National Apprentice & Industrial

Training Authority

Report on Industrial Training

At

Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd

Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna

Name : Amsathvany.Kanagasuntharasuwamy
Student Number : 2015/E/037
Course : Special Industrial Training
Field : Civil Engineering
Period : 12Weeks

1
2
 Key words

Bar -
A long rod.

Cement - A powdery substance made by

calcining lime and clay.

Cement mixed with water to form

Concrete -
mortar or mixed with sand, gravel,
and water to make concrete.

Construction - A process of constructing a building

or infrastructures.

Consultancy - who provides professional or expert

advice in building construction.

A symmetrical three-dimensional
Cube -
shape, either solid or hollow,
contained by six equal faces.

It is a process in which the concrete

Curing - is protected from loss of moisture
and kept within a reasonable
temperature range.

Drawing - A picture or diagram which gives

all details of building plan.

Application of scientific knowledge

Engineering -
to solving the problems in the real
world.

Formwork -
It is shuttering.

Knowledge - Theoretical or practical

understanding of a subject.

Materials - The matter from which thing can be

made.

A solid material which is typically

Metal - hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and
ductile, with good electrical and
thermal conductivity.

3
Organization -
The action of organizing something.

Professional -
Engaged in a specified activity.

Reinforcements -
Strengthening process

Regulations - A rule or directive made and

maintained by an authority.

The condition of being protected

Safety -
from or unlikely to cause danger,
risk or injury.

Slump - The test measure consistency of

concrete in a specific batch.

A hard, strong grey alloy of iron

Steel - with carbon and usually other
elements, used as structural and
fabricating material.

4
 Outline

I’m Amsathvany K student of Faculty of Engineering University of Jaffna. As a part of the academic
requirements an Industrial Training Programme was undergone from January 22nd to April 12th 2019. During the
training period the different stages in the construction of a 48 storey Colombo City Centre project at Colombo
were closely studied. The construction was undertaken by Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd and the client is
Colombo City Centre Partners Pvt Ltd. (Abans &Silver Needle Hospitality). Our project Consultant is Alliance
Design Group Consulting Engineering, JLL Lanka Private Limited, Civil & Structural Engineering.
Construction site was at No 137, Sir Jemes Peries Mawaththa, Colombo 02.
The following works were done by me at site
• Prepare the labour’s details.
• Labour Handling
• Daily work progress updating
• Supervising the block wall and brick wall setting out
• Supervising the plastering work
• Supervising the block work and brick work
• Supervising the tile work
• Supervising the ceiling work
• Supervising door frame fixing
• Calculating the quantity of the backfilling
• Supervising the reinforcement of the stiffener column and lintel beam
• Supervising the concreting to the duct area

5
 Table of Contents
Key words ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Outline .................................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 8
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 9
List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 10
Statement of Original Authorship / Declaration ................................................................................... 11
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.1Organization Profile ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 About Training Establishment ..................................................................................................... 14
1.2.1 Sanken Group of Companies................................................................................................ 14
1.2.2 Awards ................................................................................................................................. 15
1.2.3 Products and Services .......................................................................................................... 16
1.2.4 On-going Projects ................................................................................................................. 16
1.2.5 Company organization chart ................................................................................................ 17
1.2.6 Employee Provident Fund (EPF)........................................................................................... 17
1.2.7 Employee Trust Fund (ETF) .................................................................................................. 18
1.2.8 Leaves................................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.9 Welfare Activities ................................................................................................................. 18
1.2.10 Site safety ........................................................................................................................... 18
1.3 About the training program ........................................................................................................ 22
1.3.1 Project Information .............................................................................................................. 22
1.3.2 Site location ......................................................................................................................... 24
1.3.3 Architectural View................................................................................................................ 24
1.3.4 Building description ............................................................................................................. 25
1.3.5 Site Organization chart ........................................................................................................ 25
1.4 Significance Scope and Definitions ............................................................................................. 26
1.5 Report Outline............................................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 2: Knowledge and Experience ................................................................................................. 27
2.1 Basic Knowledge ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.1 Block work &Brick work ....................................................................................................... 27
2.1.2 Plastering ............................................................................................................................. 34
2.1.3 Chemical Anchoring ............................................................................................................. 37
2.1.4 Door frame fixing ................................................................................................................. 39
2.1.5 Water proofing..................................................................................................................... 41
6
 2.1.6 Epoxy flooring work ............................................................................................................. 43
2.1.7 Tiling ..................................................................................................................................... 46
2.1.8 Ceiling................................................................................................................................... 49
 Advance Skills .............................................................................................................................. 51
2.3 Outcomes of activities during the training ................................................................................. 51
2.4 Problem encountered and proposed solutions. ......................................................................... 51
Chapter 3 Conclutions........................................................................................................................... 53
Biblography ....................................................................................................................................... 54

7
 List of Figures
Figure 1 Logo of Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd. ................................................................................................ 13
Figure 2 Sanken group of companies ................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3 ICTAD Award for construction 2011..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4 National Award for Construction performance 2011 ............................................................................. 15
Figure 5 Governor’s Challenge Trophy Award Figure 6 IESL Engineering Award .......... 16
Figure 7 Company Organization Chart ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 8 Safety Helmet ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 9 Safety shoes ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 10 Safety goggles ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11 Safety jacket ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12 Safety gloves ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 13 Safety belts ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 14 Safety net .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 15 Safety notices at the site ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 16 Site Location ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 17 Architectural View of Colombo City Centre ........................................................................................ 24
Figure 18 Site Organization chart ......................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 19 : Elevation & plan view of stretcher bond ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 20: Elevation, plan & isometric view of header bond ............................................................................... 28
Figure 21: Isometric view of English bond........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 22: Single & double Flemish bond ............................................................................................................ 29
Figure 23 ; Block work ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 24: Details of stiffener column and lintel beam for masonry wall ............................................................ 32
Figure 25: Brick work with English bond ............................................................................................................ 33
Figure 26: Arrangement of chicken mesh ............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 27: Chicken mesh ...................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 28 : Plastering ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 29: When curing the plastering area .......................................................................................................... 36
Figure 30: Chemical anchoring ............................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 31: Door frame fixing and used foam adhesive ......................................................................................... 40
Figure 32: Water proofing .................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 33: Epoxy flooring work ........................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 34 : SOP lines and first tile marking ......................................................................................................... 47
Figure 35 : Level pegs .......................................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 36: Tile fixing on floor .............................................................................................................................. 48
Figure 37: Tile fixing on sectional elevation ........................................................................................................ 48
Figure 38: Frame work for concealed ceiling ....................................................................................................... 50

8
 List of Tables
Table 1 Project Information .................................................................................................................................. 23

9
 List of abbreviations

BOQ - Bills of Quantity

CE - Chief Engineer

EA - Engineering Assistant

ITU - Industrial Training Unit

NAITA - National Apprentice And Industrial Training Authority

TO - Technical Officer

QS - Quantity Surveyor

SE - Site Engineer

SM - Site Manager

PM - Project Manager

DGM - Deputy General Manager

GM - General Manager

MD - Managing Director`

10
 Statement of Original Authorship / Declaration

“To the best of my knowledge, the report contains my own writing and it not copied from a
previously published material or written by another person except where due reference is made. The
work contained in this report is on my own experience during the industrial training program of
Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna.”

