GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINERING

COURSE & CODE- MATHEMATICS
ACADEMIC YEAR- 2022-23

A MICRO-PROJECT ON

“APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE”
FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(COMPUTER ENGINERING CO2I)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF.G.B.HULMUKH

Sr. No Roll. No Enrollment. No Student Name

1. 101 2211620180 RUTUJA AMBHORE
2. 102 2211620186 DARSHANA ARDAD
3. 103 2211620179 GAYATRI ARDAD
4. 104 2211620192 ARTI BADE
5. 105 2211620151 ASHISH BHOITE
6. 106 2211620175 CHAITANYA BODKHE
7. 107 2211620185 ROHAN BODKHE
8. 108 2211620198 BHAGWATI BORADE
9. 109 2211620204 ROHAN DHANVE
10. 110 2211620205 WALMIK DIGHE
11. 111 2211620196 GEETA DONGARE
12. 112 2211620169 JYOTI DONGARE
13. 113 2211620140 RENUKA DESHPANDE
14. 114 2211620203 GARAD SHRUTI

1|Page
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGEENERING
COURSE & CODE- MATHEMATICS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE”

being submitted here with for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
in COMPUTER ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATEBOARD &
TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work completed by
All Group Member under the supervision and guidance of
PROF.G.B.HULMUKH It is to the best of my knowledge and belief that the work embodied
in this Micro-project has not formed earlier the basis for the award of any degree or diploma of
this or any other Board or examining body.

Academic Year: 2022-23 Semester : Second

Place: Ambad
Date:

PROF.G.B.HULMUKH MRS.A.V.WANKAR Dr. A.M.AGARKAR

Micro-project Guide H.O.D Principal

2|Page
 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned hereby declare that the project entitled “APPLICATION OF

DERIVATIVE” is written and submitted by me to Government Polytechnic Ambad during Year

2022-23, first Semester for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement of

‘MATHEMATICS” course under Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

curriculum, under the guidance of PROF.G.B.HULMUKH is my original work. The empirical

findings in this project are based on the collected data and are not copied from any other sources.

Sr. Roll. No Enrollment. No Student Name SIGN

No
1. 101 2211620180 RUTUJA AMBHORE
2. 102 2211620186 DARSHANA ARDAD
3. 103 2211620179 GAYATRI ARDAD
4. 104 2211620192 ARTI BADE
5. 105 2211620151 ASHISH BHOITE
6. 106 2211620175 CHAITANYA BODKHE
7. 107 2211620185 ROHAN BODKHE
8. 108 2211620198 BHAGWATI BORADE
9. 109 2211620204 ROHAN DHANVE
10. 110 2211620205 WALMIK DIGHE
11. 111 2211620196 GEETA DONGARE
12. 112 2211620169 JYOTI DONGARE
13. 113 2211620140 RENUKA DESHPANDE
14. 114 2211620203 GARAD SHRUTI

3|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic
person and my project guidance, PROF.G.B.HULMUKH Department COMPUTER
ENGINEERING Government Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to
work on an interesting topic over one semester. The work presented here could not have
been accomplished without his most competent and inspiring guidance, incessant
encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation during all phases of our
group Micro-project work. I am highly indebted to him.
I am very much thankful to MRS.A.V.WANKAR, Head Department of COMPUTER
ENGINEERING , all HODs of various departments and MRS.A.V.WANKAR The
Principal of Government Polytechnic, Ambad for his encouragement and providing me a
motivating environment and project facilities in the Institute to carry out experiments and
complete this Micro-project work.

I would like to extend my thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our
friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.
I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their
immense help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support
throughout my studies without which my work would not have seen light of the day.
With warm regards,

Yours Sincerely,
All Group Members,

Place: Ambad

Date:

4|Page
 INTRODUCTION
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base
(frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex.

A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common

point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex.
Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-
dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the
above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is
a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case
of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral
surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.

In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the
case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far
in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either
half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.

The axis of a cone is the straight line (if any), passing through the apex, about which
the base (and the whole cone) has a circular symmetry.

In common usage in elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular,

where circular means that the base is a circle and right means that the axis passes through the
centre of the base at right angles to its plane. If the cone is right circular the intersection of a
plane with the lateral surface is a conic section. In general, however, the base may be any
shape[2] and the apex may lie anywhere (though it is usually assumed that the base is
bounded and therefore has finite area, and that the apex lies outside the plane of the base).
Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis passes through the centre of
the base non-perpendicularly.

A cone with a polygonal base is called a pyramid.

Depending on the context, "cone" may also mean specifically a convex cone or
a projective cone.

Cones can also be generalized to higher dimensions.

