Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)

Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Business

Student Name/ID Number: Bùi Minh Dũng/ GCS210635
Unit Number and Title: Unit 43 – Internet of Things

Academic Year: 2022

Unit Assessor: Ho Hai Van

Assignment Title: Assignment 1 – Internet of Things

Issue Date:

Submission Date: 7/12/2022

Internal Verifier Name:

Date:

Submission Format:

Format: This assignment is an Individual assignment and specifically including 1 document:

You must use font Calibri size 12, set number of the pages and use multiple line spacing at
1.3. Margins must be: left: 1.25 cm; right: 1 cm; top: 1 cm and bottom: 1 cm. The reference
follows Harvard referencing system. The recommended word limit is 2.000-2.500 words.
You will not be penalized for exceeding the total word limit. The cover page of the report
has to be the Assignment front sheet 1.
Submission Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by
the Tutors. The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on
http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/
Note: The Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student or from
books etc. If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you
must reference your sources, using the Harvard style. Make sure that you know how to reference
properly, and that understand the guidelines on plagiarism. If you do not, you definitely get fail

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications
LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware
and APIs
LO3 Develop an IoT application using any combination of hardware, software, data, platforms and services.

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LO4 Evaluate your IoT application and detail the problem your IoT application solves, the potential impact on
people, business, society and the end user and the problems it might encounter when integrating into the wider
IoT ecosystem

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

You currently work as a product developer for a new startup where you design IoT products for the
consumer, corporate, government and defence clients. As part of your role your manager has tasked you
to plan and develop a new IoT product, service or application for a potential client. You are required to
identify a target user and conduct tests with this user and include this feedback into multiple iterative
versions of your product.

Part 1 (Assignment 1): For the first part, you must:

• Plan an IoT application for a specific target end user and the tests you intend to conduct with this
user. This plan will be in the form of a document and will include supporting evidence and
material, such as user personas and customer journey maps.
• Create multiple iterations of your application and modify each iteration with enhancements
gathered from user feedback and experimentation. This will follow the pathway outlined in your
plan.(log book,)

Part 2 (Assignment 2): For the first part, you must:

• Show evidence about Developed IoT application using any combination of hardware, software,
data, platforms and services (video or images of your IoT system with code snippet)
• Evaluate your IoT application and detail the problem your IoT application solves, the potential
impact on people, business, society and the end user and the problems it might encounter when
integrating into the wider IoT ecosystem

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 Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass Merit Distinction

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software
applications

P1 Explore various forms of M1 Evaluate the impact of D1 Evaluate specific forms of

IoT functionality. common IoT architecture, IoT architecture and justify their
frameworks, tools, hardware and usage when designing software
APIs in the software development applications.
P2 Review standard
lifecycle.
architecture, frameworks,
tools, hardware and APIs
available for use in IoT M2 Evaluate the impact of
development. common IoT architecture,
frameworks, tools, hardware and
APIs in IoT security.

LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks,
tools, hardware and APIs

P3 Investigate architecture, M3 Select the most appropriate D2 Make multiple iterations plan
frameworks, tools, hardware IoT architecture, frameworks, of your IoT application and
and API techniques available tools, hardware and API modify each iteration to improve
to develop IoT applications. techniques to include in an your IoT application security.
application to solve this problem.
P4 Determine a specific
problem to solve using IoT. M4 Apply your selected
techniques to create an IoT
application development plan.

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 Table of content

P1. Explore various forms of IoT functionality. ........................................................................................... 5

Definition of IoT ........................................................................................................................................... 5
How IoT works ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Applications of IoT....................................................................................................................................... 6
Characteristics of IoT .................................................................................................................................. 9
Real-world examples of IoT applications................................................................................................. 11
P2. Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and APIs available for use in IoT
development.................................................................................................................................................... 16
Architecture ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Frameworks ................................................................................................................................................ 17
Tools ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
Hardware .................................................................................................................................................... 20
API ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
P3. Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and API techniques available to develop
IoT applications. ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 22
Architecture.................................................................................................................................................... 22
Framework ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Tools ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Hardware .................................................................................................................................................... 29
API ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
P4. Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT. ................................................................................. 33
Problem ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Solution ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
Framework ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Tool .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Hardware .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Models ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Source code of the project ......................................................................................................................... 41
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 41

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 Assignment 1

P1. Explore various forms of IoT functionality.