Signature: _________________________

Date: _________________________

11
 Acknowledgements

First and foremost I convey my gratitude to the “Industrial Training Unit (ITU)”, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Jaffna and to the “National Apprentice and Industrial Training
Authority (NAITA)” for providing me this valuable opportunity to have the best practical
exposure in my field of study.

My sincere thanks go to Mr.KaushalMendis, Manager, HR&Administration of Sanken

Construction (Pvt) Ltd, Mr Ranjith Karunanayake, Manager Training of Colombo City
Centre Project and Mr A.P.W. Epa, Construction Manager of Colombo City Centre Project
who kindly accepted our request of recruiting us as trainees in the organization and provided
throughout my internship program to practice as Engineer in the field of Civil and
Environmental Engineering and guided me through the path of my carrier.

The supervision and support that they gave truly help the progression and smoothness of my
internship program. I also want to show my gratefulness to all the Staff of Sanken
Construction (Pvt) Ltd (Colombo City Centre Project) who spared their precious time in
helping me with my training and activities.

Finally I would like to thanks my parents for their continuous support to in my education to
achieve the ultimate goal of becoming an Engineer.

12
 Chapter 1: Introduction
Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd is one of the largest and most respected Building and Civil Engineering
contracting organizations in the country. History of the organization runs back to late 1970 as Mitsui
Construction Company of Japan started its operations in Sri Lanka. Within next decade the company managed
to achieve the potentiality to undertake civil and building construction works as well as to lease and hire
industrial equipment. In 1989 Mitsui Construction Company Lanka (Pvt) Ltd changed its name to Sanken Lanka
(Pvt) Ltd. Sanken Lanka obtained the approval to sale ready mixed concrete in 1991 and from year 2011
onwards it began to recognize in the industry as the Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd.

“Sanken construction (PVT) Ltd.” Is the leading construction contractor in industrial development in Sri Lanka
has become a local brand with its challenging development in short history. Not limiting to industrial
developments, today Sanken constructions is in to construction of hotel projects, hospitals, apartments, housing
project, office building, supermarket, banks, prison, university buildings, all type of commercial buildings,
cinemas, factories, warehouses, refineries, road and bridge construction, Sanken overseas projects, electrical and
mechanical fields and etc…

Figure 1 Logo of Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd.

General profile of Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd

Chairman of the company: Mr Mahen Weerasekara
Name of the company: Sanken Constructions (PVT) Ltd
Company Address: No 295, Madampitiya Road, Colombo 14, Sri Lanka
Telephone: 0112522939, 0112522293
Fax: +0094 112 52 29 42
Email: www.sanken.lk
Company Registration No: N[PVS]1109
G.S.T Registration No: 114011096-5000
Date of Registration: 23rd May 1984

13
1.1Organization Profile

Vision

“To be Sri Lanka’s premier construction service provider”

Mission

“To provide quality professional services, exceeding customer expectations, by the effective utilization of all
resources, with the best practices of the industry”

Aims & Objectives of the Company

• To promote technology in construction and equipment to be on part with those of developed countries.
• To provide quality structure with modern finishes to the entire satisfaction of the client
• To introduce quality ‘ready mixed’ concrete of recognized standard to the Sri Lankan market
• To introduce the latest construction to the Sri Lankan construction industry using quarry dust and new
plaster materials, try to overcome the sand crisis

1.2 About Training Establishment

1.2.1 Sanken Group of Companies

Figure 2 Sanken group of companies

• Sanken Overseas (PVT) Ltd

• Vonlan Construction (PVT) Ltd

• Skills Training & Management (PVT) Ltd

• SanMech (PVT) Ltd

14
 • San Trading Enterprises (PVT) Lt

• City Developers International (PVT) Ltd

• City Concrete (PVT) Ltd

• Sanhill Engineering (PVT) Ltd

• San Developers International (PVT) Ltd

• San Ready mix (PVT) Ltd

• J & S Metal Crushers (PVT) Ltd

• Capitol Developers Ltd

• San piling (PVT) Ltd

• Peninsular Property Developers (PVT) Ltd

1.2.2 Awards
• 2005-ICTAD for Construction Extension to the Water Treatment Works at Ambatale
• 2007-NCE Exports Award – Bronze for Sanken Lanka
• 2007-National Productivity Award for Greater Kandy Water Supply Scheme project Katugasthota
• 2008-NCASL Construction Excellence Award for Sanken Lanka
• 2008-NCE Exporters Award – Bronze for Sanken Lanka
• 2010- National Business Excellence Award (Merit) for Sanken Construction
• 2011-National Award for Construction performance for Negambo water supply and optimization contract
• 2012-National Construction Performance Award for Empire Residential and Aitken Spence

• 2012-NCASL Construction Excellence Award for Emperor Tower and Trillium Residencies

Figure 4 National Award for Construction

Figure 3 ICTAD Award for construction 2011
performance 2011

15
 Figure 5 Governor’s Challenge Trophy Award Figure 6 IESL Engineering Award

1.2.3 Products and Services

• Construction Contracts
• Property Development
• Ready-mix Concrete
• Hiring of scaffolding
• Design and Build
• Consultancy
• Hiring and Leasing of Machinery
• Trading
• Piling
• Training and skills

1.2.4 On-going Projects

• Capital Twin Peaks Project – Colombo 02

• Construction of Proposed Asiri Hospital at Kandy

• Colombo City Centre Project- Colombo 02.

• Proposed Green Building for HNB Jaffna

• Construction of Negombo Beach Resort

• Proposed Shopping Complex for House of Fashion Garments (Pvt) Ltd

• Proposed 3S Facilities for Toyota Lanka- Ratmalana

• Proposed Anilana Hotel at Nilaveli

• 110, Residential Apartments at Rajagiriya

• Proposed Auditorium for Ave Maria convent – Negombo

16
1.2.5 Company organization chart

Figure 7 Company Organization Chart

1.2.6 Employee Provident Fund (EPF)

The aim of the EPF is assure the financial stability to the employees in the all age .epf was established under act
no 15 of 1958.the administrative aspect of the EPF is handle by the labour department and management of the
epf is handle by the department of central bank. According to it , employees are required to contribute a
minimum of 8% and employer minimum of 12% of the total salary of the employee monthly.

