ME 223: Solid Mechanics II

AIRY STRESS FUNCTION – Case studies

Lecture – 23

1
Two dimensional problem in Rectangular co-ordinate system

In the absence of the body force, the Bi-harmonic Equation will be

𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙
+2 2 2+ 4 =0
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Consider a polynomial with second order,

𝑎 2 𝑐 2
𝜙 = 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 (14)
2 2

Then, the corresponding stress components are

𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑐, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = 𝑎, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− = −𝑏
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

2
All the stress components are constant throughout. So, the
𝑎 𝑐
above stress function 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 can be used
2 2
to represent a combination of uniform tension,
compression and shear as shown in the figure.

For 𝑎 = 𝑐 = 0; the stress function becomes 𝜙1 = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 and it represents a state of a pure shear condition.

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0; 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −𝑏 (15)

Let us consider a stress function in the form of a polynomial of fourth degree, then

𝑎 4
𝑏 3
𝑐 2 2 𝑑 3
𝑒
𝜙= 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦+ 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦4 (16)
4×3 3×2 2 3×2 4×3

3
Inserting it into the biharmonic Equation
𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙
+2 2 2+ 4 =0
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
we get
2𝑎 + 4𝑐 + 2𝑒 = 0
𝑒 = −(2𝑐 + 𝑎ሻ
The corresponding stress component
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 2 = 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝜙 𝑏 𝑑
𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− = − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑐𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 2
Consider a special case:
𝑑 ≠ 0, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 𝑒 = 0 4
 Then,
𝑑
𝜙2 = 𝑥𝑦 3 (17)
3×2

𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝑑

𝜎𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑦, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = 0, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− = − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2
The state of stress on a rectangular plate for the above mentioned situation is shown in figure
below.

5
Bending of Cantilever beam loaded at the end:
Consider a cantilever beam with a rectangular cross-section of unit width subjected to load 𝑃
at the end as shown below.

Boundary conditions:
+𝐶 +𝐶
𝜎𝑥𝑦 ห𝑦=±𝑐 = 0, and 𝑃 = − ‫׬‬−𝐶 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑡𝑑𝑦 = − ‫׬‬−𝐶 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 as 𝑡 = 1

6
The state of stress for the mentioned problem can be satisfied by proper combination of stress
function 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 . So, by using the principle of superposition with Eq. (17) and Eq. (15)

𝑑 3
𝜙 = 𝜙1 + 𝜙2 = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 (18)
6

As both 𝜙1 and 𝜙2 satisfies biharmonic Equation, automatically ∇4 𝜙 = 0.

So,
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙 𝑑 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑑𝑥𝑦, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = = 0, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− = −𝑏 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2
Substituting the boundary conditions,
𝜎𝑥𝑦 ห𝑦=±𝑐 = 0 we get

𝑑 2 2𝑏
−𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0, 𝑑=− 2
2 𝑐

7
And from
+𝐶 +𝐶
𝑦2 3𝑃
𝑃 = −න 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − න 𝑏 1 − 2 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ 𝑏 =
−𝐶 −𝐶 𝑐 4𝑐

Substituting the values of 𝑏 and 𝑑 in the stress field expression, we get

3𝑃 3𝑃 𝑦2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 3 𝑥𝑦, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− 1− 2
2𝑐 4𝑐 𝑐

2
Since, the second moment of area (𝐼𝑧𝑧 ) of the cantilever 𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 3 𝑐 3
𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑃
𝜎𝑥𝑥 =− , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =− 𝑐2 − 𝑦2
𝐼𝑧𝑧 2𝐼𝑧𝑧

8
Finding out the displacements:
𝜕𝑢 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜀𝑥𝑥 = = =− ⇒𝑢=− + 𝑓(𝑦ሻ
𝜕𝑥 𝐸 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

𝜕𝑣 𝜈𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜈𝑃𝑥𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑥𝑦 2

𝜀𝑦𝑦 = =− = ⇒𝑣= + 𝑔(𝑥ሻ
𝜕𝑦 𝐸 𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑃
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = + ⇒ =− (𝑐 2 − 𝑦 2 ሻ
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝐺 2𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐺

𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑓 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 2 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 𝑃
⇒− + + + =− (𝑐 2 − 𝑦 2 ሻ
2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐺

𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 𝜈𝑃𝑦 2 𝑑𝑓 𝑦 𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃𝑐 2
⇒− + + + − =−
2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐺 2𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝐺 9
Replacing 𝐼𝑧𝑧 with 𝐼 and considering,
𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑔 𝑥 𝜈𝑃𝑦 2 𝑑𝑓 𝑦 𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃𝑐 2
− + =𝐹 𝑥 , + − =𝐺 𝑦 , − =𝐾
2𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑦 2𝐼𝐺 2𝐼𝐺
Taking 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑑, we can write
𝑑𝑔 𝑥 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑃𝑥 3
= +𝑑 ⇒𝑔 𝑥 = + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝
𝑑𝑥 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
And 𝐺 𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑓 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃𝑦 2 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3
=− + +𝑒 ⇒𝑓 𝑦 =− + + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑞
𝑑𝑦 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺
So,
𝑃𝑥 2 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3
𝑢=− − + + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑞
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺

and
𝜈𝑃𝑥𝑦 2 𝑃𝑥 3
𝑣= + + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 10
Constants – 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑝 and 𝑞 need to be founds out from the boundary conditions
Now,
𝑃𝑐 2
𝐹 𝑥 +𝐺 𝑦 =𝑑+𝑒 =−
2𝐼𝐺
Putting the boundary conditions
𝑢 𝑙, 0 = 0, 𝑣 𝑙, 0 = 0
which gives
𝑃𝑙 3
𝑞 = 0, 𝑝=− − 𝑑𝑙
6𝐸𝐼
So, deflection curve 𝑣 𝑥, 0
𝑃𝑥 3 𝑃𝑙 3
𝑣 𝑥, 0 = − − 𝑑(𝑙 − 𝑥ሻ
6𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
The constant ′𝑑′ can be found out from the following boundary condition.
𝜕𝑣
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑙, 𝑦=0

11
which gives
𝑃𝑙 2
𝑑=−
2𝐸𝐼
So,
𝑃𝑙 2 𝑃𝑐 2
𝑒= −
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺
finally
𝑃𝑥 2 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑃𝑐 2
𝑢=− − + + − 𝑦
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺
𝜈𝑃𝑥𝑦 2 𝑃𝑥 3 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑥 𝑃𝑙 3
𝑣= + − +
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

The equation of the deflection curve 𝑣(𝑥, 0ሻ

𝑃𝑥 3 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑥 𝑃𝑙 3
𝑣 𝑥, 0 = − + (19)
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑙 3
which gives the deflection at the loaded end for 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 as the value – 12
3𝐸𝐼
To illustrate the distortion in the cross-section produced by the shearing stress, we get

𝑃𝑙 2 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑃𝑐 2 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑐 2 𝑦
𝑢 𝑙, 𝑦 = − − + + − 𝑦=− + −
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺 2𝐼𝐺
𝜕𝑢 𝜈𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃𝑦 2 𝑃𝑐 2
ቤ =− + −
𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑙 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺 2𝐼𝐺

𝜕𝑢 𝑃𝑐 2 3𝑃
ቤ =− =−
𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑙,𝑦=0 2𝐼𝐺 4𝑐𝐺
3𝑃 𝑦2
We know that 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = − 4𝑐 1− 𝑐2
3𝑃
So, due to the shearing stress, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = − 4𝑐 , an element at point 𝐴 rotates in the 𝑥𝑦 plane through an angle
3𝑃
in the clock-wise direction as shown in Fig. (a).
4𝑐𝐺

13
 𝜕𝑢
If a vertical element is fixed at 𝐴 instead of horizontal element (in Fig. b). From the condition ቚ =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑙,𝑦=0

and
𝑃𝑥 2 𝑦 𝜈𝑃𝑦 3 𝑃𝑦 3
𝑢=− − + + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑞
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 6𝐼𝐺

we get,
𝑃𝑙 2 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑃𝑐 2
𝑒= , 𝑑=− −
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺
14
So, the deflection curve
𝑃𝑥 3 𝑃𝑙 2 𝑥 𝑃𝑙 3 𝑃𝑐 2
𝑣 𝑥, 0 = − + + (𝑙 − 𝑥ሻ
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 2𝐼𝐺

Comparing this with Eq.(19) , we can conclude, due to the rotation of the end of the axis at 𝐴, the
deflection of the cantilever is increased by the quantity

𝑃𝑐 2 3𝑃
𝑙−𝑥 = (𝑙 − 𝑥ሻ
2𝐼𝐺 4𝑐𝐺

15
Beam under uniformly distributed load:
Considering a beam of unit width and rectangular cross-section subjected to a UDL with intensity 𝑞.
The boundary conditions are
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞
𝑦=±𝑐 𝑦=+𝑐 𝑦=−𝑐

The conditions at the ends 𝑥 = ±𝑙 are

+𝑐 +𝑐 +𝑐
න 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∓𝑞𝑙, න 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0, න 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
−𝑐 −𝑐 −𝑐

16
The last two conditions of Eq. define there is no longitudinal force or bending couple acts at
the end of the beam. To obtain the stress distribution, we begin with a stress function of fifth
order polynomial

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝜙5 = 𝑥5 + 𝑥 4𝑦 + 𝑥 3𝑦2 + 𝑥 2𝑦3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦5 (20)
5×4 4×3 3×2 3×2 4×3 5×4