Definition of IoT

The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interconnected computing devices, mechanical and digital
machinery, items, animals, or people that may exchange data across a network without requiring human-to-
human or human-to-computer contact.
Any natural or artificial object that can be given an Internet Protocol (IP) address and can transfer data over
a network qualifies as a "thing" in the internet of things, including people with implanted heart monitors,
farm animals with biochip transponders, cars with built-in sensors to warn drivers when tire pressure is low,
and other such examples.
Organizations across a range of sectors are increasingly utilizing IoT to run more smoothly, better
understand their consumers to provide better customer service, boost decision-making, and raise the value of
the company.

Figure 1: Example of IoT

(Gillis, 2022)

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How IoT works
The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is made up of web-enabled smart devices that employ embedded
systems, such as processors, sensors, and communication gear, to gather, communicate, and act on the data
they get from their surroundings. By connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device, which either sends
data to the cloud for analysis or analyzes it locally, IoT devices exchange the sensor data they gather. These
gadgets converse with other similar devices on occasion, acting on the data they exchange. Although
individuals may engage with the devices to set them up, give them instructions, or retrieve the data, the
gadgets accomplish the majority of the job without their help.
These web-enabled devices' connectivity, networking, and communication protocols are heavily influenced
by the particular IoT applications that have been implemented.
IoT can also use machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to help make data collection processes
simpler and more dynamic.

Figure 2: Example of how IoT works

(Gillis, 2022)

Applications of IoT

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• Agriculture:
The need for agricultural goods is rising as the world's population expands. But when young people
move to major cities, the human resource needed for agricultural growth becomes unstable.
Automating farming operations and meeting food demand can be greatly aided by IoT and similar
technologies.

• Consumer Applications:
By observing and controlling people's habits, the Internet of Things makes their lives simpler. For
intelligent electronics, watches, televisions, health monitoring, and virtual reality, there is a sizable
market. IoT is also dominating the market with solutions for home security and asset tracking for
individuals.

• Healthcare:
Wearable IoT devices provide a number of advantages to both patients and medical professionals.
Consequently, IoT makes it possible for medical personnel to remotely monitor patients. Health
indicators for patients, including blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and others, can be
automatically collected by the devices.

• Insurance:
The Internet of Things is changing established business structures. The claim and underwriting
processes are made easier and quicker by it. IoT-based digital networking increases income in
addition to lowering expenses. For insurers, cross-selling and increased consumer connection become
crucial elements.

• Production:
The manufacturing sector now operates in a more technologically advanced environment thanks to
the Internet of Things. It can manage inventories, streamline production, and track development
cycles automatically.

• Retail:
IoT devices may gather crucial information on the buying lifetime of a product. Store managers may
make wise judgments to enhance retail operations and the consumer experience after processing and
analyzing this data.

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• Transportation:
IoT applications that enhance communication and information sharing integrate personal and
commercial vehicles. Along with bringing together customers and products, it also provides
advantages like route optimization, vehicle tracking, weather monitoring, distance coverage, and
more.

• Utility/Energy:
A grid may have IoT capabilities thanks to the communication between intelligent meters, receivers,
sensors, and energy boxes. Utility IoT applications increase productivity, save resources, and create
cash. Utility companies can meet the growing demand by using IoT to optimize energy and
distribution.

• Traffic Monitoring:
Smart traffic monitoring aids in better decision-making and urban development. Real-time traffic
data is gathered, processed, and analyzed by an IoT-based system to deliver updates on accidents and
gridlock. Additionally, peak-hour commute times are reduced by early warning messages.

• Hospitality:
Many hotels have centrally located controls for air conditioning, heating, and ventilation.
Additionally typical are welcome and television control gadgets. Additionally, Internet of Things
gadgets informs the personnel of the state of numerous equipment. As a result, technicians are able to
repair important items even before any significant functionality loss takes place.

• Water supply:
A significant problem is a lack of water. The quality and use of water may be tracked, managed, and
regulated via IoT technologies. Additionally, it looks after related machinery like pumps, pipelines,
etc. Water systems and people are connected via smart water technologies.

• Fleet Management:
By enhancing visibility, efficiency, and manageability, IoT allows predictive fleet maintenance. It
enhances driving performance and aids in improved cargo monitoring. IoT devices can also
anticipate maintenance needs and aid in a part replacement before a problem escalates to an
expensive level.

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 • Smart Pollution Control:
In strategic city areas, IoT devices with associated sensors are positioned. They keep an eye on
pollution levels and acquit data from the IoT cloud. The information is subsequently processed by the
system to start public measures like detours or road closures.