EPF =8% from employee’s basic salary +12% employer

17
1.2.7 Employee Trust Fund (ETF)

ETF= 3% from the employer from the basic salary

1.2.8 Leaves

• Casual - The employee has 7 days of casual leave per the year

• Annual - Employee will be entitled 14 days of annual leave

• Medical - The employee will be entitled 14 days of medical leave

1.2.9 Welfare Activities

As welfare for the employees, following activities are performing by the Sanken,
• First aid

• Accommodation facilities

• Picnic per year

• Transport facilities

• Entertainment activities

1.2.10 Site safety

The construction field is a very dangerous work sector .Because at the site, easily can be accidents. So
according to that the safety must be first in construction site. For preventing accidents, there are some safety
equipment and safety clothes at the site. Not only is that safety instruction important, because we can prevent
an accident from aware the people. Then safety instruction meeting and notices should have in a construction
site. These steps were taken to avoid the accidents at the site.

Steps for preventing accidents at the site

• A Safety net must be around the building.

• All people must be wear safety helmets at the site.

• All people must be wear safety shoes at the site.

• When working in higher levels such as scaffoldings or other risky place, must be wear safety belt and
helmets.
• Keep the work area clean.

• Using the right tools.

• As the nature of the work boots and gloves must be use.

• Dress properly

18
Safety equipment at the site

There is some safety equipment when working at the site. They are called “PPE”. The mean of the PPE is
personal protective equipment. These are used to minimize the hazards.

• Safety helmet

The industrial safety helmets are the most common equipment. All person should wear a safety helmets while
entering to the construction site. It gives a good protection for the head from injury due to the falling something,
from impact with something, rain, sunlight like that.

Figure 8 Safety Helmet

• Safety shoes

Wearing a pair of safety shoes while working on a site is very important. It protects against penetration of sharp
objects or nails into the shoe and objects falling above shoes.

Figure 9 Safety shoes

19
 • Safety goggles

For protection to the eyes, the goggle of right type should be use while welding or in a dusty place.

Figure 10 Safety goggles

• Safety jacket

A safety jacket is an article of personal protecting equipment that’s designed to have high visibility and
reflectivity. Because safety jackets are design for the purpose of keeping the wearer clearly in view, they make
use of colours that can always be seen and glows in the dark.

Figure 11 Safety jacket

• safety gloves
We must use safety glove s to protect hands from chemicals, oil & etc. if we use a tool or in a welding process
gloves must put on hand.

20
 Figure 12 Safety gloves

• Safety belt

When we are working in upper places it is very important that we must wear a safety belt. Using this belt, we
can prevent in falling accident but we must use it properly. In these places we must engage the rope to stationary
place and work. If we felt down our body will hang using this bet and save our life.

Figure 13 Safety belts

• Safety net

This is used around the building to avoid the accidents happened due to fall of material

Figure 14 Safety net

21
 Figure 15 Safety notices at the site

1.3 About the training program

I was appointed to Colombo City Centre project by Sanken Construction Private Limited to follow my in-plant
training, and the project was a Mixed used development project. This is 49 storey building and up to 4A level
works were finished and at the same time the other storey (up to 49) finishing works are going on. I was
appointed to level 9 and level 8. The hotel facilities are going on at 9th level and vehicle park works are going on
at level 8. Block work, brick work, plastering and water proofing works were supervised by me. Finally I was
appointed to the level 24 & level 25. The residential apartment works are going on there. Tiling, ceiling and
door frame fixing works were supervised by me. I had good support from the staff and every one to get good
training experience.

1.3.1 Project Information

The project details of Colombo City Centre Project are given below in the Table 1

22
Table 1 Project Information

Name of the project Colombo City Centre

Mixed Used Development Project – Retails, Hotels and

Type of the project Apartments.

Type of the contract Designed And Build

Colombo City Centre Location

No 137, Sir James Peries Mawatha, Colombo 02
of the project

Colombo City Centre Partners Private Limited

Client
(Abans & Silver Needle Hospitality).

Contractor Sanken Construction Private Limited.

Alliance Design Group Consulting Engineering

Consultant JLL Lanka Private Limited

Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants.

Commencement of project 12th of November 2015.

Completion of the project 12th of November 2018.

Value of the project 104 Million USD.

23
1.3.2 Site location

Figure 16 Site Location

1.3.3 Architectural View

Figure 17 Architectural View of Colombo City Centre

24
1.3.4 Building description

The retail, hotels & residences were divided like these in the site.

• Basement floor :- retail, gas storage, water filtering system

• ground to level 3 :- retail

• level 04 to level 08 :- car park area

• level 09 :- hotel facilities

• level 10 to level 17 :- hotel rooms

• level 18 to level 47 :- residential

1.3.5 Site Organization chart

Project Director

Manager Manager QA/QC & HSE

Manager MEP Admin HR &
Construction Engineering Manager
Account Officer

Manager MEP
Civil Engineer QA/QC Engineer QA/QC Engineer
Construction
Admin Officers

Assist. Manager Mechanical

Detail Engineer Safety Officers
Construction Engineer

Interior
Senior Quantity Electrical
Coordinating
Surveyor Engineer
Engineer

Manager Chief Quantity

Finishing Surveyor

Figure 18 Site Organization chart

25
1.4 Significance Scope and Definitions
Colombo City Centre project is done by the Sanken Construction (Pvt) Ltd. Basically all the structural works
were already finished and the all the finishing works such as block work, plastering, brick work, water
proofing, tiling, ceiling and door frame fixing works are done. All the works are done from proper drawings
and provided method statements.

1.5 Report Outline

This chapter tells most of building site works and about organisation site. The Sanken group of companies,
awards, products and services, on-going projects, EPF, ETF, welfare activities and site safety of Sanken
Construction (Pvt) Ltd are included here. All the details of sites and project are included.
In Chapter 2, brief introduction of every works observed by me in site is included. I have studied some of the
works during this 3 months training period such as block work, plastering, brick work, chemical anchoring,
water proofing, tiling, ceiling, epoxy flooring work and door frame fixing

26
 Chapter 2: Knowledge and Experience
2.1 Basic Knowledge
There are lot of processes carried out before starting construction works. At the start client will be intend their
requirement of the building clearly. Client has to give briefly details of interior systems, co-generation, utility
plants, sustainable systems, lighting, waste water controls and building security, etc. To achieve the owner’s
project requirements architects design the architectural drawing according to their requirement. If the design
satisfies client other works are starting. During my training period I got an experience related to block work,
brick work, plastering, water proofing, tiling, ceiling, door frame fixing which are briefly explaining below.

2.1.1 Block work &Brick work

2.1.1.1 Types of bond in masonry wall
Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and bonding style of blocks or
bricks in walls. The bonds in masonry wall is developed by the mortar filling between layers of brick / block and
in grooves when blocks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in wall.
The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:
• Stretcher bond
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond

Stretcher bond
Stretcher bond, also called as running bond is created when bricks are laid with only their stretchers showing
overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above. Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest
repeating pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent
bricks in full width thick brick walls. They are suitably used only for one-half brick thick walls such as for the
construction half brick thick partition wall. Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough to stand
alone in case of longer span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry
columns at regular intervals. Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed
structures as the outer facing. These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other common applications
of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.

