METEOROLOGY

DELIVERED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
CE/RMP

ENGR. OLYMPIO LOPEZ JR.

CE/EnP
 WHAT IS
METEOROLOGY
● Meteorology is the study of the gaseous envelop in the planet. This
gaseous envelop is called atmosphere and there are 5 layers that
are known as follows:

Troposphere
−

Stratosphere
−

Mesosphere
−

Ionosphere or Thermosphere
−

Exosphere
−
 LAYERS OF
ATMOSPHERE
 WHAT IS
PRECIPITATION
●
Precipitation is considered to be the
primary input in the hydrologic cycle
●
It is also part of hydraulic moisture that
reaches the surface of the earth in many
forms
●
Precipitation can fall to earth in many
forms depending on the atmospheric
conditions. The following are forms of
precipitations:
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

RAINFALL
When precipitation
fall as droplet of
liquid it is called
rain.

This is also the

most common form
of precipitation
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

SNOW
This is a form of
precipitation where it falls
as ice crystal
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

SLEET
This is a form of precipitation where rain
and snow fall together
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

HAIL
This is a form of precipitation which falls
as a solid chunk of ice
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

DEW
Also known as “HAMOG”.
In this form of
precipitation, water vapor
condenses on surface of
plants and other objects.
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

GLAZE
Glaze is a form of
rainfall in which
precipitation
freezes on the
surface upon
contact
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION

DRIZZLE
Is a form of
precipitation in
which the water
droplet has a
diameter of 0.5mm
or smaller.
It is also known as
“Ambon”
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
BY FORMATION
CONVECTIONAL RAINFALL
Rainfall forms by rising water vapor which
is then cooled in the atmosphere until it
coalesce and fall as precipitation
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
BY FORMATION
OROGRAPHIC RAINFALL
This process occurs when large masses of
clouds and water vapor coalesce on one
side of the mountain because of winds
pushing it
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
BY FORMATION
CYCLONIC RAINFALL
Rainfall forms when two large masses of
air collides
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
BY FORMATION
CYCLONIC RAINFALL
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
● Even at a given year, the distribution of rainfall in this
country is not uniform even for a given month. In order
to better understand rainfall distribution it would be best
to know about the climate in this country
● There are four climate types in the Philippines according
to the Modified Corona's Classification of Climate.
These are the Types I, II, III, and IV.
● This system of climate classification was devised by Fr.
J. Corona in 1920 (Lantican 2001) and is based on
average monthly rainfall. Accordingly, a dry month is one
with less than 50 mm of rainfall but also considers dry a
month having more than 100 mm of rainfall that comes
after three or more very dry months.
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
● Country-wide, the Philippines has a tropical climate
with a relatively high temperature and humidity having
abundant rainfall. This climate is largely similar to
those of countries in Central America
● Just like in many sibika and kultura classes before the
modified corona climate maps are described as
follows:
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
Type I:
● Two pronounced seasons, dry from November to April,
and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rain
period is from June to September.
● Regions with Type I climate: Ilocos Region, western
part of Mountain Province, western part of Nueva
Ecija, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan,
Zambales, Occidental Mindoro, southern parts of
Antique and Iloilo, northwestern part of Palawan, and
the southern parts of Negros Oriental and Negros
Occidental).
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
Type II:
● No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rain
period from December to February. There is not a
single dry month. Minimum monthly rainfall occurs
during the period from March to May.
● Regions with Type II climate: northern part of Kalinga
Apayao, northwestern part of Cagayan, western part
of Quezon Province, Polillo Island, Bicol Region,
northeastern Samar, southern Leyte, Surigao del
Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del
Norte, and Misamis Occidental.
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
Type III:
● No very pronounced maximum rain period, with a short dry
season lasting only from one to three months, either during the
period from December to February or from March to May. This
climate type resembles type I since it has a short dry season.
● Regions with Type III climate: northeastern part of Ilocos Norte,
Kalinga-Apayao, Cagayan, Mountain Province, western part of
Isabela, eastern part of Nueva Viscaya, Bulacan, eastern parts
of Laguna and Batangas, Oriental Mindoro, Romblon,
Marinduque, Aklan, Capiz, northern parts of Antique and Iloilo,
Negros Occidental, Siquijor, Zamboanga del Sur, Basilan,
Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, western part of
Agusan del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental,
western part of Agusan del Sur, and eastern Maguindanao.
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
Type IV:
● Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the
year. This climate type resembles the second type more
closely since it has no dry season.
● Regions with Type IV climate: northern Kalinga-Apayao,
eastern Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon Province, western
part of Bicol Region, western Samar, southeastern
Masbate, northern Leyte, northern part of Cebu, Bohol,
Zamboanga del Sur, northern-eastern part of
Zamboanga del Norte, Lanao del Norte, Sultan Kudarat,
South Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao
Oriental, eastern parts of Agusan del Norte, and Agusan
del Sur.
 RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION

Likewise the average annual rainfall per region is

determined by PAGASA as shown in the following
table:
 REGION AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL
(mm)
CAR 2500-3600
Region I 2000-2750
Region II 1700-3000
Region III 1800-3800
Region IV 1550-3500
Region V 1450-3750
Region VI 2250-3350
Region VII 1350-1800
Region VIII 2850-3250
Region IX/ARMM 1750-2450
Region X/CARAGA 2150-3650
Region XI/CARAGA 800-4500
Region XII/ARMM 1700-2250
 MONTHLY
RAINFALL
● While the annual rainfall per region can help determine
which region would greatly benefit from rainfall
harvesting it cannot really help in determining the
optimal size of the tank since the distribution for the
year is not uniform
● In order to have a more optimal sizing of storage, the
monthly average rainfall must be determined for the
particular region where rainfall harvesting will be
made.
MONTHLY
RAINFALL
 MONTHLY
RAINFALL
● Two different estimators of monthly rainfall are
commonly used:
– Average rainfall
– Median rainfall.
● Average annual rainfall is calculated by taking the sum
of historical rainfall and dividing by the number of
years of recorded data.
● This information is available from numerous public
sources, including the Philippine Statistics Authority
website.
 MONTHLY
RAINFALL
● Median rainfall is the amount of rainfall that occurs in
the midpoint of all historic rainfall totals for any given
month.
● Median rainfall provides for a more conservative
calculation of system sizing than average rainfall.
● The median value for rainfall is usually lower than the
average value since large rainfall events tend to drive
the average value higher.
● In other words, the sum of monthly medians is lower
than the annual average due to the fact that the
arithmetic average is skewed by high-intensity rainfall
events.
MONTHLY
RAINFALL
 MONTHLY
RAINFALL
● For planning purposes, median monthly rainfall can be
used to estimate water availability to a reasonable
degree of certainty (Krishna, 2001).