• Smart Cities:
Better public utilities, infrastructure, services, and more are features of smart cities. Utility firms can
control energy flow more effectively because of smart meters, and public transportation is much
more effective thanks to linked cars. Smart grids are also emerging to reduce peak hour stress and
preserve resources.

Figure 3: Example of applications of IoT

(Abbey, 2022)

Characteristics of IoT

• Connectivity
An essential component of the IoT architecture is connectivity. The IoT infrastructure should be
connected to IoT objects. This should always be guaranteed to be possible for everyone, everywhere, at
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any time. For instance, connections between individuals via internet-connected devices like smartphones
and other gadgets, as well as connections between individual Internet-connected objects like routers,
gateways, sensors, etc.

• Intelligence and Identity

It is crucial to extract knowledge from the produced data. For instance, a sensor could produce data, but
that information won't be helpful until it is correctly evaluated. IoT devices each htheire an own identity.
The equipment can sometimes be tracked using this identification, and its status can occasionally be
inquired.

• Scalability
Every day, more and more objects are being connected to the Internet of Things. An IoT setup should
thus be able to handle the enormous increase. Because of how much data is produced as a result, it needs
to be handled carefully.

• Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)

IoT devices should dynamically adjust to the various circumstances and settings. Assume there is a
camera for surveillance. It should be flexible enough to operate under various lighting and environmental
circumstances (morning, afternoon, and night).

• Architecture
IoT architecture can't be uniform in design. It must be hybrid and able to work with items from various
manufacturers in the IoT network. No engineering branch owns the Internet of Things. When several
disciplines join together, IoT becomes a reality.

• Safety
When a user's gadgets are all online, there is a risk that the user's sensitive personal information will be
compromised. The user may suffer a loss as a result. Data security is the main issue as a result. In
addition, the necessary equipment is enormous. IoT networks might optionally be in danger. The safety
of the equipment is therefore essential.

• Self-Configuring

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 One of the most crucial aspects of IoT is this. IoT devices may update their software to meet standards
with the least amount of user involvement. They can also set up the network, making it possible to
connect new devices to an existing network.

Figure 4: Example of IoT characteristics

(shivalibhadaniya, 2022)

Real-world examples of IoT applications

Smart homes
A smart home is, to put it simply, a home with linked gadgets. The "smart" gadgets can connect with one
another through the internet. They can provide safety, security, entertainment, and other everyday tasks in
addition to monitoring energy use.
These gadgets have sensors built into them that enable them to respond appropriately to environmental
changes or instructions sent via remote communications. The user's smartphone may be used to operate these
smart home appliances via an IoT app or remote control.

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 Figure 5: Smart homes

Many IoT gadgets are present in a smart house. Several instances include:

• Smart TV
A smart TV may be connected to the internet and offers extra features like streaming music and on-
demand movies. It also includes features for speech or gesture recognition.

• Smart lighting
Smart lights from Philips, like Hue, can be remotely controlled using a remote control or smartphone.
Additionally, human presence in the space is detected by smart lights, which then modify the
illumination.

• Smart thermostats
Users of smart thermostats like Nest are able to remotely schedule, monitor, and regulate the temperature
of a space.

• Intelligent locks
Visitors can get admission using smart locks or not. Additionally, they recognize when the home's owner
is approaching and open the door for them.

(Sharma, 2022)

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Smart cities
Information and communication technology (ICT) is used in smart cities to raise residents' standards of
living. It enables the remote management and monitoring of equipment to produce insightful data. It makes
use of this information to upgrade infrastructure, public utilities, etc.

By 2050, the UN projects that there will be 6.7 billion people living in urban areas worldwide. It is necessary
to seek for strategies to properly manage cities as more and more people migrate there. Exactly that is done
in smart cities.

Figure 6: Smart cities

The following application scenarios include IoT integration in smart cities:

• Ingenious transportation
In a smart city, the public transportation system is networked and exchanges real-time data. Bus stops
update this information as public transportation vehicles like buses share their whereabouts. The guests
may accurately estimate their wait time with the use of this information.

• Ingenious garbage disposal

The rubbish in the cans is detected by sensors installed in the cans. The sensor signals the waste
management authority when it reaches a certain threshold. The driver of the garbage collection vehicle

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 receives the notification from this authorities. After that, the driver can go empty the trash. As a result, a
better waste management system results from this.