Figure 19 : Elevation & plan view of stretcher bond

27
Header bond
Header bond is also known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as headers on
the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas
header bond is used for the construction of walls with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header
bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in
alternate courses as quoins.

Figure 20: Elevation, plan & isometric view of header bond

English bond
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it, i.e. it has two
alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid cantered on the stretchers in course below and
each alternate row is vertically aligned. To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the
beginning and end of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves and used at
corners in brick walls.

28
 Figure 21: Isometric view of English bond

Flemish bond
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and stretchers in a single course.
The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the
alternate headers of each course are cantered on the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish
bond starts with header at the corner. The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. The
disadvantage of using Flemish bond is that construction of Flemish bond is difficult and requires greater skill to
lay it properly as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned vertically for best effects. For the breaking of
vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the quoin header. In
walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used to achieve the bond. Flemish
bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for load bearing wall construction. Thus, if the
pointing has to be done for brick masonry walls, then Flemish bond may be used for better aesthetic view. If the
walls have to be plastered, then it is better to use English bond.

Figure 22: Single & double Flemish bond

29
2.1.1.2 Block work procedure

Shop Drawing

Setting out

Preparation

Solid Block work

Cleaning

Shop drawing
Shop drawing will indicate the information required for block work. Following details are available in the shop
drawing.
• Finish floor level
• Door / window structural opening – width & height
• Block work legend with the thickness (100mm / 150mm solid block work)

Setting out
The following reference lines are used for block work
• 1000mm offset for grid line
• Centre line for column & wall
• F.F.L + 1000 mm for column & wall
The above lines are used as base lines for marking of wall, doors and window openings. For each wall line
200mm offline is provided and it is used for monitoring of location and vertically of block walls. Openings are
marked with cross lines.

Preparation
• All blocks are cured properly prior to the laying work.
• Mortar shall be consists of one part of cement of five parts of sand by volume.
• Mixing of mortar is done by hand on a clean watertight platform of adequate size. The materials for
mortar are to be measured in accurate gauge boxes, which are to be completely filled and the top struck
off level.

Solid block work

➢ Laying and Jointing
After finishing the setting out and surface preparation work, block work will be started. All block work
is done with stretcher bond. A layer of mortar is spread on full width over suitable length the lower
course. Each block is bedded and set in position by gentle tapping with the handle of a trowel or
wooden mallet. Inside faces of the set blocks are buttered with mortar and the next block to be laid is
pressed against it. All block in every course is grouted full width mortar using the trowel. The thickness
of mortar joint is not exceeding 10mm. Single – frogged blocks are to be laid frog uppermost.

30
➢ Raising of walls
The quoins are set out and built up in advance of the main body of the walling. Cement slurry is
used in vertically over joints between concrete columns/walls and block work. The work is carried
out uniformly; no part is left more than 900mm below the rest of the work. The work is not built
higher than 1.5m in one day. The courses are kept horizontal and every fourth course will be
checked for level and plumb. All perpends, reveals, quoins and other angles of the walls are built
with true plumb and square. At the end of the day’s work and where it is not possible to raise the
adjoining portion uniformly, the work is raked back according to the bond, at an angle not steeper
than 45 degrees. Raking of joints for plaster - All faces of block work are to be left rough and the
joints raked out to a depth of 12mm during the progress of work or when the mortar is still green. The
tops of walls left off are wetted before the work is recommenced. Non-load bearing walls are not
butt against the concrete beams or slabs. Stiffener columns have to be used as per Figure 24

Figure 23 ; Block work

➢ Curing & Protection

Block work will be protected from rain by suitable covering when the mortar is green. All the
constructed block work will be cured with water

31
Figure 24: Details of stiffener column and lintel beam for masonry wall

32
2.1.1.3 Brick work procedure

Setting out
1000mm offset for grid line, Centreline for column & walls, and F.F.L + 1000 mm for column & wall reference
lines are used for the setting out of brick work. These lines are used as base lines for marking of wall, doors, and
window openings. For each wall line, 200mm offset should be provided and it is used for monitoring the
location and vertically of brick work.

Preparation
Prepare the all materials ( bricks, mortar, machineries, & tools) that are needed.
Level the bricks, Bricks come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the most important thing to remember is that
we must adjust the size bricks.

Make guide points.

Take two long wooden boards and measure out each row of brick wall, also known as course. Next mark the
boards where each brick should be, including the mortar lines.
Lay a small bed of mortar for the first brick to lie on and use the levelling machine to make sure it’s level.

Laying brick work

Lay the first brick layer on the bed of mortar. Next place the small amount of mortar on the top of the first brick
layer and place another brick layer on top of it. Repeat these steps until the wall has reached height that had been
set. The groove thickness should be maintained as same thickness on everywhere. All brick work should be done
with English bond. Stiffener column have to be used as Figure 24

Figure 25: Brick work with English bond

33
2.1.2 Plastering
Plastering work is a thin layer of mortar, applied over the masonry surface and it acts as a damp-proof coat over
the brick masonry work. Plastering also provides a finished surface over the masonry that is firm and smooth
hence it enhances the appearance of the building. The primary objectives of plastering are to protect the surface
from atmospheric influences, to cover the defective workmanship in masonry, to conceal porous materials, and
provide a suitable surface for painting.

2.1.2.1 Plastering work procedure

.

Surface preparation

Marking

Fixing guide points

Plastering

Surface preparation
Before commencing plastering work,
• All the M & E work, which are embedded to the plaster should be completed
• Block work should be completed
• Holes in the concrete surface, such as P-cones, should be filled
• The wall should be brushed clean if there any impurities and thoroughly wetted and surface dried
before start the plastering
• Chicken mesh should be provided for all separations of different kind of materials with 200mm width
strip.

Figure 26: Arrangement of chicken mesh

34
 Figure 27: Chicken mesh

Marking
• Marking the guide points to be fixed, according to the details of wall thickness
• In order to get correct thickness and proper surface of the plaster, reference lines will be marked at site

Fixing guide points

• Level points should be placed on wall by using plumb line or level machine which should be kept to
adjacent levelled point vertically and horizontally

Spatter dash
• Faces of concrete walls, columns & beams where to receive other finishing, should be applied with a
coat of spatter dash to form a key to plaster
• The concrete surfaces should be thoroughly washed and scrubbed using a steel wire brush to remove all
traces of cement affected by form release oil, dust and any other loose particles
• All surfaces of spatter dash should be well wetted to minimize absorption before the application of
plastering
• Spatter dash should be composed of 1 part cement to 2.5 parts of course sand mixed to the consistency
of a thick slurry, thrown onto a thickness not exceeding 6mm with a hand scoop or a trowel.

