Introduction:

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant attention in recent years as a sustainable and
environmentally friendly alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars. In India,
transportation accounts for nearly 12% of greenhouse gas emissions, and it is one of the
significant contributors to air pollution in major cities like Mumbai. Therefore, the shift to
electric vehicles is critical to achieving climate goals and promoting a sustainable transportation
system in Mumbai.
Despite the benefits of electric vehicles, their adoption rate is still relatively low in Mumbai, and
their market share remains modest compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The
government of Maharashtra has set an ambitious target to achieve 100% electric mobility by
2030, and electric vehicles are expected to play a significant role in reducing the dependence
on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable transportation.
Understanding people's attitudes towards electric vehicles is crucial for the successful transition
to a sustainable transportation system in Mumbai. Therefore, this study aims to investigate
people's perceptions and opinions regarding electric vehicles, including their advantages,
disadvantages, and potential barriers to adoption. Through this research, we hope to identify
the factors that influence people's attitudes towards electric vehicles and provide insights into
how to promote the adoption of this sustainable technology in Mumbai.
Overall, this study is essential to inform policymakers, automakers, and stakeholders in the
transportation sector to develop effective strategies to promote the use of electric vehicles and
accelerate the transition to a sustainable transportation system in Mumbai.

The study will employ a survey and collecting data on people's attitudes towards electric
vehicles. The survey will gather quantitative data on the awareness, perceptions, and intentions
of consumers towards electric vehicles, while this topic will provide qualitative insights into the
underlying factors that shape people's attitudes and behaviors towards this technology.
Overview of the electric vehicle industry in India:
The electric vehicle industry in India is still in its emerging stage, but it has witnessed significant
growth in recent years, driven by government incentives, declining battery costs, and rising
environmental concerns. The Indian government has set a target of achieving 30% electric
vehicle penetration by 2030 and has announced several policies and initiatives to support the
growth of the electric vehicle industry.
The electric vehicle market in India is dominated by two-wheelers, with nearly 90% of electric
vehicles sold in the country being electric scooters and motorcycles. This is due to their low cost
and high fuel efficiency, making them an attractive option for urban commuters. The electric
four-wheeler segment is also growing, driven by government initiatives and incentives, such as
the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) scheme,
which provides subsidies and tax incentives to electric vehicle buyers.
Several domestic and international companies have entered the Indian electric vehicle market,
including Tata Motors, Mahindra Electric, Hero Electric, and Ola Electric. Tata Motors and
Mahindra Electric are the largest players in the electric four-wheeler segment, while Hero
Electric and Ola Electric are dominant players in the electric two-wheeler segment.
The Indian electric vehicle industry is also witnessing significant investments from domestic and
international players. In 2021, Ola Electric raised $500 million in funding from investors such as
Temasek and SoftBank, while Tata Motors announced plans to invest Rs. 18,000 crore ($2.4
billion) in electric vehicles over the next few years. These investments are expected to fuel the
growth of the electric vehicle industry in India and drive innovation and technological
advancements.
However, several challenges still exist in the Indian electric vehicle industry, including high
upfront costs, lack of charging infrastructure, and limited range and performance of electric
vehicles. These challenges are barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles and addressing them
will be crucial to achieving the government's target of 30% electric vehicle penetration by 2030.
Overall, the Indian electric vehicle industry is poised for significant growth in the coming years,
driven by government initiatives, declining battery costs, and increasing environmental
concerns. The industry is expected to play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions
and improving air quality in Indian cities, and its growth is expected to create new jobs and
opportunities in the country's automotive and technology sectors.
advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles:
Advantages:

1. Environmentally friendly: Electric vehicles produce zero emissions, which makes them
environmentally friendly and reduces the carbon footprint. This helps in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and combating air pollution, especially in densely populated cities.
2. Lower operational costs: Electric vehicles have lower operating costs than gasoline-powered vehicles
as they require less maintenance and have lower fuel costs. The cost of electricity required to charge
an electric vehicle is also much lower than gasoline or diesel.
3. Noise pollution reduction: Electric vehicles produce significantly less noise pollution than gasoline-
powered vehicles. This can help reduce noise levels in cities, especially during peak traffic hours.
4. Government incentives: Many governments offer incentives to promote the use of electric vehicles,
such as tax credits, rebates, and subsidies. This can make electric vehicles more affordable and
attractive to consumers.