• Air quality monitoring

Pollutants in the air are detected by air quality monitoring equipment in smart cities. To let consumers
know how polluted their surroundings are, they show this information on a screen. Smart cities already
exist in Paris, London, Copenhagen, New York, and San Francisco.

(Sharma, 2022)

Traffic management
Smart traffic management and smart cities go hand in hand. A city cannot run efficiently without an
effective traffic management system. Better and more efficient traffic control is necessary when more cars
are on the road.
Better traffic management results in less time spent in traffic congestion and smoother traffic flow. In the
end, it produces less pollution, more effective fuel utilization, and shorter run times.

Figure 7: Smart traffic management

Following are some ways that IoT is applied to traffic management:

• Traffic Signals

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 Sensors that measure the temperature, humidity, and visibility index are built into traffic lights. These
sensors provide this data to the traffic lights, which then modify their brightness in response to the
conditions and visibility of the road.

• Avoiding traffic collisions

By letting drivers know in advance about the state of the roads, IoT helps to prevent traffic accidents. As
a result, the motorist drives cautiously, decreasing the likelihood of a traffic collision. Even if there is an
accident, the local hospital and traffic control authorities are quickly informed, which helps to quickly
resolve the situation.

• Improved parking
Drivers are alerted to open spaces in parking lots by IoT sensors, allowing them to go right towards
them. This technique results in decreased parking lot congestion and speedier car parking.

(Sharma, 2022)

Smart cars
We also need smart automobiles for intelligent traffic management to work. IoT capabilities in a smart
automobile allow it to link to other vehicles and traffic management systems.

Figure 8: Smart cars

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 They operate on the CV2X IoT network (Cellular Vehicle to Everything). Any of the following variants
of CV2X are possible:

• Automobile to Automobile (V2V)

Vehicles may link to one another thanks to V2V connections. They exchange information on dynamics,
location, and speed. Through this link, traffic accidents are avoided and emergency vehicles may traverse
with ease.

• Transportation Infrastructure (V2I)

The road infrastructure and the cars are connected via V2I. Drivers can use this link to get information
regarding the state of the roads, traffic lights, toll booths, etc. As a result, there is a smoother flow of
traffic on the roadways, and there are fewer long lines for parking and toll booths.

• From Pedestrians to Vehicles (V2P)

The pedestrians are alerted to any approaching vehicles because to this link. Similar to that, it warns
vehicles of any potential pedestrians in their path, preventing a collision.

• Automobile to Network (V2N)

The vehicles link to the central cloud network to get updates on the weather, traffic patterns, etc.
Additionally, drivers use V2N to use GPS or to control music while they are driving.

(Sharma, 2022)

P2. Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware,

and APIs available for use in IoT development.

Architecture
The complex arrangement of elements that make up IoT networking systems, including sensors, actuators,
cloud services, protocols, and layers, is referred to as IoT architecture. It is often separated into layers that let
administrators assess, keep an eye on, and uphold the integrity of the system. Data flows from connected
devices to sensors, through a network, to the cloud for processing, analysis, and storage in a four-step

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process known as the IoT architecture. The Internet of Things is poised to expand even more with time,
offering users fresh and enhanced experiences.

Figure 9: Example of IoT architecture

Frameworks
The Internet of Things (IoT) Framework may be thought of as an ecosystem made up of several linked
devices that interact with one another online. These Internet-connected gadgets often function to send and
detect data while requiring very little human involvement.
The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture enables seamless communication between linked devices.
Therefore, it should come as no surprise that it is known as the "Internet of Things" framework, or, to put it
another way, the framework that makes it possible for objects to communicate with one another through the
Internet.

Figure 10: Example of IoT framework

With applications in practically every industry, the Internet of Things framework is a crucial component of
technology in the present world. For instance, the design of smart houses is one of the IoT's key applications.
The IoT framework concept is used when designing a variety of physical objects, including vending
machines, electrical equipment, security and alarm systems, and thermostats, among many other objects.

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(IOTDunia, 2022)

Main Components of the Internet of Things Framework

Figure 11: Example of IoT framework's components

The IoT Framework consists of four major components:

• Device Hardware
The IoT framework's device hardware requires a fundamental understanding of architecture.
Additionally, the user must be familiar with how the various micro-controllers and sensors operate.
Sensors micro-controllers, and controllers are a few examples of hardware components that make up this
IoT framework component.

