PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Standard Data Types:

The data stored in memory can be of many types. For example, a person's age is
stored as a numeric value and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric characters. Python
has various standard data types that are used to define the operations possible on them and the
storage method for each of them.
Python has five standard data types:
• Numbers
• String
• Boolean
• List
• Tuple
• Set
• Dictionary
Python Numbers:
Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you assign
a value to them.
Python supports four different numerical types:
• int (signed integers)
• long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)
• float (floating point real values)
• complex (complex numbers)
Python allows you to use a lowercase L with long, but it is recommended that you use
only an uppercase L to avoid confusion with the number 1. Python displays long integers
with an uppercase L.
A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating-point numbers denoted
by x + yj, where x is the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.

For example:
Program:
a=3
b = 2.65
c = 98657412345L
d = 2+5j
print "int is",a
print "float is",b
print "long is",c
print "complex is",d
Output:
int is 3
float is 2.65
long is 98657412345
complex is (2+5j)

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Python Strings:
Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the
quotation marks. Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes. Subsets of strings
can be taken using the slice operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning
of the string and working their way from -1 at the end.
The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the
repetition operator. For example:
Program:
str ="WELCOME"
print str # Prints complete string
print str[0] # Prints first character of the string
print str[2:5] # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th
print str[2:] # Prints string starting from 3rd character
print str * 2 # Prints string two times
print str + "CSE" # Prints concatenated string
Output:
WELCOME
W
LCO
LCOME
WELCOMEWELCOME
WELCOMECSE

Built-in String methods for Strings:

SNO Method Name Description
1 capitalize() Capitalizes first letter of string.
Returns a space-padded string with the original
2 center(width, fillchar)
string centered to a total of width columns.
Counts how many times str occurs in string or in a
count(str, beg=
3 substring of string if starting index beg and ending
0,end=len(string))
index end are given.
Decodes the string using the codec registered for
decode(encoding='UTF-
4 encoding. Encoding defaults to the default string
8',errors='strict')
encoding.
Returns encoded string version of string; on error,
encode(encoding='UTF-
5 default is to raise a Value Error unless errors is
8',errors='strict')
given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.
Determines if string or a substring of string (if
endswith(suffix, beg=0, starting index beg and ending index end are given)
6
end=len(string)) ends with suffix; returns true if so and false
otherwise.
Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults
7 expandtabs(tabsize=8)
to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not provided.
Determine if str occurs in string or in a substring of
find(str, beg=0
8 string if starting index beg and ending index end are
end=len(string))
given returns index if found and -1 otherwise.

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index(str, beg=0, Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not

9
end=len(string)) found.
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all
10 isalnum()
characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise.
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all
11 isalpha()
characters are alphabetic and false otherwise.
Returns true if string contains only digits and false
12 isdigit()
otherwise.
Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character
13 islower() and all cased characters are in lowercase and false
otherwise.
Returns true if a unicode string contains only
14 isnumeric()
numeric characters and false otherwise.
Returns true if string contains only whitespace
15 isspace()
characters and false otherwise.
Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and
16 istitle()
false otherwise.
Returns true if string has at least one cased
17 isupper() character and all cased characters are in uppercase
and false otherwise.
Merges (concatenates) the string representations of
18 join(seq) elements in sequence seq into a string, with
separator string.
19 len(string) Returns the length of the string.
Returns a space-padded string with the original
20 ljust(width[, fillchar])
string left-justified to a total of width columns.
Converts all uppercase letters in string to
21 lower()
lowercase.
22 lstrip() Removes all leading whitespace in string.
Returns a translation table to be used in translates
23 maketrans()
function.
Returns the max alphabetical character from the
24 max(str)
string str.
Returns min alphabetical character from the string
25 min(str)
str.
Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new
26 replace(old, new [, max])
or at most max occurrences if max given.
rfind(str,
27 Same as find(), but search backwards in string.
beg=0,end=len(string))
rindex( str, beg=0,
28 Same as index(), but search backwards in string.
end=len(string))
Returns a space-padded string with the original
29 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
string right-justified to a total of width columns.
30 rstrip() Removes all trailing whitespace of string.
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not
split(str="",
31 provided) and returns list of substrings; split into at
num=string.count(str))
most num substrings if given.
splitlines ( Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns
32
num=string.count('\n')) a list of each line with NEWLINEs removed.