Mixing
• The ingredients for all plasters should be accurately gauged in boxes and mixed on mortar mixing tray
with proper water tightness
• Plaster should be comprised with 1 part of cement to 5 parts of sand in exterior walls and 1 part of
cement to 3 parts of sand in interior walls
• Exterior walls should be fully embedded with chicken mesh
Plastering
There are two types of plastering
1. Internal plastering
2. External plastering
• Internal plastering
Cement, sand mortar shall be applied on the wall between the guide points. The plaster shall be well
pressed, levelled and brought to a surface maintaining the required total thickness by working an

35
 aluminium straight edge reaching across the guide point. After that smooth finish is obtained using a
trowel.
• External plastering
Cement, sand mortar shall be applied on the wall between the guide points. The plaster shall be well
pressed, levelled and brought to a surface maintaining the required total thickness by working an
aluminium straight edge reaching across the guide point. After that rough finish is obtained using a wet
sponge

Figure 28 : Plastering

Curing
• Curing should be started 24 hours after finishing the plaster. The plaster should be kept wet for a period
of 3 days. Water sprinkling is used for the wall curing. During this period, it should be suitably
protected from damages

Figure 29: When curing the plastering area

36
2.1.3 Chemical Anchoring
The method of chemical anchoring reinforcement is also called "post installed anchorage method". It is a post
anchorage reinforcement method with a chemical binder as anchorage glue that is cemented with ribbed bar or
long screw in the anchor hole of structural base material. Chemical anchor consists of a steel bar (threaded or
rebar) and an injection anchor. For hollow substrates, the set includes a plastic or metal mesh sleeve that
prevents resin from penetrating the empty spaces. Force applied to the connector is transferred to the substrate
using adhesion forces between the connector and the resin and resin and the substrate. Chemical bonding
processes are caused by mixing two ingredients (resin and hardener). The main advantage of this connection is
even distribution of stress in the base material, allowing for installation relatively close to the edges Using
adhesion to connect the bars to concrete becomes increasingly popular in construction (renovations, connecting
and reinforcing structures) The bars installed this way can serve both as anchors and as structural reinforcement.

2.1.3.1 Factors affecting on chemical anchoring

• Borehole aperture
The bond between reinforcing bar and base material mainly depends on the adhesive force of chemical
anchoring adhesive. Therefore, when selecting the hole diameter, the diameter of the rebar should be
slightly larger than the diameter of the reinforcing bar, so as to ensure that the planting bar glue has a
certain thickness to provide enough cohesive force. The increase of pore diameter can increase the
pulling force of planting bar in a certain range. In practical engineering, because of the smaller elastic
modulus of the binder, the increase of the pore size will lead to the increase of the structural system
slip. This will not only increase the amount of adhesive agent and the difficulty of drilling, but too large
drilling will reduce the strength of the original structure and cause more damage
Therefore, it is considered that the diameter of the drill diameter D is generally taken into consideration
by considering the creep of the reinforcing bar, the difficulty of planting reinforcement and the
economy and so on

• Diameter of steel bar

The diameter of reinforcement is the main factor determining the number of planting bars. The
diameter of reinforcement should be determined according to the actual situation. In the British
Standard "code for the design of concrete structure reinforcement", the formula for the design value of
the axial tensile bearing capacity of a single steel bar, therefore, the number of rebar planting can be
preliminarily calculated by the upper type: the larger the A, the n can be reduced accordingly. Fewer
planting bars can reduce damage to the original structure, but the corresponding borehole diameter will
also become larger. When selecting the diameter of the steel bar, it is not allowed to determine its type
at will. In the structure of rebar planting, the diameter of the steel bar should not be larger than the
minimum number of rebars required by the N in the 32mm type, and the n will generally increase
greatly because of the requirements of the shear resistance and the safety of the steel.

• Depth of rebar planting

Planting depth is the most important factor affecting the effect of rebar planting. The tensile strength of
steel bar is mainly provided by the bond force between the reinforcing bar and the adhesive glue and

37
 the bond force between the concrete and the adhesive glue. Therefore, the depth of the planting bar
directly determines the pulling force and the form of the failure of the rebar. In order to make the
structure safe, it is necessary to ensure that the form of the damage is a conical and one bond composite
failure, that is, the slip of the steel bar and the base material, and thus the mixing interface is pulled out
and the reinforcement is yielded. It can give full play to the tensile strength of steel bars without brittle
failure. When the pyramidal bond is destroyed, the ultimate pulling force P is composed of the tensile
Pc of the cone part of the planting bar and the two parts of the bonding force between the bottom end

anchor solid and the concrete.

• Spacing of rebars
The effect of reinforcement spacing on the rebar planting effect is mainly reflected in two aspects; the
spacing between reinforcing bar and distance between reinforcing bar and base material edge.

➢ Two steel bar spacing will reduce the overall pull-out resistance of sandalwood.
• As far as multi root reinforcement is concerned, due to the close spacing, the range of anti-pulling force
between planting and rebar will overlap, so that the pulling resistance of each single plant cannot be
fully played. Therefore, when the planting bar is designed and constructed, the distance between the
rebars should be guaranteed to be greater than 10d. In special cases, it is also necessary to ensure that
the spacing of the planting bars is more than 4D, otherwise the increase of the reinforcement of the
rebars will not be improved, but the unnecessary damage to the structure will be caused by more
drilling holes. When the spacing between planting bars is between 2D and 10d, the reduction factor of
50%-90% should be multiplied to ensure that the total pull-out resistance meets the requirements.
➢ The steel bar is too close to the edge of substrate, which will have some influence on the original
structure performance.
• If the thickness of the protective layer in the raw material is too small, the drilling or the compression
member may be split due to the larger shear force, so the thickness of the protective layer should not be
small 5D. The greater the thickness of the protective layer, the better. But for the original base material,
the thicker the protective layer is, the better the bond anchorage, durability and fire resistance of the
reinforced bar, but it will make the crack width too large and affect its performance, and the over
thickness of the protective layer will affect the layout of the rebar, which leads to the decrease of the
spacing between the rebars and the shadow. Sound reinforcement effect.

Therefore, the thickness of the protective bar for reinforcing bars in the structural reinforcement should
not be greater than 15d.

Adhesive: Hilti HIT-RE 500 V3

Ultimate performance epoxy mortar for rebar connections and heavy anchoring
• High performance and technical superiority as per international approvals
• Mortar suitable for all- year use: cures at temperatures down to 5 degree of Celsius
• Long working time allows greater flexibility during installation
• Also suitable for water - filled holes and under water applications

38
 Figure 30: Chemical anchoring

2.1.4 Door frame fixing

Generally, door Frame fixing is done in following methodologies,

• Hold fast system

• Anchoring system
• Foam adhesive system
• Foam cum anchoring system

In our site foam adhesive system was used for door frame fixing

Foam adhesive system

The following are the requirements of door frame fixing
• Frames are to be strongly fixed with the masonry
• Opening sizes are in correct measurements
• Door opening and closing should be perfect
• Door frame fixing should not get affected due to environment thermal variation

Foam & its characteristics

The foam used for door frame fixing is basically polyurethane foam. It has excellent adhesion on most
substrates. It has high thermal and acoustical insulation. It has excellent stability, mounting capacities and very
good filling nature. It comes in ready to use cartridge with application nozzle accessories.