• Device Software
The supplied writing programs must set up the controller and then be used remotely in order for the
device software of the IoT framework to perform as intended. The user must have a fundamental grasp
of how libraries are typically created for programming, as well as how an API functions inside
microcontrollers.

• Communication and Cloud Platform

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 One of the most important components of the IoT architecture is the cloud platform. It requires a
fundamental understanding of all forms of communication, both wired and wireless. Additionally, the
user must be well-versed in both the operation of cloud technology and IoT integration.
In conclusion, we can conclude that the IoT Framework's communication and cloud platform is where all
conversations take place.

• Cloud Application
A sort of software program called a cloud application primarily comprises of elements that may be
accessed more quickly and easily. These components may be local or even hosted in the cloud. The
system is improved by the cloud application so that its full potential can be realized.
To put it another way, a cloud application is the written implementation of an IoT framework that
connects all of the local hardware devices and cloud-based devices.

(IoTDunia, 2022)

Purpose of IoT frameworks

Today, IoT frameworks can be found in practically every aspect of our lives. It may be found in smart home
design as well as a variety of physical products such as air conditioners, electrical equipment, security and
alarm systems, and much more.

Tools
The term "IoT Tools" refers to the Internet of Things Tools. It is a collection of gadgets, vehicles, machinery
with embedded electronics, home appliances, structures, and more. This facilitates the gathering and
exchange of various types of data.

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 Figure 12: Example of IoT tools

(Pedamkar, 2022)

Hardware
IoT hardware refers to the physical elements and gadgets that enable connectivity, such as smart devices,
IoT sensors, computer chips, actuators, and cables. IoT devices make it easier for data to move through a
manufacturer's technology stack, allowing businesses to use machine data across all levels and departments.
For an IoT solution to be implemented properly, hardware is crucial. The diversity of data gathered is a big
problem for the industrial sector, and it is crucial to remember that.

Figure 13: Example of IoT hardware

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API
API, in general, refers to the standard framework collection, protocols, and resources that govern the generic
online and mobile application. It specifies the communication rules that all application components must
follow while sharing data.
IoT APIs are APIs that are utilized in the development of IoT systems. They are the application
programming interfaces for web services. They function similarly and provide smooth data transfer, with
HTTP serving as the channel. Using the IoT API, developers may create sophisticated apps that are simple to
combine with other web services.
IoT APIs improve the end-user experience in a variety of ways. For example, they can easily log in to
websites and install a large number of applications.

Figure 14: Example of IoT API

(Wallarm, 2022)

Purpose of API
What makes API important for IoT and any other device/software is that they enable effective exploitation
of pre-existing features to ensure seamless software processing while freeing developers from the need to
reprogramme again.
The world of IoT is just too complicated, necessitating constant connectivity between the various agents
engaged. The use of APIs makes the work possible since combining various IoT components with one
another is entirely conceivable.
API use empowers the IoT world and creates endless new development and integration options.
IoT APIs are fantastic technical development resources because they provide unrivaled flexibility.
(Wallarm, 2022)

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P3. Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware, and API
techniques available to develop IoT applications.

Introduction
My group project is to create a lock system with a password using an IR sensor. The purpose of this system
is to discourage criminal activities. Therefore, this system is significantly essential for local dwellers to
enhance their lock systems to protect their personal property.

Architecture

Figure 15: Architecture of IoT

• Perception layer
Any IoT system's initial layer is made up of "things" or endpoint devices that act as a link between the
real world and the digital one. The physical layer, which contains sensors and actuators capable of
gathering, receiving, and processing data across a network, is referred to as perception. Wireless or wired

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 connections can be used to connect sensors and actuators. The components' range and locations are not
constrained by the architecture.

• Network layer
An overview of the data flow across the program is given by the network layers. Data Acquiring Systems
(DAS) and Internet/Network gateways are present in this tier. Data aggregation and conversion tasks are
carried out by a DAS (collecting and aggregating data from sensors, then converting analog data to
digital data, etc.). Data gathered by the sensor devices must be sent and processed. The network layer
performs that function. It enables connections and communication between these gadgets and other
servers, smart gadgets, and network gadgets. Additionally, it manages each device's data transfer.

• Processing layer
The IoT ecosystem's processing layer functions as its brain. Before being sent to the data center, data is
typically analyzed, pre-processed, and stored here. It is then accessed by software applications that
manage the data and prepare future actions. This is where edge analytics or edge IT comes into play.