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Determines if string or a substring of string (if

startswith(str, starting index beg and ending index end are given)
33
beg=0,end=len(string)) starts with substring str; returns true if so and false
otherwise.
34 strip([chars]) Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string.
35 swapcase() Inverts case for all letters in string.
Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all
36 title() words begin with uppercase and the rest are
lowercase.
translate(table, Translates string according to translation table
37
deletechars="") str(256 chars), removing those in the del string.
38 upper() Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase.
Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a
39 zfill (width) total of width characters; intended for numbers,
zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero).
Returns true if a unicode string contains only
40 isdecimal()
decimal characters and false otherwise.

Example:
str1="welcome"
print "Capitalize function---",str1.capitalize()
print str1.center(15,"*")
print "length is",len(str1)
print "count function---",str1.count('e',0,len(str1))
print "endswith function---",str1.endswith('me',0,len(str1))
print "startswith function---",str1.startswith('me',0,len(str1))
print "find function---",str1.find('e',0,len(str1))
str2="welcome2017"
print "isalnum function---",str2.isalnum()
print "isalpha function---",str2.isalpha()
print "islower function---",str2.islower()
print "isupper function---",str2.isupper()
str3=" welcome"
print "lstrip function---",str3.lstrip()
str4="77777777cse777777";
print "lstrip function---",str4.lstrip('7')
print "rstrip function---",str4.rstrip('7')
print "strip function---",str4.strip('7')
str5="welcome to java"
print "replace function---",str5.replace("java","python")
Output:
Capitalize function--- Welcome
****welcome****
length is 7
count function--- 2
endswith function--- True
startswith function--- False
find function--- 1
isalnum function--- True
isalpha function--- False

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

islower function--- True

isupper function--- False
lstrip function--- welcome
lstrip function--- cse777777
rstrip function--- 77777777cse
strip function--- cse
replace function--- welcome to python

Python Boolean:
Booleans are identified by True or False.
Example:
Program:
a = True
b = False
print a
print b
Output:
True
False

Data Type Conversion:

Sometimes, you may need to perform conversions between the built-in types. To
convert between types, you simply use the type name as a function. For example, it is not
possible to perform “2”+4 since one operand is integer and the other is string type. To
perform this we have convert string to integer i.e., int(“2”) + 4 = 6.
There are several built-in functions to perform conversion from one data type to
another. These functions return a new object representing the converted value.

Function Description
int(x [,base]) Converts x to an integer.
long(x [,base] ) Converts x to a long integer.
float(x) Converts x to a floating-point number.
complex(real [,imag]) Creates a complex number.
str(x) Converts object x to a string representation.
repr(x) Converts object x to an expression string.
eval(str) Evaluates a string and returns an object.
tuple(s) Converts s to a tuple.
list(s) Converts s to a list.
set(s) Converts s to a set.
dict(d) Creates a dictionary, d must be a sequence of (key, value) tuples.
frozenset(s) Converts s to a frozen set.
chr(x) Converts an integer to a character.
unichr(x) Converts an integer to a Unicode character.
ord(x) Converts a single character to its integer value.
hex(x) Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.
oct(x) Converts an integer to an octal string.

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Types of Operators:
Python language supports the following types of operators.
• Arithmetic Operators +, -, *, /, %, **, //
• Comparison (Relational) Operators = =, ! =, < >, <, >, <=, >=
• Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=
• Logical Operators and, or, not
• Bitwise Operators &, |, ^, ~,<<, >>
• Membership Operators in, not in
• Identity Operators is, is not

Arithmetic Operators:
Some basic arithmetic operators are +, -, *, /, %, **, and //. You can apply these
operators on numbers as well as variables to perform corresponding operations.
Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30
Subtracts right hand operand from left hand
- Subtraction a – b = -10
operand.
* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200
Divides left hand operand by right hand
/ Division b/a=2
operand
Divides left hand operand by right hand
% Modulus b%a=0
operand and returns remainder
Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to
** Exponent
operators the power 20
The division of operands where the result is
9//2 = 4 and
// Floor Division the quotient in which the digits after the
9.0//2.0 = 4.0
decimal point are removed.
Program:
a = 21
b = 10
print "Addition is", a + b
print "Subtraction is ", a - b
print "Multiplication is ", a * b
print "Division is ", a / b
print "Modulus is ", a % b
a=2
b=3
print "Power value is ", a ** b
a = 10
b=4
print "Floor Division is ", a // b

