PROJECT REPORT

(Submitted for the Degree of B.Com.

Honours in Accounting & Finance under the
University of Calcutta)

TITLE OF THE PROJECT:

“CLIMATE CHANGE”

SUBMITTED BY
Name of the Candidate : RAVI KANT BHALOTIA
College UID: 1234-567-890
Shift: MORNING
CU Registration Number: 988-303-4569
CU exam Roll Number: 8820-69-6761
Name of the College: THE BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION
SOCIETY COLLEGE

SUPERVISED BY
Name of the Supervisor: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA
Name of the College: THE BHAWANIPUIR EDUCATION
SOCIETY COLLEGE

MONTH & YEAR OF SUBMISSION:

Date: June, 2021

1
 CONTENTS
PAGE
S. NO. TITLE NO.
1. COVER PAGE 1

2. SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE 2

3. STUDENT’S DECLARATION 3

5. CHAPTER 1: CLIMATE CHANGE

1.1 : INTRODUCTION 5–5
1.2 :GLOBAL WARMING 6–7
1.3 GREENHOUSE EFFECT 8 – 10
1.4 URBAN IMPACT 11– 12

6. ACNOWLEDGEMENT 13 - 13

7. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 14 - 14

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 - 15

2
 Annexure-IA
SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MR. RAVI KANT BHALOTIA a student of B.Com. Honours in
Accounting & Finance of THE BHAWANIPUR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE,
under the University of Calcutta has worked under my supervision and guidance for
his/her Project Work and prepared a Project Report with the title “HUMAN IMPACT ON
ENVIRONMENT” which he/she is submitting, is his/her genuine and original work to the
best of my knowledge.

Place: Kolkata Signature:

Date: Name: DR. ALKA BHALOTIA

Designation: PROFESSOR

Name of the College: The bhawanipur education society college

3
Annexure-IB
STUDENT'S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project Work with the title “HUMAN IMPACT ON
ENVIRONMENT” submitted by me for the partial fulfilment of the degree of
B.Com. Honours in Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta is my
original work and has not been submitted earlier to any other University
/Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement for any course of study.
I also declare that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has been
incorporated in this report from any earlier work done by others or by me. However,
extracts of any literature which has been used for this report has been duly
acknowledged providing details of such literature in the references.

Place: Kolkata Signature:

Date: 03/06/2021 Name: RAVI KANT BHALOTIA

Registration Number: 988-303-4569

College Roll Number: 123

4
 CHAPTER 1: CLIMATE CHANGE:
1.1: Introduction
1.1.1: What is climate change?
Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate.
Climate change is the change in the average weather patterns in a region over a long
period of time. One component of climate change is global warming, the long-term
heating of Earth due to greenhouse emissions.
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions
of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.

1.1.2: What are the Causes & Effects of climate change?

Climate change’s effects rang1.2e from sea level rise and more frequent extreme
weather events to the loss of biodiversity and increased risk of diseases. Climate
change impacts every form of life—humans, plants, and animals..

Sources:https://www.globalgiving.org/
5
 1.2: GLOBAL WARMING
1.2.1: WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?
“Climate change” and “global warming” are often used interchangeably but have
distinct meanings. 

Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s

atmosphere because an increased amount of the energy (heat) striking the earth from
the sun is being trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space.

Global warming is a term used for the observed century-scale rise in the average
temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. Scientists are more
than 95% certain that nearly all of global warming is caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other human-caused emissions.

Sources: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies

This graph illustrates the change in global surface temperature relative to 1951-1980
average temperatures, with the year 2020 tying with 2016 for warmest on record

6
1.2.2: CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING
There are various factors of global warming, some of which are natural and some are
man-made factors, one of the most prominent factors in increasing global warming is
greenhouse gases which are generated by certain natural processes and human
actions. 

Sources: https://www.mylearningtour.com/

1.2.3: EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

As a result of global warming in the climate climate, rising summer season, decreasing
cold weather, melting of ice rocks, temperature rise, changes in air circulation pattern,
rain without rain, ozone layer, heavy storms  There are many effects of events, cyclone,
drought, flood and so on.

Sources: https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/
7
 1.3: GREENHOUSE EFFECT
1.3.1: WHAT IS GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere
warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this
atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the
Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and
the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This
process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than
it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.

Sources: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
8
1.3.2: What are the important greenhouse gases (GHGs)?
The most common and most talked about greenhouse gases is CO 2 or carbon dioxide.
In fact, because it is so common, scientists use it as the benchmark or measure of
things that warm the atmosphere.
The most commonly discussed GHGs are:
(A) CO2 or carbon dioxide is produced any time something is burned. It is the most
common GHG, constituting by some measures almost 65 % of total long-term
GHGs.
(B) Methane or CH4 is produced in many combustion processes and also by
anaerobic decomposition, for example, in flooded rice paddies, pig and cow
stomachs, and pig manure ponds.
(C) Nitrous oxide in parean (laughing gas), NO/N2O or simply NOx is a byproduct
of fertilizer production and use, other industrial processes and the combustion of
certain materials.
(D) Fluorinated gases  were created as replacements for ozone depleting
refrigerants, but have proved to be both extremely long lasting and extremely
warming GHGs.
(E) Sulphur hexafluoride or SF6 is used for specialized medical procedures, but
primarily in what are called dielectric materials, especially dielectric liquids.