• Application layer
The application layer, which provides the user with application-specific services, is where user
interaction occurs. A dashboard that displays the status of the devices in a system or a smart home
application where users may turn on a coffee maker by touching a button in an app is two examples. The
Internet of Things may be used in a variety of applications, including smart homes, smart cities, and
smart health.

(Interviewbit, 2022)

Framework

• KAA IoT
This specific open-source IoT framework is well-known for its effectiveness and the "rich" services it
provides. A cloud platform called KAA IoT enables customers to actualize and implement any smart
product designs they may have.
The customer has the choice to manage whatever many linked devices they want while using the KAA
IoT framework. This platform's cross-device compatibility enables the management of an infinite
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number of devices. Additionally, the KAA IoT framework enables remote monitoring and configuration
of the linked devices.

Figure 16: Example of KAA IoT

• Device Hive
A free open-source IoT framework is called Device Hive. Docker and Kubernetes are the two
deployment methods included in the bundle. The user can utilize this open-source framework with either
a private or public cloud after downloading it. It is made with flexibility in mind and is primarily
intended for big data analysis.
The user may utilize Device Hive open source to perform batch analysis and machine learning that goes
beyond the information and data provided by the device. It supports a number of libraries, with Android
and iOS being the most popular ones. Like Python and Java, several client libraries are also provided by
open-source.

Figure 17: Example of DeviceHive

• Arduino
If you want to possess a computer that can observe the world and exert powerful control over it, Arduino
is one of the most highly recommended open-source Internet of Things frameworks.
The IoT hardware and software components are included in the Arduino open source, which makes it
highly straightforward and user-friendly.

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Several hardware requirements that are frequently used by interactive electronics help the Arduino open-
source work more efficiently.

Figure 18: Example of Arduino

• Node-RED
The Node-Red open source software serves as a visual interface for connecting all the associated
hardware components, services, and APIs. Unlike previous open-source frameworks, this IoT framework
uses innovative and distinctive wiring techniques.
Node-Red open source is based on Node.js and supports 60,000 distinct modules in addition to the
Raspberry Pi.

Figure 19: Example of Node-RED

• Flutter
A processing core that may be readily designed for many electronic tasks is the Flutter open-source
framework. Students and engineers love this open-source Internet of Things framework because it can be
customized.

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 The Flutter open-source board is based on Arduino and has a very effective wireless transmitter. A router
is not required because flutter boards communicate quickly with one another. This open-source is
incredibly useful since it is also quite straightforward and simple to use.

Figure 20: Example of Flutter

(IoTDunia, 2022)

Tools

• Eclipse IoT
Eclipse IoT might be your best option if you're an IoT developer planning to create gateways, cloud
platforms, and IoT devices. Eclipse IoT, recognized as a partnership of multiple businesses and
individuals working to build and demonstrate IoT open technologies, may fulfill all of your IoT
fantasies.
Eclipse IoT is a tool that may help you develop technical skills by enabling you to enhance, promote, and
implement open-source IoT technologies. You are all included if you just take a look at the enormous
collection of services and outlines provided by the Eclipse team.

Figure 21: Example of Eclipse IoT

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• Node-RED
An easy-to-use open-source visualization tool for the network of IoT devices is called Node-RED. You
may link hardware, an API, or an internet service using the tool created by IBM's Emerging Technology
division. The user-friendly interface provided by Node-RED enables developers to quickly and
effectively connect devices. Node.js, a server-side JavaScript platform that is widely used in IoT projects
and can be run in the cloud, is the foundation upon which Node-RED is built.
Node-RED could be used, for instance, to build a chat application using the Bluemix environment, an
IBM cloud platform for building, managing, and running all kinds of applications.

Figure 22: Example of Node-RED

• Arduino
The Arduino can be a wise choice if you want to construct a computer that can perceive and control the
outside environment more effectively than a standard stand-alone computer can. Arduino is an open-
source IoT prototyping platform that is easy to use and offers a comprehensive combination of IoT
hardware and software. A list of hardware requirements that can be applied to interactive electronics are
gone through by Arduino. The Integrated Development Environment and Arduino programming
language make up the software of Arduino (IDE).

Figure 23: Example of Arduino

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 • OpenSCADA
This tool is a component of the Eclipse IoT industry organizations' SCADA project. It has a modern
design, is independent of any platform, and is renowned for its security and extensibility. Additionally,
OpenSCADA is capable of editing and debugging and shows up with interface apps, back-end programs,
libraries, and configuration tools. As advanced IoT applications develop, its many tools can be
combined. In contrast to other IDEs, OpenSCADA includes sub-projects like Atlantis, Utgard, Orilla,
and others and supports a number of programming languages.