Advantages:
• All required functionalities of door fixing are full filled
• It helps to avoid moisture coming from masonry to wood. So life of the door frame will increase
• Easy to handle
• Machinery/ power supply not required
So, we can able to save in manpower, Electricity, Environment.

39
Disadvantages:
• Proper surface preparation is important
• High Skilled tradesman & Supervision is must
• Templates are required for proper completion

Preparatory Works:
• Door jambs should be completed
• All opening measurements to be ensured
• The gap between wall and frame should be around 10 to 15mm
• Vertical line should be in plumb
• Level and line should be ensured

Procedure of fixing:
• Once the door jambs are ready, door frame are set in position with temporary wedges
• Check for line, level, dimension and plumb
• Use the template to keep the frame in position. (It is left in the position for at least 24hrs from foam
filling)
• The gap between the frame and jamb should be around 10 to 15mm
• Set the nozzles in the cordage and fill the gaps with form.
• After 12hrs the temporary wedges can be removed
• Further steps like Architecture or shutter fixing can be done after 24hrs

Figure 31: Door frame fixing and used foam adhesive

40
2.1.5 Water proofing
Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains
relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be
used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths. Water resistant and waterproof often refer to
penetration of water in its liquid state and possibly under pressure, whereas damp proof refers to resistance to
humidity or dampness. Permeation of water vapour through a material or structure is reported as a moisture
vapour transmission rate (MVTR).The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying tar or pitch.
Modern items may be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with gaskets.
Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (such as basements, decks, or wet areas), watercraft,
canvas, clothing (raincoats or waders), electronic devices and paper packaging (such as cartons for liquids).+

2.1.5.1 Water proofing work for bathrooms and toilets

Davco K 11 Flex is a flexible two-part acrylic-modified cementations waterproofing system. The product
consists of a 25 kg powder and a 17 liter liquid. The product is a brush application.

Davco K 11 Flex
Description
Davco K11 Flex is a flexible 2-part acrylic-modified cementations waterproofing system. The 2-components of
Davco K11 Flex react chemically after mixing to form a hard and elastic film which bonds tenaciously to most
concrete or masonry substrate to protect against possible ingress of water. The application of Davco K11 Flex
requires the surface to be saturated or wetted down prior to its application. This make Davco K11 Flex a
practical and ideal product for waterproofing in damp conditions such as basement, wet areas and external areas
of most sites where the surface has to be pre-washed prior to applying any waterproofing system. In external
areas, application of Davco K11 Flex is not affected by change in weather conditions. Davco K11 Flex can
receive direct plaster or screed without affecting bond. Marbles and tiles can be fixed directly onto Davco
K11Flex with most types of Davco adhesives. Davco K11 Flex can accommodate slight movement of structure
and can be used as a repair material for bridging cracks in substrate or cracks due to shrinkage up to 2mm wash

Uses
Apply on internal and external surface of wall and slab, swimming pools, kitchens, toilets, balcony, water tanks.
External areas parking deck, planter boxes, sealing precast joints and intersection of two concrete elements.
Protection to lightweight blocks, hollow blocks, aerated blocks.

Advantages
• 2 components eliminate risk of incorrect mixing ratio.
• Seals lightweight aerated blocks
• Seals precast joints
• Anti-carbonation protection
• Non-toxic
• Foot trafficable when cured
• Will not attack metal
• No protection require prior to fixing other types of finishes

41
Work procedure of water proofing
• Surface preparation
➢ All voids created for installation of pipes, etc. will be filled with non-shrinkage construction
grout.
➢ The product is applied directly on structural concrete. Therefore any cement mortar etc., on the
surface will be removed.
➢ The surface is then inspected to ascertain if there is foreign objects/honey combing in the
surface. These areas will be hacked and patched prior to waterproofing application.
➢ All plumbing will be completed and pressure tested prior to commencement of the
waterproofing. All voids created for installation of pipes, fittings etc. will be filled with 1:3
cement mortars.
➢ In areas where vertical sections meet horizontal sections block/Acotec wall joints, a 12.5mm x
12.5mm fillet will be formed at this intersection point in order to eliminate the sharp edge
cracking.
➢ The surface is then thoroughly cleaned. Once the surface preparation is completed, the surface
is wetted prior to application of the waterproofing. This is to promote capillary action of
product into substrate.
• Application
✓ The two components that constitute the K 11 Flex product are mixed together to ensure proper
dispersion of the components. The first coat will be applied on the concrete substrate. On
completion of the first coat, an intermediate coat will be applied along with a 150mm width
fibre net to all construction joints, block/Acotec wall slab joints. On completion of the
intermediate layer the final coat will be applied.
✓ Waterproofing application will be carried out with 300mm height for upturns at wet area
perimeter.
✓ In the shower area, waterproofing application will be carried out up to the height of 2200mm
& 900mm either side of the shower walls.
✓ In the vanity area, waterproofing application will be carried out up to the height of 1200mm.
✓ Waterproofing application will be extended 50mm from the waterproofing floor to the pipes
which are penetrating the concrete slab. For the pipes which are flushing to the concrete
surface, the waterproofing application will be extended 50mm into the pipes.
✓ The time difference between each coat should be the previous coat to be touch dry prior to the
next application.
• Pond testing
➢ Application will be kept to cure for a minimum of 48 hours and the structure will be pond
tested for a minimum of 48 hours. On Completion of the pond test, a cement sand protection
layer will be laid over the waterproofing layer (only on the floor)

42
 Figure 32: Water proofing

2.1.6 Epoxy flooring work

There are two types of Epoxy flooring work
• Epoxy paint with coved skirting
• Epoxy paint with coved skirting and slip resistant nosing

Surface preparation
• Surface should be cleaned and remove dust, dirt and other contaminants.
• Surface should not be powdery or loose; small cavities and construction cracks must be
rectified. For a smooth finish the surface in general needs to be smooth with semi-rough
profile. Smooth concrete surfaces need to be grinded to provide bonding keys before the coating
is laid.
• Moisture level on surface to be 10% or below. (Measured by Protimeter- Moisture measuring
instrument)
• Good Water-proofing is an absolute necessity especially for slabs that are in direct contact with
ground/earth as otherwise the uprising moisture may cause delamination of the coated system.
• Before surface preparation and treatment, ensure that the substrate is fully cured.
• Allow between 14 to 21 days at 30°C for cement mortar substrate to be fully cured.
• Allow between 21 to 28 days at 30°C for concrete mortar substrate to be fully cured.
• Ensure that the substrate is free from moisture and water seepage or leakage prior to application
of SKK Coating system.