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Output:
Addition is 31
Subtraction is 11
Multiplication is 210
Division is 2
Modulus is 1
Power value is 8
Floor Division is 2
Comparison (Relational) Operators
These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation
among them. They are also called Relational operators.
Operator Description Example
If the values of two operands are equal, then the
== (a == b) is not true.
condition becomes true.
If values of two operands are not equal, then
!= (a != b) is true.
condition becomes true.
(a <> b) is true. This
If values of two operands are not equal, then
<> is similar to !=
condition becomes true.
operator.
If the value of left operand is greater than the value
> (a > b) is not true.
of right operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than the value of
< (a < b) is true.
right operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is greater than or equal
>= to the value of right operand, then condition (a >= b) is not true.
becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than or equal to
<= the value of right operand, then condition becomes (a <= b) is true.
true.

Example:
a=20
b=30
if a < b:
print "b is big"
elif a > b:
print "a is big"
else:
print "Both are equal"

Output:
b is big

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Assignment Operators

Operator Description Example

Assigns values from right side operands to c = a + b assigns
=
left side operand value of a + b into c
+= It adds right operand to the left operand and c += a is equivalent
Add AND assign the result to left operand to c = c + a
-= It subtracts right operand from the left c -= a is equivalent
Subtract AND operand and assign the result to left operand to c = c - a
*= It multiplies right operand with the left c *= a is equivalent
Multiply AND operand and assign the result to left operand to c = c * a
/= It divides left operand with the right c /= a is equivalent
Divide AND operand and assign the result to left operand to c = c / a
c %= a is
%= It takes modulus using two operands and
equivalent to c = c
Modulus AND assign the result to left operand
%a
Performs exponential (power) calculation c **= a is
**=
on operators and assign value to the left equivalent to c = c
Exponent AND
operand ** a
//= It performs floor division on operators and c //= a is equivalent
Floor Division assign value to the left operand to c = c // a
Example:
a=82
b=27
a += b
print a
a=25
b=12
a -= b
print a
a=24
b=4
a *= b
print a
a=4
b=6
a **= b
print a
Output:
109
13
96
4096

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Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

And If both the operands are true then condition (a and b) is
Logical AND becomes true. true.
Or If any of the two operands are non-zero then
(a or b) is true.
Logical OR condition becomes true.
not Not (a and b) is
Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.
Logical NOT false.

Example:
a=20
b=10
c=30
if a >= b and a >= c:
print "a is big"
elif b >= a and b >= c:
print "b is big"
else:
print "c is big"
Output:
c is big
Bitwise Operators
Operator Description Example
Operator copies a bit to the
& (a & b) = 12
result if it exists in both
Binary AND (means 0000 1100)
operands.
| It copies a bit if it exists in either (a | b) = 61
Binary OR operand. (means 0011 1101)
^ It copies the bit if it is set in one (a ^ b) = 49
Binary XOR operand but not both. (means 0011 0001)
(~a ) = -61 (means 1100 0011
~
It is unary and has the effect of in 2's complement form due to
Binary Ones
'flipping' bits. a signed binary number.
Complement

The left operands value is

<< a << 2 = 240
moved left by the number of bits
Binary Left Shift (means 1111 0000)
specified by the right operand.
The left operands value is
>> moved right by the number of a >> 2 = 15
Binary Right Shift bits specified by the right (means 0000 1111)
operand.

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Membership Operators
Python‟s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings,
lists, or tuples.
Operator Description Example

Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in x in y, here in results in a 1 if

in
the specified sequence and false otherwise. x is a member of sequence y.
Evaluates to true if it does not finds a x not in y, here not in results
not in variable in the specified sequence and in a 1 if x is not a member of
false otherwise. sequence y.
Example:
a=3
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
if ( a in list ):
print "available"
else:
print " not available"
Output:
available
Identity Operators
Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects.
Operator Description Example
Evaluates to true if the variables on
x is y, here is results in 1 if
is either side of the operator point to the
id(x) equals id(y).
same object and false otherwise.
Evaluates to false if the variables on x is not y, here is not results
is not either side of the operator point to the in 1 if id(x) is not equal to
same object and true otherwise. id(y).
Example:
a = 20
b = 20
if ( a is b ):
print "Line 1 - a and b have same identity"
else:
print "Line 1 - a and b do not have same identity"
if ( id(a) == id(b) ):
print "Line 2 - a and b have same identity"
else:
print "Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity"
Output:
Line 1 - a and b have same identity
Line 2 - a and b have same identity

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Python Operators Precedence

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.
Operator Description
() Parenthesis
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~ x, +x, -x Complement, unary plus and minus
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators

Expression:
An expression is a combination of variables constants and operators written according
to the syntax of Python language. In Python every expression evaluates to a value i.e., every
expression results in some value of a certain type that can be assigned to a variable. Some
examples of Python expressions are shown in the table given below.

