Data Frequency

and Graphical Presentation TOPIC 02

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

ENENDA30/1L
PREPARED BY: LDDZ

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 INTRODUCTION
▪ When conducting a statistical study, the researcher ▪ After organizing the data, the researcher must
must gather data for the particular variable under present them so they can be understood by those
study. who will benefit from reading the study.
▪ To describe situations, draw conclusions, or make ▪ The most useful method of presenting the data is
inferences about events, the researcher must by constructing statistical charts and graphs.
organize the data in some meaningful way.
▪ The most convenient method of organizing data is
to construct a frequency distribution.
1. Categorical Frequency Distribution
2. Grouped Frequency Distribution
3. Cumulative Frequency Distribution
4. Ungrouped Frequency Disribution

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 Frequency Distribution

Objective:
▪ Organize data using a frequency distribution ▪ When the data are in original form, they are called
raw data.
Rich Peoples Age
Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the ▪ Researcher organizes the data into what is called a
ages of the top 50 wealthiest people in the world. frequency distribution.
The researcher first would have to get the data on • Class - each raw data value is placed into a quantitative or
qualitative category.
the ages of the people. In this case, these ages are
• Frequency - number of class’ data values contained in a
listed in Forbes Magazine. specific class.
49 57 38 73 81 Class Limits Tally Frequency
74 59 76 65 69 35-41 3
54 56 69 68 78 42-48 3
65 85 49 69 61 49-55 4
48 81 68 37 43 56-62 10
78 82 43 64 67 63-69 10
52 56 81 77 79 70-76 5
85 40 85 59 80 77-83 10
60 71 57 61 69 84-90 5
61 83 90 87 74 Total 50

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 Categorical Frequency Distribution
‒ Used for data that can be placed in specific ▪ The procedure for constructing a frequency
categories, such as nominal- or ordinal-level data. distribution for categorical data is shown below.
• Determine Variable grouping attributes (Class, tally,
Frequency, Percent).
Distribution of Blood Types
• Tally in column B
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test • Count the tallies in column C
to determine their blood type. The data set is 𝑓
• Find the percentage in column D : % = × 100%
𝑛
A B B AB O
A B C D
O O B AB B Class Tally Frequency Percent
A 5 20
B B O A O
B 7 28
A O O O AB
O 9 36
AB A O B A
AB 4 16

Total 25 100 %

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 Grouped Frequency Distribution
‒ Used when the range of the data is large, the data ▪ Class Limits
must be grouped into classes that are more than – Lower Class Limit
one unit in width – Upper Class Limit
Boat Batteries Duration ▪ Class Boundaries - used to separate the classesso
Class that there are no gaps in the frequency
Class Limits Tally Frequency
Boundaries distribution.
24 – 30 23.5 - 30.5 3 – Basic rule of thumb is that the class limits should have the
same decimal place value as the data, but the class
31 – 37 30.5 - 37.5 1
boundaries should have one additional place value and
38 – 44 37.5 - 44.5 5 end in a 5.
– lower boundary
45 – 51 44.5 - 51.5 9
– upper boundary
52 – 58 51.5 - 58.5 6
▪ Class width
59 - 65 58.5 - 65.5 1
– Difference of two successive lower (or upper) class limits.
25 – Do not subtract the limits of a single class.

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 Rules in constructing a Frequency Distribution Rules in constructing a Frequency Distribution
The reasons for constructing a frequency 1. There should be between 5 and 20 classes.
distribution are as follows: 2. It is preferable but not necessary that the class
1. To organize the data in a meaningful, width be an odd number.
intelligible way. 3. The classes must be mutually exclusive.
2. To enable the reader to determine the 4. The classes must be continuous.
nature or shape of the distribution.
5. The classes must be exhaustive.
3. To facilitate computational procedures for
6. The classes must be equal in width.
measures of average and spread.
4. To enable the researcher to draw charts and
graphs for the presentation of data.
5. To enable the reader to make comparisons
among different data sets.