Figure 24: Example of OpenSCADA

• Device Hive
Device Hive, a free open-source machine-to-machine (M2M) communication framework, was
introduced in 2012. It is regarded as one of the most popular platforms for creating IoT applications.
Typically, it is a cloud-based API that you may control from a distance without any network settings.
The same is implied for the administration protocols, gateways, and libraries. It is frequently used for
sensors, smart home technology, automation, and security. It also has a vibrant community and a wealth
of online resources that are available to assist you.

Figure 25: Example of DeviceHive

(Sanal, 2019)

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Hardware

Controllers:
• Arduino
A simple microcontroller ideal for electronic applications and small-scale prototyping. The board is
incredibly user-friendly, and anyone may start their own project with just a little understanding.

Figure 26: Arduino

• Raspberry Pi
A far more sophisticated little computer than the Arduino. It requires an operating system to function,
an SD card may be used as storage, and you can even use an Ethernet cable to link it to your
network; some boards even support Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Figure 27: Raspberry Pi

• BeagleBone
Much more powerful in terms of processing power than the Raspberry Pi.

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 Figure 28: BeagleBone

Components:

Figure 29: Example of hardware components

• Relay module
An electrical switch controlled by an electromagnet is known as a power relay module. A separate low-
power signal from a microcontroller activates the electromagnet. The electromagnet pulls to either open
or close an electrical circuit when it is activated.

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 • Sg90 servo motor
A small, lightweight server motor with high output power is called a micro servo motor, or SG90. The
servo rotates around 180 degrees (90 in each direction) and functions similarly to larger types of the
servo. These servos may be controlled by any servo code, hardware, or library.
• Ultrasonic sensor module
An ultrasonic sensor is a piece of technology that uses ultrasonic sound waves to measure a target
object's distance and then turns the sound that is reflected back into an electrical signal.

API

• Google Assistant API

This API is readily incorporated into IoT devices and provides functions such as voice control, natural
language processing, hotword detection, and many more. It walks developers through the whole
management and discussion process. Developers may simply use the API to make IoT devices voice-
controlled by phones, displays, watches, TVs, laptops, and Google Home Devices.

Figure 30: Example of Google Assistant SDK

(Wallarm, 2022)

• Apple HomeKit
This vendor's APIs provide a workable framework for linking Siri and iPhone to Apple-based home
gadgets and appliances. The APIs, which are accessible via the Apple iOS8 SDK, allow devices such as
lights, garages, doors, televisions, and many more to be controlled directly via speech.

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 Figure 31: Example of Apple HomeKit

(Wallarm, 2022)

API in used
In my group project, the API that was used is the IRremote API. This API is utilized to detect IR signal,
receive, and then analyze it.

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P4. Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT.

Problem
The issues that might arise inside a door locking system include: The vast majority of door locks that are
available on the market have extremely poor security flaws. Burglars with some lockpicking experience can
take advantage of these weaknesses to get into peoples' homes and steal their goods.
Dirt and debris can lodge inside a door lock and make it difficult to operate until they are cleared out.
Physical keys can snap inside the lock, rendering it useless until the snapped key is removed.

Solution
Includes integrated passwords for further protection. The following problems will be resolved by this
solution:
• Security: The door will have an inbuilt password that cannot be picked like a typical lock.
• Convenience: the user can open the door from a distance without having to touch it.
• Usability: The system will be configured such that it can pick up signals from all types of IR remote
controls.
• Simple to comprehend: Both the installation and use of the system are simple.

Framework

Arduino
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Definition of Arduino
The open-source Arduino platform is used to create electrical projects. With Arduino, you can write and
upload computer code to a physical programmable circuit board (commonly called a microcontroller) using
a piece of software called the IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which runs on your computer.

Figure 32: Arduino

(B_E_N, 2022)
Reasons

• Easy to use
Learning Arduino is quite simple. Arduino may be picked up by beginners with little to no programming
experience. It employs a flexible, streamlined version of the C/C++ language. For novices, this board is
perfect. A plug-and-play electronic board with a straightforward hardware interface is called an Arduino.