Algebraic Expression Python Expression

axb–c a*b–c
(m + n) (x + y) (m + n) * (x + y)
(ab / c) a*b/c
3x2 +2x + 1 3*x*x+2*x+1
(x / y) + c x/y+c

Evaluation of Expressions
Expressions are evaluated using an assignment statement of the form
Variable = expression
Variable is any valid C variable name. When the statement is encountered, the
expression is evaluated first and then replaces the previous value of the variable on the left
hand side. All variables used in the expression must be assigned values before evaluation is
attempted.
Example:
a=10
b=22
c=34

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

x=a*b+c
y=a-b*c
z=a+b+c*c-a
print "x=",x
print "y=",y
print "z=",z
Output:
x= 254
y= -738
z= 1178

Decision Making:
Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the
program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce True or False as
outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which statements to execute if
outcome is True or False otherwise.
Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of
the programming languages:

Python programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null values as True,
and if it is either zero or null, then it is assumed as False value.

Statement Description
if statements if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more
statements.
if...else statements if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which
executes when the boolean expression is FALSE.
nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if
statement(s).

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The if Statement
It is similar to that of other languages. The if statement contains a logical expression
using which data is compared and a decision is made based on the result of the comparison.

Syntax:
if condition:
statements
First, the condition is tested. If the condition is True, then the statements given after
colon (:) are executed. We can write one or more statements after colon (:).

Example:
a=10
b=15
if a < b:
print “B is big”
print “B value is”,b
Output:
B is big
B value is 15
The if ... else statement
An else statement can be combined with an if statement. An else statement contains
the block of code that executes if the conditional expression in the if statement resolves to 0
or a FALSE value.
The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at most only one else
statement following if.
Syntax:
if condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Example:
a=48
b=34
if a < b:
print “B is big”
print “B value is”, b
else:
print “A is big”
print “A value is”, a
print “END”

Output:
A is big
A value is 48
END
Q) Write a program for checking whether the given number is even or not.
Program:
a=input("Enter a value: ")
if a%2==0:
print "a is EVEN number"
else:
print "a is NOT EVEN Number"
Output-1: Output-2:
Enter a value: 56 Enter a value: 27
a is EVEN Number a is NOT EVEN Number

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

The elif Statement

The elif statement allows you to check multiple expressions for True and execute a
block of code as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to True.
Similar to the else, the elif statement is optional. However, unlike else, for which
there can be at most one statement, there can be an arbitrary number of elif statements
following an if.
Syntax: if condition1:
statement(s)
elif condition2:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Example:
a=20
b=10
c=30
if a >= b and a >= c:
print "a is big"
elif b >= a and b >= c:
print "b is big"
else:
print "c is big"
Output:
c is big
Decision Loops
In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is
executed first, followed by the second, and so on. There may be a situation when you need to
execute a block of code several number of times.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple
times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement:

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping

requirements.
Loop Type Description
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is
while loop
TRUE. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the
for loop
code that manages the loop variable.
nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for loop.

The while Loop

A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is True.
Syntax
The syntax of a while loop in Python programming language is:
while expression:
statement(s)

Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.

The condition may be any expression, and true is any non-zero value. The loop
iterates while the condition is true. When the condition becomes false, program control
passes to the line immediately following the loop.
In Python, all the statements indented by the same number of character spaces after a
programming construct are considered to be part of a single block of code. Python uses
indentation as its method of grouping statements.

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Example-1: Example-2:
i=1 i=1
while i < 4: while i < 4:
print i print i
i+=1 i+=1
print “END” print “END”

Output-1: Output-2:
1 1
END 2
2 3
END END
3
END

Q) Write a program to display factorial of a given number.