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 Record High Temperatures 1. Determine the classes
‒ Range, R = Highest value – Lowest value = 134 – 100 = 34
Construct a group frequency distribution using 7 ‒ Number of classes = 7 (usually 5-20)
classes. 𝑅 34
‒ Width, 𝑊 = = = 4.9 ≈ 5
112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 7

110 118 117 116 122 122 114 114 105 109 2. Lower limits
107 112 114 115 117 117 118 122 106 110
• Add width to the lowest score to get the next lower limit.
• Keep adding until there are 7 classes (100, 105, 110, etc.)
116 108 110 121 120 120 119 111 104 111
3. Upper limits
120 113 120 117 110 110 118 112 114 114
• Subtract 1 unit from the lower limit of the second class.
Class Limits Class Boundaries Tally Frequency
• Add width to each upper limit (104, 109, 114, etc) until there are 7
100 – 104 99.5 – 104.5 2 classes.
104 – 109 104.5 -109.5 8 4. Find the class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from each lower class
limit and adding 0.5 to each upper class limit.
110 – 114 109.5 – 114.5 18
5. Tally the data.
115 – 119 114.5 – 119.5 13
6. Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies.
120 – 124 120.5 – 124.5 7
125 – 129 125.5 -129.5 1
130 – 134 129.5 – 134.5 1
𝒏 = ∑𝒇 =50

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 Cumulative Frequency Distribution
‒ A distribution that shows the number of data
values less than or equal to a specific value (usually Cumulative frequencies
an upper boundary). Less than 99.5 0

‒ The values are found by adding the frequencies of Less than 99.5 2

the classes less than or equal to the upper class Less than 109.5 10
Less than 114.5 28
boundary of a specific class. This gives an
Less than 119.5 41
ascending cumulative frequency.
Less than 124.5 48
‒ Cumulative frequencies are used to show how Less than 129.5 49
many data values are accumulated up to and Less than 134.5 50
including a specific class.

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 Ungrouped Frequency Distribution
‒ When the range of the data values is relatively
small, a frequency distribution can be constructed
using single data values for each class.
Class Limits Class Boundaries Tally Frequency

SUVs Fuel Consumption 12 11.5 – 12.5 6

The data shown here represent the number of miles 13 12.5 – 13.5 1
per gallon (mpg) that 30 selected four-wheel-drive 14 13.5 – 14.5 3
sports utility vehicles obtained in city driving. 15 14.5 – 15.5 6
16 15.5 – 16.5 8
12 17 12 14 16 18
17 16.5 – 17.5 2
16 18 12 16 17 15 18 17.5 – 18.5 3
15 16 12 15 16 16 19 18.5 – 19.5 1

12 14 15 12 15 15

19 13 16 18 16 14

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 Frequency Distribution → Graphical Form
Graphs Common graphs
– The purpose of graphs in statistics is to convey the ▪ Research:
data to the viewers in pictorial form.
1. Histogram
– It is easier for most people to comprehend data
graphically. 2. Frequency Polygon
3. Cumulative frequency Graph or ‘Ogive’
Advantages of using graphs ▪ Other:
– Used to describe the data set or to analyze it. 1. Bar graph
– Useful in getting the audience’s attention in a 2. Pareto
publication or a speaking presentation.
3. Time Series Graph
– They can be used to discuss an issue,
reinforce a critical point, or summarize a data 4. Pie Graph
set. 5. Stem and Leaf Plots
– They can also be used to discover a trend or
pattern in a situation over a period of time.

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No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or any other electronic or mechanical ENENDA30/1L
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No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or any other electronic or mechanical ENENDA30/1L
methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
 HISTOGRAMS Procedure
– The histogram is a graph that displays the data by 1. Draw and label the x and y axes. The x axis is
using contiguous vertical bars of various heights to always the horizontal axis, and the y axis is
represent the frequencies of the classes. always the vertical axis.
2. Represent the frequency on the y axis and the
Record High Temperature class boundaries on the x axis.
Construct a histogram to represent the data shown 3. Using the frequencies as the heights, draw
for the record high temperatures for each of the 50 vertical bars for each class.
cities

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 FREQUENCY POLYGON
– A graph that displays the data by using lines that
connect points plotted for the frequencies at the
midpoints of the classes.
– The frequencies are represented by the heights of
the points.
Record High Temperature Procedure
Construct a histogram to represent the data shown 1. Find the midpoints of each class.
for the record high temperatures for each of the 50 2. Draw the x and y axes. Label the x axis with the
cities midpoint of each class, and then use a suitable
scale on the y axis for the frequencies.
3. Using the midpoints for the x values and the
frequencies as the y values, plot the points.
4. Using the midpoints for the x values and the
frequencies as the y values, plot the points.