• Inexpensive hardware
Low-cost Arduino boards are readily accessible. We just need an Arduino board to begin writing our first
program because the IDE, or integrated development environment, is free to use. No additional hardware
is required, and a single Arduino board may be used for several applications, thus reducing the cost of
the project overall.

• Cross-platform support
In addition to Windows, Linux and macOS are other operating systems on which Arduino may be used.
With the exception of Arduino, most microcontrollers can only be programmed using Windows.

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 • Tons of libraries
In order to operate external sensors, modules, and motors, there are several Arduino libraries available.
Using these libraries, the functionality of Arduino boards may be increased. Libraries provide the user
with complete freedom to experiment with hardware and quickly alter data.

(Kashif, 2022)

Tool

Arduino IDE
Definition
The open-source software known as the Arduino IDE is used to create and upload code to Arduino boards.
For different operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, the IDE application is
appropriate. The programming languages C and C++ are supported. Integrated Development Environment is
referred to in this sentence.

Figure 33: Example of Arduino IDE

(JavaTpoint, 2021)

Reason
Through the Arduino IDE, Arduino offers a straightforward and simple-to-understand coding environment.
It simplifies writing, compiling, and uploading programs to the board, obviating the need for an external
programmer or burner, making it user-friendly for students and individuals who are still new to electronics
projects.
(Navarrete, 2020)

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Hardware

Arduino Uno R3
Definition
One type of ATmega328P-based microcontroller board is the Arduino Uno R3. It comes with everything
needed to support the microcontroller; all you need to do is use a USB cable to connect it to a computer and
provide power using an AC-DC converter or a battery to get things going. The word "Uno" was chosen to
signify the launch of the Arduino IDE 1.0 software. "Uno" is Italian for "one." The third and most latest
version of the Arduino Uno is called the R3. The reference versions of the Arduino board and IDE software
are currently being updated. The first in a line of USB Arduino boards, the Uno-board serves as the
platform's reference design.

Figure 34: Arduino Uno R3

(Elprocus, 2022)

Specifications
• It is an ATmega328P based Microcontroller
• The Operating Voltage of the Arduino is 5V
• The recommended input voltage ranges from 7V to 12V
• The i/p voltage (limit) is 6V to 20V
• Digital input and output pins-14
• Digital input & output pins (PWM)-6
• Analog i/p pins are 6
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 • DC Current for each I/O Pin is 20 mA
• DC Current used for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
• The length and width of the Arduino are 68.6 mm X 53.4 mm
• The weight of the Arduino board is 25 g
(Elprocus, 2022)

Reasons
The Arduino Uno is the microcontroller used in this project, therefore it makes sense to utilize the Arduino
IDE, which is why I've chosen to use it.
Even for those who have no experience with programming, the tool is incredibly user-friendly.
The tool makes it very simple to create projects and export them to the Arduino Uno.
The tool functions as a debugger and a text editor.

IR sensor
A radiation-sensitive optoelectronic component with spectral sensitivity in the infrared wavelength range of
780 nm to 50 m is known as an infrared sensor (IR sensor). Motion detectors, which are used in building
services to turn on lights or in alarm systems to detect unwanted visitors, now frequently use IR sensors.

Figure 35: IR sensor

(Infratec, 2022)
Hobby Gearmotor
A Gearmotor produces a lot of torque at low speed or low horsepower. These motors have stall-speed torque
and standard speed characteristics. To decrease speed so that greater torque is available, these motors need
gears, which are often put together as a gearbox. The most common uses for gearmotors involve moving big
things with a lot of force.

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 Figure 36: Hobby Gearmotor

(Eitel, 2015)

Models

Logical model

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Figure 37: Logical model of the project

Description:
• The IR remote will trigger the system to begin. The IR sensor received a signal once the user
depressed a button on the remote.
• After pre-processing the signal, the IR sensor sends it to the Arduino Uno board for additional
analysis.
• After receiving the signal, the board decides what to do. The system will include passwords, so the
board will send an electrical signal to the gear motor once the user inputs the right password via the
remote.
• The door is opened after the gear motor is powered up and rotating.

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 • The board will command the motor to reverse itself when it has finished rotating in order to close the
door.
• After each remote input, the LED lights will blink to provide feedback.

Physical model

Figure 38: Physical model of the project

This is the physical model of my group project.

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Source code of the project

Figure 39: Source code

References

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Shivalibhadaniya, (2022). Characteristics of IoT. [online] Available at:
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[Accessed 4th Dec. 2022].

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[Accessed 4th Dec. 2022].
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