43
 • Ensure that the substrate is free from dust and dirt, oil and grease and others foreign contaminants
and that the substrate is solid as well i.e. Hollow or loose areas to be removed and rectified
appropriately.
Epoxy paint with coved skirting
Application:
• Surface preparation as per above
• Apply 1 coat of Mirac *300 primer by roller or brush
• Apply 2 coats of Arkifllor EHS by roller or brush

• Application of Mirac #300 primer,

Prepare and apply one coat of MIRAC #300 PRIMER, which is 2 Component Epoxy based primer by
roller/brush.
➢ Number of components : Two
➢ Method dilution: 5-10% with EH Thinner.
➢ Method of application : By Roller/Brush
➢ Number of coat : 1 Coat
➢ Coverage : 0.15-0.25kg/m2/coat
➢ Over Coating interval : 14 hours
➢ Drying Time : Surface Dry – 1.5 hours, Hard Dry - 14 hours
➢ Film Thickness : 30-40 Microns
➢ Packing : 20kg set
• Application of Arkifloor EHS,
Prepare and apply one coat of ARKIFLOOR EHS, which is 2 Component Epoxy based primer by
roller/brush.
➢ Number of components : Two
➢ Method dilution : Up to 0-10% with EH Thinner
➢ Method of application : By Roller/Brush
➢ Number of coats : 1 coat
➢ Coverage : 0.35 kg/m2/2coat
➢ Over Coating interval : 8 hours
➢ Drying Time : Surface Dry – 1.5 hours, Hard Dry - 24 hours
➢ Film thickness : 350 microns
➢ Packing : 20kg set
Epoxy paint with coved skirting & anti-skid nosing (staircase)
Application:
• Prepare surface as per above
• Apply 1 coat of Mirac *300 primer by roller or brush
• Mark nosing area on staircase using tape where anti-skid finish is required.
• Apply 1 coat of Arkifloor EHS in the nosing area and immediately broadcast silica sand using a spay
gun or other appropriate tool to the approved density. Allow for 3-4 hours
• Remove masking tape and apply 1 cat of Arkiflooor EHS on the entire surface

44
• Application of Mirac #300 primer,
Prepare and apply one coat of MIRAC #300 PRIMER, which is 2 Component Epoxy based primer by
roller/brush.
➢ Number of components : Two
➢ Method dilution : 5-10% with EH Thinner.
➢ Method of application : By Roller/Brush
➢ Number of coat : 1 Coat
➢ Coverage : 0.15-0.25kg/m2/coat
➢ Over Coating interval : 14 hours
➢ Drying Time : Surface Dry – 1.5 hours, Hard Dry - 14 hours
➢ Film Thickness : 30-40 Microns
➢ Packing : 20kg set

• Application of Arkifloor EHS & Anti-skid silica sand broadcasting,

Prepare and apply 1 coat of ARKIFLOOR EHS by roller/brush in the nosing area and immediately
broadcast silica sand to the required density using spray gun or appropriate tool.
➢ Number of components : Two
➢ Method dilution : Up to 0-10% with EH Thinner
➢ Method of application : By Roller/Brush
➢ Number of coats : 1 coat
➢ Coverage : 0.35 kg/m2/2coat
➢ Over Coating interval : 8 hours
➢ Drying Time : Surface Dry – 1.5 hours, Hard Dry - 24 hours
➢ Film thickness : 350 microns
➢ Packing : 20kg set
➢ Broad cast silica sand : 0.5-1 kg/m2

• Application of Arkifloor EHS on entire surface,

Prepare and apply one coat of ARKIFLOOR EHS, which is 2 Component Epoxy based primer by
roller/brush.
➢ Number of components : Two
➢ Method dilution : Up to 0-10% with EH Thinner
➢ Method of application : By Roller/Brush
➢ Number of coats : 1 coat
➢ Coverage : 0.35 kg/m2/2coat
➢ Over Coating interval : 8 hours
➢ Drying Time : Surface Dry – 1.5 hours, Hard Dry - 24 hours
➢ Film thickness : 350 microns
➢ Packing : 20kg set

45
 Figure 33: Epoxy flooring work

2.1.7 Tiling
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as table tops. Tiles are
often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics.
Tiles are most often made of ceramic,. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles
can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.

2.1.7.1 Work procedure

Surface preparation
• Prior to commencement of tiling floor screed must be well cured (minimum 3 days) and clean
free of dust and loose particles. The screed shall be 1:3 mix and minimum thickness shall be 20 mm.
If screed thickness exceeds 25 mm the same is to be carried out in two stages.
• Installation of windows, Doors frames 1st coat of paint to walls and ceilings is to be complete
prior to installation. Provision to be allowed for skirting on walls if required.
• Moisture content of substrate shall be equal or less than 15% to commence the tiling work which is
measured using moisture testing equipment.

Setting out
The following reference lines are used for tile setting out
• SOP lines
• 1000 mm 2000 mm offset for grid line
• FFL+1000 mm lines of columns and wall
The above lines are used as base lines for marking the tile work. The SOP lines are marking from 1000mm,
2000mm offset of grid lines according to the drawing. line The first tile is marked from SOP.
Mirror, angle valve, paper holder shower and etc are marked from sop lines according to the drawingsto the
sectional tile setting out,

46
Tiling stage
• Level points should be placed on the floor using the levelling machine and laser machine
• Floor tiles are installed using suitable adhesive on existing screed with notched towel and tapped in
with a rubber hammer. A sprit level to be used for checking the levels
• All cutting of tiles if require is to under taken using suitable tile cutter
• Large format levelling spacers are used in retail circulation area tile pattern
• Grout of joint between tiles is to minimum 2mm internal and 3 mm external areas
• Tiled surface is to be protected from water for minimum 24 hours after tiling (before grouting) grouting
of tiles joints are to commence after minimum period of 24 hours after installation as per manufacture
recommendation

Grouting of joint
• Clean all grout joints prior commence of grouting
• Grout to be mixed mechanically as per manufacturers specification
• Grouting can proceed by feeding grout in to grout joint using scraper or trowel. All the tile spacers are
to be removed prior to grouting
• Grouting should be finished top edge to tile surface
• Grout must be cleaned and finished while the product is still wet

Figure 34 : SOP lines and first tile marking

47
 Figure 35 : Level pegs

Figure 36: Tile fixing on floor

Figure 37: Tile fixing on sectional elevation

48
2.1.8 Ceiling
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limits of a room. It is not generally considered a
structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a storey
above. Ceilings can be decorated to taste. The most common type of ceiling is the dropped ceiling which is
suspended from structural elements above. Pipework or ducts can be run in the gap above the ceiling, and
insulation and fireproofing material can be placed here.