5|Page
 Applications of Derivatives
Applications of derivatives are varied not only in maths but also in real life. To give
an example, derivatives have various important applications in Mathematics such as to
find the Rate of Change of a Quantity, to find the Approximation Value, to find the
equation of Tangent and Normal to a Curve, and to find the Minimum and Maximum
Values of algebraic expressions.

Derivatives are vastly used across fields like science, engineering, physics, etc. In this
article, we will learn the application of derivatives in real -life.Let us learn about these
applications of derivatives in detail.

Applications of Derivatives in Maths

In maths, derivatives have wide usage. They are used in many situations like finding
maxima or minima of a function, finding the slope of the curve, and even inflection
point. A few places where we will use the derivative are given below. And each of it
is explained in detail in the following sections. The most common usage of application
of derivatives is seen in:

 Finding Rate of Change of a Quantity

 Finding the Approximation Value
 Finding the equation of a Tangent and Normal To a Curve
 Finding Maxima and Minima, and Point of Inflection
 Determining Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Derivative for Rate of Change of a Quantity
Derivatives are used to find the rate of changes of a quantity with respect to the other
quantity. By using the application of derivatives we can find the approximate change
in one quantity with respect to the change in the other quantity. Assume we have a
function y = f(x), which is defined in the interval [a, a+h], then the average rate of
change in the function in the given interval is

(f(a + h)-f(a))/h

Now using the definition of derivative, we can write

f'(a)=limh→0f(a+h)−f(a)h

which is also the instantaneous rate of change of the function f(x) at a.

Now, for a very small value of h, we can write

f'(a) ≈ (f(a+h) − f(a))/h

6|Page
or

f(a+h) ≈ f(a) + f'(a)h

This means, if we want to find the small change in a function, we just have to find the
derivative of the function at the given point, and using the given equation we can
calculate the change. Hence the derivative gives the instantaneous rate of change of a
function within the given limits and can be used to find the estimated change in the
function f(x) for the small change in the other variable(x).

Approximation Value
Derivative of a function can be used to find the linear approximation of a function at a
given value. The linear approximation method was given by Newton and he suggested
finding the value of the function at the given point and then finding the equation of the
tangent line to find the approximately close value to the function. The equation of the
function of the tangent is

L(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x−a)

The tangent will be a very good approximation to the function's graph and will give
the closest value of the function. Let us understand this with an example, we can
estimate the value of √9.1 using the linear approximation. Here we have the function:
f(x) = y = √x. We will find the value of √9 and using linear approximation, we will
find the value of √9.1.

We have f(x) = √x, then f'(x) = 1/(2√x)

Putting a = 9 in L(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x−a), we get,

L(x) = f(9) + f'(9)(9.1−9)

L(x) = 3 + (1/6)0.1

L(x) ≈ 3.0167.

This value is very close to the actual value of √(9.1)

Hence by using derivatives, we can find the linear approximation of function to get
the value near to the function.

Tangent and Normal To a Curve

The equation of tangent and normal line to a curve of a function can be calculated by
using the derivatives. If we have a curve of a function and we want to find the

7|Page
equation of the tangent to a curve at a given point, then by using the derivative, we
can find the slope and equation of the tangent line. A tangent is a line to a curve that
will only touch the curve at a single point and its slope is equal to the derivative of the
curve at that point. The slope(m) of the tangent to a curve of a function y = f(x) at a
point (x1,y1)(1,1) is obtained by taking the derivative of the function (m = f'(x) ).
By finding the slope of the tangent line to the curve and using the
equation m=(y−y1)/(x−x1)=(−1)/(−1), we can find the equation of the tangent line
to the curve. Similarly, we can find the equation of the normal line to the curve of a
function at a point. This normal line will be normal(perpendicular) to the tangent line.
Hence the slope of the normal line to a curve of a function y = f(x) at a point (x1,y1)
(1,1) is given as follows.

n = -1/m = - 1/ f'(x)

And by using the equation −1/m=(y−y1)/(x−x1)−1/=(−1)/(−1) we can find the

equation of the normal line to the curve.

Maxima, Minima, and Point of Inflection

Application of derivatives is also helpful in finding the maxima, minima, and point of
inflection of a curve. Maxima and minima are the peaks and valleys of a curve,
whereas the point of inflection is the part of the curve where the curve changes its
nature(from convex to concave or vice versa). We can find the maxima, minima, and

8|Page
point of inflection by using the first-order derivative test. According to this test, we
first find the derivative of the function at a given point and equate it to 0, i.e., f'(c) = 0,
(here we have found the slope of the curve equal to 0, which means it is a line parallel
to the x-axis). Now if the function is defined in the given interval, then we check the
value of f'(x) at the points lying to the left of the curve and to the right of the curve
and check the nature of the f'(x), then we can say, that the given point is maxima or
minima based on the below conditions.