Disadvantages:

5. High upfront cost: Electric vehicles typically have a higher upfront cost than their gasoline-powered
counterparts. This can make them less accessible to consumers who cannot afford the initial
investment.
6. Limited driving range: Most electric vehicles have a limited driving range, and they need to be
charged regularly. This can be inconvenient for people who need to travel long distances or do not
have easy access to charging stations.
7. Limited charging infrastructure: The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is still limited,
especially in developing countries. This can make it difficult for people to charge their vehicles while
on long trips.
8. Battery disposal: Electric vehicle batteries need to be disposed of properly at the end of their useful
life. This can be a significant environmental concern if the batteries are not disposed of properly.

In conclusion, electric vehicles have several advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles, including lower
operating costs, environmental friendliness, and noise pollution reduction. However, they also have several
disadvantages, including a higher upfront cost, limited driving range, limited charging infrastructure, and the
need for proper battery disposal.
literature review
Bhati et al. (2020) evaluated the potential of electric vehicles in India by analyzing data on
vehicle ownership, travel patterns, and charging infrastructure. The study found that electric
two-wheelers have the highest potential for electrification, followed by electric three-wheelers
and four-wheelers. The study also identified the need for the development of public charging
infrastructure to support the growth of electric vehicles.
Gupta et al. (2021) investigated the adoption and barriers to the adoption of electric vehicles in
India. The study found that the high initial cost of electric vehicles, lack of charging
infrastructure, and limited range and performance of electric vehicles are the main barriers to
the adoption of electric vehicles in India. The study recommended the need for government
incentives and policies to promote the adoption of electric vehicles and address these barriers.
Singh and Sharma (2021) evaluated the impact of electric vehicles on the Indian power sector.
The study found that the integration of electric vehicles into the grid can help reduce peak
demand and improve the utilization of renewable energy sources. The study also identified the
need for a robust charging infrastructure to support the growth of electric vehicles and ensure
grid stability.
Dixit et al. (2021) evaluated the environmental impact of electric vehicles in India. The study
found that electric vehicles have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve
air quality in Indian cities. The study also identified the need for a sustainable battery recycling
and disposal system to ensure the environmental sustainability of electric vehicles.

a study by Yadav et al. (2021) evaluated the potential of solar-powered electric vehicles in India.
The study found that solar-powered electric vehicles can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and
provide a sustainable and cost-effective transportation option in India. However, the study also
identified the need for the development of efficient and affordable solar charging infrastructure
to support the growth of solar-powered electric vehicles.
A study by Mukherjee et al. (2020) evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of electric
rickshaws in India. The study found that electric rickshaws can significantly reduce operating
costs and greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional rickshaws. The study also
identified the need for the development of a sustainable supply chain for batteries and the
establishment of regulations for battery recycling and disposal.
Shukla et al. (2020) evaluated the potential of electric buses in India. The study found that
electric buses can significantly reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in Indian
cities. However, the study also identified the need for a comprehensive strategy to promote the
adoption of electric buses, including the development of charging infrastructure, government
incentives, and policies to support the electric bus industry.

A study by Jeyaraj et al. (2021) investigated the current status and future prospects of electric
vehicle adoption in India. The study found that the Indian government has implemented several
initiatives to promote electric vehicles, including tax exemptions, subsidies, and the
establishment of charging infrastructure. The study also identified the need for more research
on consumer preferences and behavior to better understand the factors driving electric vehicle
adoption in India.