6ax + 2by + 6 fy + 2ex + 4cx + 4dy = 0

45 = 0  ( 3a + e + 2c ) x + ( 3 f + b + 2d ) y = 0
e = − ( 2c + 3a )
f = − ( b + 2d )
1
3

 25 c 3
 x = 2 = x + dx2 y − ( 2c + 3a ) xy 2 − 1 (b + 2d ) y3
y 3 3
 25
 y = 2 = ax3 + bx2 y + cxy 2 + d y3
x 3
 25 1
 xy = − = − bx 2 − cx 2 y 17
xy 3
 Let us take all terms zero except d. Then,

2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
3
1
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 3
3
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥𝑦 2

However, to remove the tensile stresses along the side 𝑦 = 𝑐 and the shearing stresses along the sides
𝑎
𝑦 = ±𝑐, we superimpose a simple compression 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎 − 𝜙2 = 2 𝑥 2 and 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑦 and 𝜎𝑥𝑦 =
𝑏
− 𝑏𝑥 (𝜙3 = 2 𝑥 2 𝑦ሻ.

2 3
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦
3
1 3
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎
3
18
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑏𝑥
From the initial boundary conditions
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0 → −𝑑𝑐 2 − 𝑏 = 0
𝑦=±𝑐

1 3
𝜎𝑦𝑦 =0→ 𝑑𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎 = 0
𝑦=+𝑐 3
1 3
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞 → − 𝑑𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎 = −𝑞
𝑦=−𝑐 3
Whence, we obtain
𝑞 3𝑞 3𝑞
𝑎=− 𝑏= 𝑑=− 3
2 4𝑐 4𝑐

Substituting all the values in the stress field expression

3𝑏 2
2𝑦 − 𝑦3 = −
𝑞 2
2𝑦 − 𝑦3
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑥
4𝑐 3 3 2𝐼 3

19
 3𝑞 𝑦 3 2
2 3 𝑞 𝑦3 2
𝜎𝑦𝑦 =− 3 −𝑐 𝑦+ 𝑐 =− − 𝑐2𝑦 + 𝑐3
4𝑐 3 3 2𝐼 3 3
3𝑞 2 2
𝑞 2
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = − 3 𝑐 − 𝑦 𝑥 = − 𝑐 − 𝑦2 𝑥
4𝑐 2𝐼

+𝑐 +𝑐
These stress components satisfy both the boundary conditions (‫׬‬−𝑐 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∓𝑞𝑙, and ‫׬‬−𝑐 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ).
However, to make the couple vanishes at the end of the beam, a pure bending condition 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 𝜎𝑦𝑦 =
𝑑
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0 (𝜙3 = 6 𝑦 3 ሻ is superimposed. To find the constant 𝑑, we use the following condition at 𝑥 ± 𝑙

+𝑐 +𝑐
3𝑞 2 2 3
න 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = න − 𝑙 𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
−𝑐 −𝑐 4 𝑐3 3
Whence we get
3 𝑞 𝑙2 2
𝑑= −
4 𝑐 𝑐2 5

20
Hence finally,
3𝑞 2
2 3 3𝑞 𝑙 2 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 =− 3 𝑥 𝑦− 𝑦 + − 𝑦
4𝑐 3 4𝑐 𝑐 2 5
𝑞 2 𝑞 2 3 2 2
= 𝑙 − 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑦 − 𝑐 𝑦
2𝐼 2𝐼 3 5

The first term represents the stresses given by elementary theory of bending and the second term gives the
necessary corrections. The above expression will be an exact solution only if the normal force at the ends
𝑥 = ±𝑙 are distributed according to the law
3𝑞 2 3 2 2
𝑋෠ = ± 𝑦 − 𝑐 𝑦
4 𝑐3 3 5

21
 Choosing the fixity conditions 𝑢 0, 𝑦 = 𝑣 ±𝑙, 𝑜 = 0, then
𝑞 𝑥3 2 2 1 2
𝑢= 𝑙2 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 3 − 𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝜈𝑥( 𝑦 3 − 𝑐 2 𝑦 + 𝑐 3 ሻ
2𝐸𝐼 3 3 5 3 3

𝑞 𝑦4 𝑐 2𝑦2 2 3 𝑙2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 4 𝑐 2 𝑦 2 𝑞 𝑙2 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 𝑐 2 𝑥 2 𝜈
𝑣=− − + 𝑐 𝑦+𝜈 + − − − − + 1 + 𝑐 2𝑥 2
2𝐸𝐼 12 2 3 2 6 5 2𝐸𝐼 2 12 5 2
5𝑞𝑙 4 12 4 𝜈 𝑐 2
+ 1+ +
24𝐸𝐼 5 5 2 𝑙2
The maximum deflection of the beam axis is given by
5𝑞𝑙 4 12 4 𝜈 𝑐 2
𝑣 𝑥=0,𝑦=0 = 1+ +
24𝐸𝐼 5 5 2 𝑙2
For beams where 𝑙 ≫ 𝑐, the difference between the results between the theory of elasticity and the
strength of materials prediction is small.
22
Solution of the Two-dimensional problem in the form of Fourier series:

If the load is continuously distributed along the length of a rectangular beam of narrow cross-section, a
stress function in the form of Fourier series (in 𝑥) expansion can be assumed.
The equation of the stress function
𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙 𝜕4𝜙
+2 2 2+ 4 =0 (21)
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
may be satisfied by assuming the stress function 𝜙 in the form
𝑚𝜋𝑥 (22)
𝜙 = sin 𝑓 𝑦
𝑙

𝑚 is an integer and 𝑓 𝑦 is a function of 𝑦 only. Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (21) an using the notation
𝑚𝜋
= 𝛼, we can write
𝑙
𝛼 4 𝑓 𝑦 − 2𝛼 2 𝑓" 𝑦 + 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 𝑦 = 0

23
 The general solution of the above differential equation with constant coefficient is
𝑓 𝑦 = 𝐶1 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦
So, the stress function
𝜙 = sin 𝛼𝑥 (𝐶1 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦ሻ (23)

and the corresponding stress components are

𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑥 = 2
= sin 𝛼𝑥 𝐶1 𝛼 2 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝛼 2 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝛼 2 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝛼 2 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝜙
𝜎𝑦 = 2 = −𝛼 2 sin 𝛼𝑥 (𝐶1 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶3 𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦ሻ (24)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝜙
𝜏𝑥𝑦 =− = −𝛼 cos 𝛼𝑥 𝐶1 𝛼 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝛼 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶3 cosh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝐶4 sinh 𝛼𝑦 + 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

24
Now, consider a case of rectangular beam supported at the ends and subjected along the upper and
lower edges under the action of continuously distributed vertical forces of the intensity 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 respectively as shown in figure. The stress distribution for this expression can be obtained from
the solution of the Eq. (24). The constant of the integration 𝐶1 … 𝐶4 can be determined from the
conditions on the upper and the lower edges of the beam , 𝑦 = ±𝑐. These conditions are:
For 𝑦 = +𝑐,
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝜎𝑦 = −𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥
For 𝑦 = −𝑐,
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0 𝜎𝑦 = −𝐴 sin 𝛼𝑥

25
Substituting these values in the third of Eq.(24) , we find
𝐶1 𝛼 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶2 𝛼 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶3 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶4 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 = 0

−𝐶1 𝛼 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶2 𝛼 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶3 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 − 𝐶4 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 = 0

From which
𝛼 cosh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶3 = −𝐶2
cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐
(25)
𝛼 sinh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶4 = −𝐶1
sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐
Using the conditions on the sides 𝑦 = ±𝑐 in the second of Eq. (24)

𝛼 2 𝐶1 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶3 𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶4 𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 = 𝐵

𝛼 2 𝐶1 cosh 𝛼𝑐 − 𝐶2 sinh 𝛼𝑐 − 𝐶3 𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝐶4 𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 = 𝐴 26

By adding and subtracting these equations and using Eq. (25)

𝐴 + 𝐵 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶1 =
𝛼2 sinh 2𝛼𝑐 + 2𝛼𝑐

𝐴 − 𝐵 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶2 = −
𝛼2 sinh 2𝛼𝑐 − 2𝛼𝑐

𝐴 − 𝐵 𝛼 cosh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶3 =
𝛼 2 sinh 2𝛼𝑐 − 2𝛼𝑐

𝐴 + 𝐵 𝛼 sinh 𝛼𝑐
𝐶4 = −
𝛼 2 sinh 2𝛼𝑐 + 2𝛼𝑐

27
Substituting in the Eq. (24), we find the following stress components:
𝜎𝑥
𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 − sinh 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑐
= 𝐴+𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 + 2𝛼𝑐
𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 − cosh 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑐
− 𝐴−𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 − 2𝛼𝑐
𝜎𝑦
𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 + sinh 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑐
=− 𝐴+𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 + 2𝛼𝑐
𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 + cosh 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑐
+ 𝐴−𝐵 sin 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 − 2𝛼𝑐

𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 sinh 𝛼𝑐
=− 𝐴+𝐵 cos 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 + 2𝛼𝑐
𝛼𝑐 sinh 𝛼𝑐 cosh 𝛼𝑦 − 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑦 cosh 𝛼𝑐
+ 𝐴−𝐵 cos 𝛼𝑥
sinh 2𝛼𝑐 − 2𝛼𝑐
28