Program:
n=input("Enter the number: ")
f=1
while n>0:
f=f*n
n=n-1
print "Factorial is",f
Output:
Enter the number: 5
Factorial is 120

The for loop:

The for loop is useful to iterate over the elements of a sequence. It means, the for loop
can be used to execute a group of statements repeatedly depending upon the number of
elements in the sequence. The for loop can work with sequence like string, list, tuple, range
etc.
The syntax of the for loop is given below:
for var in sequence:
statement (s)

The first element of the sequence is assigned to the variable written after „for‟ and
then the statements are executed. Next, the second element of the sequence is assigned to the
variable and then the statements are executed second time. In this way, for each element of
the sequence, the statements are executed once. So, the for loop is executed as many times as
there are number of elements in the sequence.

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Example-1: Example-2:
for i range(1,5): for i range(1,5):
print i print i
print “END” print “END”
Output-1: Output-2:
1 1
END 2
2 3
END END
3
END

Example-3: Example-4:
name= "python" for x in range(10,0,-1):
for letter in name: print x,
print letter
Output-3: Output-4:
p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
y
t
h
o
n

Q) Write a program to display the factorial of given number.

Program:

n=input("Enter the number: ")

f=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
f=f*i
print "Factorial is",f

Output:
Enter the number: 5
Factorial is 120

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Nested Loop:
It is possible to write one loop inside another loop. For example, we can write a for
loop inside a while loop or a for loop inside another for loop. Such loops are called “nested
loops”.
Example-1:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
print j,
print ""
Example-2:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
print "*",
print ""
Example-3:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
if i==1 or j==1 or i==5 or j==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""
Example-4:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
if i==j:
print "*",
elif i==1 or j==1 or i==5 or j==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""

Example-5:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,6):
if i==j:
print "$",
elif i==1 or j==1 or i==5 or j==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Example-6:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,4):
if i==1 or j==1 or i==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""

Example-7:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,4):
if i==2 and j==1:
print "*",
elif i==4 and j==3:
print "*",
elif i==1 or i==3 or i==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""

Example-8:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,4):
if i==1 or j==1 or i==3 or i==5:
print "*",
else:
print " ",
print ""

Example-9:
for i in range(1,6):
for c in range(i,6):
print "",
for j in range(1,i+1):
print "*",
print ""
Example-10:
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print j,
print ""

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Example-11:
a=1
for i in range(1,5):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print a,
a=a+1
print ""

1) Write a program for print given number is prime number or not using for loop.
Program: n=input("Enter the n value")
count=0
for i in range(2,n):
if n%i==0:
count=count+1
break
if count==0:
print "Prime Number"
else:
print "Not Prime Number"
Output:
Enter n value: 17
Prime Number
2) Write a program print Fibonacci series and sum the even numbers. Fibonacci series
is 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55
n=input("Enter n value ")
f0=1
f1=2
sum=f1
print f0,f1,
for i in range(1,n-1):
f2=f0+f1
print f2,
f0=f1
f1=f2
if f2%2==0:
sum+=f2
print "\nThe sum of even Fibonacci numbers is", sum
Output:
Enter n value 10
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
The sum of even fibonacci numbers is 44

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

3) Write a program to print n prime numbers and display the sum of prime numbers.
Program:
n=input("Enter the range: ")
sum=0
for num in range(1,n+1):
for i in range(2,num):
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else:
print num,
sum += num
print "\nSum of prime numbers is",sum

Output:
Enter the range: 21
1 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
Sum of prime numbers is 78

4) Using a for loop, write a program that prints out the decimal equivalents of 1/2, 1/3,
1/4, . . . ,1/10
Program:
for i in range(1,11):
print "Decimal Equivalent of 1/",i,"is",1/float(i)
Output:
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 1 is 1.0
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 2 is 0.5
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 3 is 0.333333333333
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 4 is 0.25
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 5 is 0.2
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 6 is 0.166666666667
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 7 is 0.142857142857
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 8 is 0.125
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 9 is 0.111111111111
Decimal Equivalent of 1/ 10 is 0.1

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

5) Write a program that takes input from the user until the user enters -1. After display
the sum of numbers.
Program:
sum=0
while True:
n=input("Enter the number: ")
if n==-1:
break
else:
sum+=n
print "The sum is",sum
Output:
Enter the number: 1
Enter the number: 5
Enter the number: 6
Enter the number: 7
Enter the number: 8
Enter the number: 1
Enter the number: 5
Enter the number: -1
The sum is 33

6) Write a program to display the following sequence.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Program:
ch='A'
for j in range(1,27):
print ch,
ch=chr(ord(ch)+1)

7) Write a program to display the following sequence.