 Maxima when the slope or f’(x) changes its sign from +ve to -ve as we move via
point c. And f(c) is the maximum value.
 Minima when the slope or f’(x) changes its sign from -ve to +ve as we move via
point c. And f(c) is the minimum value.
 Point C is called the Point of inflection when the sign of slope or sign of the f’(x)
doesn’t change as we move via c.

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

By using derivatives, we can find out if a function is an increasing or decreasing
function. The increasing function is a function that seems to reach the top of the x-y
plane whereas the decreasing function seems like reaching the downside corner of the
9|Page
x-y plane. Let us say we have a function f(x) which is differentiable within the limits
(a, b). Then we check any two points on the curve of the function.

Important Notes on Applications of Derivatives:

 The application of derivatives is used to find the rate of changes of a quantity with
respect to the other quantity.
 The equation of tangent and normal line to a curve of a function can be calculated
by using the derivatives.
 Derivative of a function can be used to find the linear approximation of a function
at a given value.

10 | P a g e
 Introduction To Derivatives in Mathematics
In the subject of mathematics, the rate of change of an expression or law that defines
the relationship between two variables and provides fundamental solutions to various
calculus-related problems and differential equations are known as derivatives. In other
words, derivatives are the techniques that help individuals obtain the rate of change in
variables and apply them to differential equations to yield an actual result.

Derivatives Used in Mathematics

Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton, during the mid-seventeenth century, invented
calculus. Later, derivatives were discovered and utilized for advancement and
efficiency in yielding accurate results of variable functions related to the subject of
calculus.

The three basic derivatives used in mathematics are mentioned below:

1. For use in algebraic expressions: D(x ) = nx (where n is a real number)
n n-1

2. For use in trigonometric functions: D(sin x) = cos x and D(cos x) =(-sin x)

3. For use in exponential functions: D(e ) = e
x x

In geometrical terms, one can define the derivative of any given function as the
inclination of a line to its horizontal plane in a graph of the function or the tendency of
inclination of its tangent at a said point.

Use of Derivatives
In the subject matter of mathematics, derivatives play a significant role in the various
operations associated with the subject of Calculus. Hence, to learn Calculus
thoroughly, an individual should know how to use or apply derivatives in Calculus
functions. The following are some methods of using derivatives.
1. Derivatives can be used to determine the rate of change of quantities.
2. We can also use them to determine the equations of tangent and normal to a
given curve at a point.
3. The ways to find the turning points on the graph of a function which in return
will assist us in determining points at which the largest or smallest value
(locally) of any given function occurs.
4. Derivatives find their uses in Newton’s method. It helps to find the root of a
function and determine the concavity of the function, which is whether the
function is increasing or decreasing in nature.
5. An individual can use derivatives to determine intervals on which a given
function increases or decreases or find the maxima or minima of the function.

11 | P a g e
 6. Lastly, the derivative in mathematics can be used to find the approximate value
of specific quantities.
Application of Derivatives Formulas
Derivatives have different functionality, such as trigonometric, implicit, logarithmic,
etc., as mentioned above. There is an extensive range of subjects in which derivatives
can be applied. Derivative formulas find critical usage not only in the field of
mathematics but in topics such as science, engineering, computer science, and physics
also include the dynamic application of Derivatives in various problems.

In mathematics primarily, derivative formulas are used in the following ways as listed
below:
 Rate of change of Quantity
 Tangent and Normal to a Curve
 Newton's Laws
 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
 Minimum and Maximum values
 Linear Approximation



Application of Derivatives in Real Life

Derivatives are used in real-life applications as well for a vivid understanding of
various problems and issues. The use of derivatives moreover builds knowledge of the
problem by an individual. The application of derivatives in real life are:
 Calculating profit and loss in a business scenario in life.
 In checking or confirming the variations in temperature conditions.
 Determining the distance or speed, or area covered. (In kilometres, miles, etc.).
 Derivatives are used in certain equations in Physics.
 Derivative formulas are extensively used in Seismology to define the
magnitude of earthquakes and for analyzing tectonic activities.

Why Application of Differentiation is Important?

The term differentiation in mathematics is defined as the method that helps us find the
rate of change of a specific function or the derivative. The practical technique of
differentiation can be used purely based on algebraic manipulations, consisting of the
use of three basic derivatives, a piece of knowledge about the manipulation of
algebraic functions, and the four rules of operation.

By combining the three types of derivatives as mentioned before, one can build a
theory or solution that provides the basic rules for differentiation between the sum,
product, or the quotient of any two given functions {such as f(x) and g(x)}.

12 | P a g e
13 | P a g e
 Solution: To begin, with x = 2, f′(x) = -2x + 4 = 0. However, because x = 2 is not in
the interval, we do not utilize it. As a result, the only two points to be examined are
the endpoints, f(-1) =- 8 and f(1) = 0. As a result, the greatest value of f(x) on
1,11,1 is f(1) = 0.
In the previous chapter we focused almost exclusively on the computation of
derivatives. In this chapter will focus on applications of derivatives. It is important
to always remember that we didn’t spend a whole chapter talking about computing
derivatives just to be talking about them. There are many very important
applications to derivatives.