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No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or any other electronic or mechanical ENENDA30/1L
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 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY GRAPH / OGIVE Record High Temperature
– A graph that represents the cumulative Construct a histogram to represent the data shown
frequencies for the classes in a for the record high temperatures for each of the 50
– The cumulative frequency is the sum of the cities
frequencies accumulated up to the upper
boundary of a class in the distribution.
– It’s pronounced as ‘O-jive’
– Used to visually represent how many values are
below a certain upper class boundary.

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 Procedure
1. Find the cumulative frequency for each class.
2. Draw the x and y axes. Label the x axis with the
class boundaries. Use an appropriate scale for
the y axis to represent the cumulative
frequencies.
3. Plot the cumulative frequency at each upper
class boundary. Upper boundaries are used
since the cumulative frequencies represent the
number of data values accumulated up to the
upper boundary of each class.
4. Starting with the first upper class boundary,
connect adjacent points with line segments
Then extend the graph to the first lower class
boundary, on the x axis.
°F

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 BAR GRAPH Procedure
– Represents the data by using vertical or horizontal 1. Draw and label the x and y axes. For the
bars whose heights or lengths represent the horizontal bar graph place the frequency scale
frequencies of the data. on the x axis, and for the vertical bar graph
– Used to represent the data that are qualitative or place the frequency scale on the y axis.
categorical. 2. Draw the bars corresponding to the frequencies.
Freshmen Spending
The table shows the average money spent by first-
year college students. Draw horizontal and vertical
bar graph for the data.
Electronics 728
Dorm Décor 344
Clothing 141
Shoes 72

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 PARETO CHART Homeless People
– Used to represent a frequency distribution for a The data shown here consist of the number of
categorical variable, and the frequencies are homeless people for a sample of selected cities.
displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which are Construct and analyze a Pareto chart for the data.
arranged in order from highest to lowest.
– Used to represent the data when the variable
displayed on the horizontal axis is qualitative or
categorical.

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 Procedure
1. Arrange the data from the largest to
smallest according to frequency.
2. Draw and label the x and y axes.
3. Draw the bars corresponding to the
frequencies.

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 TIME SERIES GRAPH Procedure
– Represents data that occurs over a specific period 1. Draw and label the x and y axes.
of time. 2. Label the x axis for years and the y axis for the
number.
Workplace Homicides 3. Plot each point according to the table.
The number of homicides that occurred in the 4. Draw line segments connecting adjacent points.
workplace for the years 2003 to 2008 is shown. Draw Do not try to fit a smooth curve through the
and analyze a time series graph for the data. data points.

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 PIE GRAPH Super Bowl Snack Foods
– A circle that is divided into sections or wedges This frequency distribution shows the number of
according to the percentage of frequencies in each pounds of each snack food eaten during the Super
category of the distribution. Bowl. Construct a pie graph for the data. Draw and
– The purpose of this graph is to show the label the x and y axes.
relationship of the parts to the whole by visually
comparing the sizes of the sections.
– Percentages or proportions can be used.

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 Procedures
1. The frequency for each class must be
converted into a proportional part of
the circle. This conversion is done by
using the formula
𝑓
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = ∙ 360°
𝑛
2. Each frequency must also be converted
to a percentage.
𝑓
%= ∙ 100
𝑛
3. Next, using a protractor and a compass,
draw the graph using the appropriate
degree measures found in step 1, and
label each section with the name and
percentages.

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 STEM AND LEAF PLOT Procedure
– A data plot that uses part of the data value as the 1. Arrange the data in order.
stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form
groups or classes.
– A combination of sorting and graphing.
2. Separate the data according to the first digit.
– Retains the actual data while showing them in
graphical form.

Cardiograms
At an outpatient testing center, the number of
cardiograms performed each day for 20 days is
shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.

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 3. A display can be made by using the leading digit
as the stem and the trailing digit as the leaf.

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 End of presentation

Thank you!

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