2.1.8.1 Work procedure of ceiling work

Preliminaries to be checked out prior to commencement of all ceiling installations

• Partitions forming the corridors (if any) to be fixed if ceiling is to be installed separately in either the
corridor area or the adjacent areas formed by the division of the corridors.
• All M & E and other related work over suspended ceilings to be completed.
• All plastering to be completed in areas where ceilings are to be installed on plaster surfaces.

Suspension rod installation for all ceiling types – fixing on concrete soffit
• Mark out suspension lines at 1200 mm (or required centres) on the soffit at either ends of location.
• On each of these marked out lines, first mark out at both ends of location 600 mm points from wall
surface
• Between these two points marked at either end, mark out on soffit at 1200 mm (or required) centres for
the suspension rods to be fixed.
• Drill holes with special drill bit which limits a maximum drill depth of 30 mm only. (avoiding PT
Tendons)
• Position dowel/ wedge hanger anchoring device threaded through the eye of the upper part of the
hanger rod into the drilled hole and hammer with a hammer until the eye of the hanger rod is firmly
wedged and anchored onto the concrete soffit.
• Bend the upper part of the hanger rod into a vertical position.
• Attach the lower end part of the hanger rod with the hook onto the installed upper part of the hanger rod
using the adjustable clip.

Concealed gypsum ceilings

• Exact ceiling level will be marked clearly on the walls.
• Suspension lines will be marked at 1,200 mm centres for the ceiling main tee frame work.
• Fix the hanger suspension system along the suspension lines – anchoring the dowels at a maximum of
1,200 mm centres along the suspension lines.
• Fix the wall angle around the perimeter of the area at the marked-out ceiling level.
• Draw a ‘level line’ from one end of the area to the opposite side, running across -at the height of the
ceiling level.
• Install the mega main tees at the ‘level line’ on to the hanger suspension system and connect them to
the wall angle.
• Install the furring bars with fixing clip onto the mega main tees at right angles to the main tee with
400mm centre to centre intervals.
49
 • Check the ceiling heights with water level and adjust accordingly with hanger system.
• Install the gypsum / moisture resistant gypsum boards by screw fastening with drywall screws at
interval as per the manufacturer specification using suitable one touch drill application. Cut the off-cut
panels to suit the size of the ceiling area, ensuring boards cover entire area. Adjust level of ceiling using
water level and level line drawn with adjustable hanger rods and spring clip.

Jointing and finishing gypsum ceiling boards

• Make sure that all openings for light fittings, air condition diffusers, speakers, fire points etc. are cut
open before commencement of finishing process of the gypsum board ceilings.
• Cover the fastening screw heads with suitable joint compound.
• Apply fibre tape with joint compound to all the joints of the gypsum boards.
• After a period of a minimum of 24 hours for drying apply a light skim coat application of joint
compound on the entire surface of the gypsum boards. In wet climatic conditions, may need more than
24 hours for drying before application of skim coat.
• Sand down the compounded gypsum board surface to a smooth finish.
• Fill in any indentations visible on the gypsum board surface, leave to dry and sand down smooth again.
• Apply one coat of approved emulsion paint to the entire gypsum board surface after approval of the
consultant.
• Apply second and final coat of emulsion paint after approval from consultant
• Touch up any patches / marks with paint prior to handing over.
• Primer coat application is not necessary for above type of gypsum board ceilings where a skim coat of
joint compound is applied over the entire surface of the gypsum boards.
• In the event that a coat of primer is required to be applied on the gypsum board surface prior to painting
then application of a skim coat with joint compound will not be applied.

Figure 38: Frame work for concealed ceiling

50
 Advance Skills
• Learnt to read drawings.
• Learnt to take measurements.
• Learnt to use levelling instruments, Total station and theodolite at sites.
• Learnt to doing concrete tests
• Knew to check reinforcement with drawings.
• Knew to check masonry wall setting out
• Knew to check the block work and plastering
• Knew to check the door frame fixing

2.3 Outcomes of activities during the training

• Time management.
• Creativity.
• Leadership.
• Problem solving.
• Team work
• Personality.
• Handling labours.
• Decision making.
• Work culture.
• Skill autonomous.
• Communication skill.
• Team work.
• Understanding organization and its facilities.

2.4 Problem encountered and proposed solutions.

• Concreting mix was put in wrong ratio.
As usual if the sand is increased then plastering will be very easy that why they have
added more sand than given ratio. It was warned by officers and check frequently
later.
• Honey comps
Honey comps were came during column concreting. It was found during removing formwork
and then honey comp place was filled by plastering works. If honeycombs come in large
manner we have to rebuild.
• At the site instructing the labours in many works such as block work and plastering. Quality of the
works was not satisfied at all. There were changes of proportions of plastering. Block works were
not good enough. Blocks were not properly managed. Lot of cracks were seen in the blocks. So it
was a big task for me to ensure the quality of works . Always I checked the proportions of plaster.
Instructured labours to follow several routines like using wet blocks, watering the surface before
plastering

51
• In sites there were a lot of safety issues with labours. They were not interested in wearing safety
things. I had always instructed them to wear proper safety things to labours..

52
 Chapter 3 Conclusions

First chapter outline is organization profile, the details of training establishment, outlines of the training
program, describes the significance of the training and the activities carried out during the training session.

Second chapter begins with a basic knowledge that I have gained and follows with the advance skill that I have
developed. Moreover, describes different site experiences and provides the detailed description of project
experiences. Finally, presents my proposed solutions for the project that you I carried out. It may also include
the outcomes of activities that I have conducted.

Throughout the training period it was an excellent opportunity to get knowledge on building construction in
civil engineering. Lot of areas covered under this training and it guided to focus on future studies in university.
It was really helpful what we gathered during first three semesters in the university and those were applying
most of the times to overcome the problems and for day to day works. Organization structure and its functional
ties are the things we have to study and get an idea, about which way we have to follow, what are the
opportunities, what are the responsibilities, etc.

I knew about social responsibilities and how the way engineers have to treat for the community to build the
country as well as build the community. It is not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe
management practices and to interact with workers. Also I learnt the way of work in an organization, the
importance of being punctual, the importance of maximum commitment, and the importance of team spirit.

I can guarantee about Sanken construction (Pvt) Ltd. Western Province as very good training place. They are
doing construction work. Throughout that we can learn real engineering concepts and correct engineering
practices. Here I got knowledge to do the work perfectly without any errors, corrections. That is a very good
engineering habit to learn in an every discipline.

53
Biblography
• https://nischinth.com/door-frame-fixing-using-foam-adhesives/
• https://theconstructor.org/building/types-bonds-brick-masonry-flemish-english-wall/11616/
• https://www.wkret-met.com/sites/default/files/chemical_anchoring_systems_en_3.pdf
• https://www.horseen.com/solution/factors-affecting-chemical-anchoring-reinforcement?page=4

54