A
AB
ABC
ABCD
ABCDE
Program:
for i in range(1,6):
ch='A'
for j in range(1,i+1):
print ch,
ch=chr(ord(ch)+1)
print ""

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

8) Write a program to display the following sequence.

A
B C
DEF
GHIJ
KLMNO
Program:
ch='A'
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,i+1):
print ch,
ch=chr(ord(ch)+1)
print ""

9) Write a program that takes input string user and display that string if string contains
at least one Uppercase character, one Lowercase character and one digit.
Program:
pwd=input("Enter the password:")
u=False
l=False
d=False
for i in range(0,len(pwd)):
if pwd[i].isupper():
u=True
elif pwd[i].islower():
l=True
elif pwd[i].isdigit():
d=True
if u==True and l==True and d==True:
print pwd.center(20,"*")
else:
print "Invalid Password"
Output-1:
Enter the password:"Mothi556"
******Mothi556******
Output-2:
Enter the password:"mothilal"
Invalid Password

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

10) Write a program to print sum of digits.

Program:
n=input("Enter the number: ")
sum=0
while n>0:
r=n%10
sum+=r
n=n/10
print "sum is",sum
Output:
Enter the number: 123456789
sum is 45

11) Write a program to print given number is Armstrong or not.

Program:
n=input("Enter the number: ")
sum=0
t=n
while n>0:
r=n%10
sum+=r*r*r
n=n/10
if sum==t:
print "ARMSTRONG"
else:
print "NOT ARMSTRONG"
Output:
Enter the number: 153
ARMSTRONG
12) Write a program to take input string from the user and print that string after
removing ovals.
Program:
st=input("Enter the string:")
st2=""
for i in st:
if i not in "aeiouAEIOU":
st2=st2+i
print st2
Output:
Enter the string:"Welcome to you"
Wlcm t y

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Arrays:
An array is an object that stores a group of elements of same datatype.
➢ Arrays can store only one type of data. It means, we can store only integer type elements
or only float type elements into an array. But we cannot store one integer, one float and
one character type element into the same array.
➢ Arrays can increase or decrease their size dynamically. It means, we need not declare the
size of the array. When the elements are added, it will increase its size and when the
elements are removed, it will automatically decrease its size in memory.
Advantages:
➢ Arrays are similar to lists. The main difference is that arrays can store only one type of
elements; whereas, lists can store different types of elements. When dealing with a huge
number of elements, arrays use less memory than lists and they offer faster execution than
lists.
➢ The size of the array is not fixed in python. Hence, we need not specify how many
elements we are going to store into an array in the beginning.
➢ Arrays can grow or shrink in memory dynamically (during runtime).
➢ Arrays are useful to handle a collection of elements like a group of numbers or characters.
➢ Methods that are useful to process the elements of any array are available in „array‟
module.
Creating an array:
Syntax:
arrayname = array(type code, [elements])
The type code „i‟ represents integer type array where we can store integer numbers. If
the type code is „f‟ then it represents float type array where we can store numbers with
decimal point.

Type code Description Minimum size in bytes

„b‟ Signed integer 1
„B‟ Unsigned integer 1
„i‟ Signed integer 2
„I‟ Unsigned integer 2
„l‟ Signed integer 4
„L‟ Unsigned integer 4
„f‟ Floating point 4
„d‟ Double precision floating point 8
„u‟ Unicode character 2

Example:
The type code character should be written in single quotes. After that the elements
should be written in inside the square braces [ ] as
a = array ( „i‟, [4,8,-7,1,2,5,9] )

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Importing the Array Module:

There are two ways to import the array module into our program.
The first way is to import the entire array module using import statement as,
import array
when we import the array module, we are able to get the „array‟ class of that module that
helps us to create an array.
a = array.array(‘i’, [4,8,-7,1,2,5,9] )
Here the first „array‟ represents the module name and the next „array‟ represents the class
name for which the object is created. We should understand that we are creating our array as
an object of array class.

