:
Example 1:
Example 2:

Determine the force in each

cable used to support the 40kN
crate shown in Fig.
Example 2:
B (-3, -4, 8) C (-3, 4, 8)
Example 2:
Equilibrium  F = 0

Equating the respective i, j, k components to zero yields

Example 2:

Equation (2) states that FB = FC.

Example 3:

A 90 N load is suspended from

the hook shown in the figure. If
the load is supported by two
cables and a spring having a
stiffness k, determine the force in
the cables and the stretch of the
spring for equilibrium. Cable AD
lies in the x–y plane and cable AC
lies in the x–z plane.
Example 3:
Example 3:

The stretch of the spring is therefore:

Example 4:

Determine the tension in

each cord used to support
the 100-kg crate and the
stretch of the spring shown
in the figure. for
equilibrium.
 Example 4:

D (-1, 2, 2)
Example 4:
Example 4:

The stretch of the spring is therefore:

 Örnek:
Determine the
force in each of the
members (AB, AC,
AD) needed to
support the load of
mass 500 Kg.
A (0, 3, 2.5) C (0.75, -2, 0)
B (0, 0, 0) D (-1.25, -2, 0)
 z

FAD A

FAC FAB

W
x
y
Free-body diagram
Position vectors and unit vectors:
Equations of Equilibrium.

AD

AD AD AD