The two main applications that we’ll be looking at in this chapter are using
derivatives to determine information about graphs of functions and optimization
problems. These will not be the only applications however. We will be revisiting
limits and taking a look at an application of derivatives that will allow us to
compute limits that we haven’t been able to compute previously. We will also see
how derivatives can be used to estimate solutions to equations.

Here is a listing of the topics in this section.

Rates of Change – In this section we review the main application/interpretation of

derivatives from the previous chapter (i.e. rates of change) that we will be using in
many of the applications in this chapter.

Critical Points – In this section we give the definition of critical points. Critical
points will show up in most of the sections in this chapter, so it will be important to

14 | P a g e
understand them and how to find them. We will work a number of examples
illustrating how to find them for a wide variety of functions.

Minimum and Maximum Values – In this section we define absolute (or global)
minimum and maximum values of a function and relative (or local) minimum and
maximum values of a function. It is important to understand the difference between
the two types of minimum/maximum (collectively called extrema) values for many
of the applications in this chapter and so we use a variety of examples to help with
this. We also give the Extreme Value Theorem and Fermat's Theorem, both of
which are very important in the many of the applications we'll see in this chapter.

Finding Absolute Extrema – In this section we discuss how to find the absolute
(or global) minimum and maximum values of a function. In other words, we will
be finding the largest and smallest values that a function will have.

The Shape of a Graph, Part I – In this section we will discuss what the first
derivative of a function can tell us about the graph of a function. The first
derivative will allow us to identify the relative (or local) minimum and maximum
values of a function and where a function will be increasing and decreasing. We
will also give the First Derivative test which will allow us to classify critical points
as relative minimums, relative maximums or neither a minimum or a maximum.

The Shape of a Graph, Part II – In this section we will discuss what the second
derivative of a function can tell us about the graph of a function. The second
derivative will allow us to determine where the graph of a function is concave up
and concave down. The second derivative will also allow us to identify any
inflection points (i.e. where concavity changes) that a function may have. We will
also give the Second Derivative Test that will give an alternative method for
identifying some critical points (but not all) as relative minimums or relative
maximums.

The Mean Value Theorem – In this section we will give Rolle's Theorem and the
Mean Value Theorem. With the Mean Value Theorem we will prove a couple of
very nice facts, one of which will be very useful in the next chapter.

Optimization Problems – In this section we will be determining the absolute

minimum and/or maximum of a function that depends on two variables given some
constraint, or relationship, that the two variables must always satisfy. We will
discuss several methods for determining the absolute minimum or maximum of the
function. Examples in this section tend to center around geometric objects such as
squares, boxes, cylinders, etc.

More Optimization Problems – In this section we will continue working

optimization problems. The examples in this section tend to be a little more
involved and will often involve situations that will be more easily described with a
15 | P a g e
sketch as opposed to the 'simple' geometric objects we looked at in the previous
section.

L’Hospital’s Rule and Indeterminate Forms – In this section we will revisit

indeterminate forms and limits and take a look at L’Hospital’s Rule. L’Hospital’s
Rule will allow us to evaluate some limits we were not able to previously.

Linear Approximations – In this section we discuss using the derivative to

compute a linear approximation to a function. We can use the linear approximation
to a function to approximate values of the function at certain points. While it might
not seem like a useful thing to do with when we have the function there really are
reasons that one might want to do this. We give two ways this can be useful in the
examples.

Differentials – In this section we will compute the differential for a function. We

will give an application of differentials in this section. However, one of the more
important uses of differentials will come in the next chapter and unfortunately we
will not be able to discuss it until then.

Newton’s Method – In this section we will discuss Newton's Method. Newton's

Method is an application of derivatives that will allow us to approximate solutions
to an equation. There are many equations that cannot be solved directly and with
this method we can get approximations to the solutions to many of those equations.

Business Applications – In this section we will give a cursory discussion of some

basic applications of derivatives to the business field. We will revisit finding the
maximum and/or minimum function value and we will define the marginal cost
function, the average cost, the revenue function, the marginal revenue function and
the marginal profit function. Note that this section is only intended to introduce
these concepts and not teach you everything about them.

Conclusion
Derivatives have a wide range of applications, not just in mathematics but also in
everyday life. Derivatives, for example, have many essential uses in mathematics,
such as determining the rate of change of a quantity, determining the approximation
value, determining the equation of Tangent and Normal to a Curve, and determining
the Minimum and Maximum Values of algebraic expressions. Derivatives are widely
utilised in domains such as science, engineering, physics, and so on.

16 | P a g e