9
 Sources: https://warmheartworldwide.org/

1.3.3: Causes of the Greenhouse Effect

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuel and related uses of coal and petroleum are the
most important sources of GHGs and black carbon (power generation, industry,
transportation, buildings).

2. Agriculture: Agriculture is the second most important source (animals – cows and
pigs), feed production, chemical intensive food production, and flooded paddy rice
production, as well as deforestation driven by the desire to expand cultivated areas.

3. Deforestation: Large scale development has resulted in cutting down of trees and
forests which has forced people to look for alternate places for living. When the wood is
burnt, the stored carbon in converted back into carbon dioxide.

3. Increase in Population: More people means more usage of fossil fuels which in
turn has aggravated the problem.

5. Industrial Waste and Landfills: Industries which are involved in cement production,
fertilizers, coal mining activities, oil extraction produce harmful greenhouse gases.
Also, landfills filled with garbage produce carbon dioxide and methane gas contributing
significantly to greenhouse effect.

10
 (Source: US Environmental Protection Agency )

1.4: URBAN IMPACT

1.4.1: URBAN IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
Climate change is a global phenomenon that largely impacts urban life. Rising global
temperatures causes sea levels to rise, increases the number of extreme weather
events such as floods, droughts and storms, and increases the spread of tropical
diseases. All these have costly impacts on cities' basic services, infrastructure,
housing, human livelihoods and health. At the same time, cities are a key contributor to
climate change, as urban activities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions.
Estimates suggest that cities are responsible for 75 percent of global CO 2 emissions,
with transport and buildings being among the largest contributors.

Cities are growing and as climate change continues, the urban landscape will continue
to feel the effects of what's being described as a "crisis.

11
 Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/

1.4.2: Climate Change: Implications for Cities

Urban areas account for more than half of the world’s population, most of its economic
activity and the majority of energy-related emissions. One of the key messages that
emerged from the discussion is that steps to build resilience and enable sustainable
development in urban areas can accelerate successful climate change adaptation
globally. An infographic in the report brings together mitigation and adaptation through
examples of how climate change is expected to affect various aspects of urban life.

Sources: https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/

Sources: https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/

12
Sources: https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of Great Pleasure for me in submitting the project report on “CLIMATE
CHANGE” For the fulfillment of the requirement of my course from CU, Kolkata.

I am thankful to and owe a deep dept gratitude to all those who have helped me inpreparing
this report. Words seem to be inadequate to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Kamlesh
Kumar for his valuable guidance, constructive criticism, untiring efforts and
immenseencouragement during the entire course of the study due to which my efforts have
beenrewarded.

I would also like to thank Mr. Manoj Singh, Mr. Sanjay Agarwal, Mr. Ashish Maheswari,
who gave me an opportunity to learn the recurring acknowledgement of what is changing in
our Climate, that can help us not only to survive but surmount ours difficulties.

I am highly obliged to those who had helped me to procure primary data to complete my
project. Also not to be forgotten all the Lecturers of our college who contributed their ideas
and suggestions.

I express my sincere thanks to my parents for giving me all the facilities during my project
and helping & guiding me during whole period.

I want to thank all who have supported me and gave their timely guidance. Last but not least I
am very grateful to all those who helped me in one-way or the other way at everystage of my
work.

RAVI KANT BHALOTIA

13
 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION
Human-induced climate change has contributed to changing patterns of extreme weather
across the globe, from longer and hotter heat waves to heavier rains. From a broad
perspective, all weather events are now connected to climate change. While natural
variability continues to play a key role in extreme weather, climate change has shifted the
odds and changed the natural limits, making certain types of extreme weather more
frequent and more intense.

While our understanding of how climate change affects extreme weather is still developing,
evidence suggests that extreme weather may be affected even more than anticipated.
Extreme weather is on the rise, and the indications are that it will continue to increase, in
both predictable and unpredictable ways.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1.  The nation’s climate change research enterprise should include and integrate
disciplinary and interdisciplinary research across the physical, social, biological,
health, and engineering sciences.

2. A Careful, Comprehensive Review Should Be Undertaken to Identify Current and

Planned Observational Assets and Identify Critical Climate Monitoring
and Measurement Needs.

14
3. A Comprehensive and Integrated Climate Observing System Should Be Developed,
Built, and Maintained by the Federal Program and Relevant National and
International Partners.

4. Adequate Climate Data Access, Management, and Stewardship Are Needed.

5. Start a Climate Change Research Program of the Future.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Wikipedia, the free content encyclopedia
 NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies
 US Environmental Protection Agency

WEBLIOGRAPHY
 https://pt.slideshare.net
 http://www.environmentaldefense.org/home.cfm
 http://www.world.org/weo/top1000
 https://www.globalgiving.org/
 https://www.mylearningtour.com/
 https://www.joboneforhumanity.org/
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/
 https://warmheartworldwide.org/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/
 https://landscapeiskingston.wordpress.com/

15