The next way of importing the array module is to write:

from array import *
Observe the „*‟ symbol that represents „all‟. The meaning of this statement is this: import all
(classes, objects, variables, etc) from the array module into our program. That means
significantly importing the „array‟ class of „array‟ module. So, there is no need to mention the
module name before our array name while creating it. We can create array as:
a = array(‘i’, [4,8,-7,1,2,5,9] )
Example:
from array import *
arr = array(„i‟, [4,8,-7,1,2,5,9])
for i in arr:
print i,
Output:
4 8 -7 1 2 5 9
Indexing and slicing of arrays:
An index represents the position number of an element in an array. For example, when
we creating following integer type array:
a = array(‘i’, [10,20,30,40,50] )
Python interpreter allocates 5 blocks of memory, each of 2 bytes size and stores the
elements 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 in these blocks.
10 20 30 40 50
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]

Example:
from array import *
a=array('i', [10,20,30,40,50,60,70])
print "length is",len(a)
print " 1st position character", a[1]
print "Characters from 2 to 4", a[2:5]
print "Characters from 2 to end", a[2:]
print "Characters from start to 4", a[:5]
print "Characters from start to end", a[:]

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

a[3]=45
a[4]=55
print "Characters from start to end after modifications ",a[:]
Output:
length is 7
1st position character 20
Characters from 2 to 4 array('i', [30, 40, 50])
Characters from 2 to end array('i', [30, 40, 50, 60, 70])
Characters from start to 4 array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
Characters from start to end array('i', [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70])
Characters from start to end after modifications array('i', [10, 20, 30, 45, 55, 60, 70])

Array Methods:

Method Description
a.append(x) Adds an element x at the end of the existing array a.
a.count(x) Returns the number of occurrences of x in the array a.
a.extend(x) Appends x at the end of the array a. „x‟ can be another array or
iterable object.
a.fromfile(f,n) Reads n items from from the file object f and appends at the end of
the array a.
a.fromlist(l) Appends items from the l to the end of the array. l can be any list or
iterable object.
a.fromstring(s) Appends items from string s to end of the array a.
a.index(x) Returns the position number of the first occurrence of x in the array.
Raises „ValueError‟ if not found.
a.pop(x) Removes the item x from the array a and returns it.
a.pop( ) Removes last item from the array a
a.remove(x) Removes the first occurrence of x in the array. Raises „ValueError‟
if not found.
a.reverse( ) Reverses the order of elements in the array a.
a.tofile( f ) Writes all elements to the file f.
a.tolist( ) Converts array „a‟ into a list.
a.tostring( ) Converts the array into a string.

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING

1) Write a program to perform stack operations using array.

Program:
import sys
from array import *
a=array('i',[])
while True:
print "\n1.PUSH 2.POP 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT"
ch=input("Enter Your Choice: ")
if ch==1:
ele=input("Enter element: ")
a.append(ele)
print "Inserted"
elif ch==2:
if len(a)==0:
print "\t STACK IS EMPTY"
else:
print "Deleted element is", a.pop( )
elif ch==3:
if len(a)==0:
print "\t STACK IS EMPTY"
else:
print "\tThe Elements in Stack is",
for i in a:
print i,
elif ch==4:
sys.exit()
else:
print "\tINVALID CHOICE"
Output:
1. PUSH 2.POP 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter element: 15
Inserted
1.PUSH 2.POP 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter element: 18
Inserted
1.PUSH 2.POP 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 3
The Elements in Stack is 15 18
1.PUSH 2.POP 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 2
Deleted element is 18

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 PYTHON PROGRAMMING

2) Write a program to perform queue operations using array.

Program:
import sys
from array import *
a=array('i',[])
while True:
print "\n1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT"
ch=input("Enter Your Choice: ")
if ch==1:
ele=input("Enter element: ")
a.append(ele)
elif ch==2:
if len(a)==0:
print "\t QUEUE IS EMPTY"
else:
print "Deleted element is”, a[0]
a.remove(a[0])
elif ch==3:
if len(a)==0:
print "\t QUEUE IS EMPTY"
else:
print "\tThe Elements in Queue is",
for i in a:
print i,
elif ch==4:
sys.exit()
else:
print "\tINVALID CHOICE"
Output:
1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter element: 12
1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter element: 13
1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter element: 14
1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 3
The Elements in Queue is 12 13 14
1.INSERT 2.DELETE 3.DISPLAY 4.EXIT
Enter Your Choice: 2
Deleted element is 12

M.SUNEETHA, ASST.PROF Page 2.30

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