Ch.6 - Mechanical Properties of Material PDF

Introduction to Materials
Engineering
0703201
Chapter 6
Mechanical Properties of
Materials 1
Objectives
• To understand what is meant by
mechanical property.
• To study the types of stresses that may act
on the material [Tensile, Compression, and
shear stress].
• To differentiate between the elastic
deformation and plastic deformation.
• To study the stress strain curve.
2
Objectives
• To understand some basic concepts such
tensile stress, strain, yield point, ductility,
modulus of elasticity, tensile strength,
brittleness, Poisson’s ratio, resilience and
toughness.
• To study the factors affecting the tensile
test.
• To understand what is meant by hardness
and hardness tests.
3
Introduction
• Mechanical properties relate deformation
to an applied stress.
• The importance of mechanical properties is
related to the fact that all materials may
subjected to forces in service conditions.
• The mechanical properties of materials can
be measured by performing some
experiments under controlled conditions.
• The test must be carried out using
standardized testing techniques [ASTM].
4
Tensile Test
Dog – bone shape specimen
145 psi = 1 MPa
5
Tension Test Compression Test
• Engineering stress
F

A0
• Engineering strain
li  l0 l
  
l0 l0
6
Shear Test
Shear stress
q
F

A0
p/2
Shear strain:
 = tan q
G: shear modulus (GPa)
Strain is always
  G
dimensionless. 7
Figure 7.5
Elastic Deformation
Hooke’s law
  E
E: modulus of elasticity or
Young’s modulus (GPa)
8
Elastic Deformation
9
Elastic Deformation
• Elastic deformation is reversible.
• Elastic modulus is a measure of the
resistance to separate adjacent atoms
[related to interatomic bonding forces].
• Example: EAl=69 GPa, while ECu=110 GPa
• E (Stiffness) increases with increasing Tm.
• E decreases with increasing T.
• E ceramics > E metals > E polymers.
10
Poisson’s Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of the lateral and axial
strains.
 lateral  y
    x

 axial z z
•  is always positive, but less than 0.5
• Ceramics:  ~ 0.25
Metals:  ~ 0.33
Polymers:  ~ 0.40
• Poisson’s ratio is related to bonding &
crystal structure of materials, typically
 polymer >  metal >  ceramic 11
Poisson’s Ratio
12
Poisson’s Ratio
13
Poisson’s Ratio
14
Elongation
15
Shear and Elastic Moduli
E = 2G (1 +  )
• In most metals G is about 0.4E
Plastic Deformation
• Plastic deformation:
Permanent, nonrecoverble
deformation occurs.
• For crystals, plastic
deformation occurs via slip.
• For amorphous, via
viscous flow.
16
Plastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load 3. Unload
17
Elastic & Plastic Deformation
Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation
• Temporary • Permanent [Non
[Recoverable]. recoverable].
• The initial linear • Non linear portion.
portion. • The mechanism
• The mechanism includes distortion
includes stretching and reformation of
of chemical bonds. chemical bonds
18
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is
the maximum stress
sustained during
tension.
Necking begins at M.
Materials fail at F.
 l f  l0 
% EL    *100
 l0 
• Ductility: the degree of
plastic deformation that  A0  Af 
%AR    *100
has been sustained at  A0 
fracture. 19
Brittle & Ductile Resilience
It is the capacity to
absorb energy during
elastic deformation.
< 5% ductility - brittle 1  2

y
General trend of ductility: U r   y y 
2 2E
Polymers > Metals > Ceramics 20
Example
21
Toughness
• Toughness: ability of
a material to absorb
energy up to fracture
• It is the area under the
stress-strain curve up to
fracture
Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)
tensile larger toughness
stress,  (metals, PMCs)
smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers
22
Engineering tensile strain, 
Factors Affecting Tensile
Properties
Fe
1- Temperature
2- Strain rate:
Increasing strain
rate is similar to
decreasing T
23
Hardness
• Hardness - resistance to localized plastic

deformation.
• Large hardness means: higher resistance
to plastic deformation (better wear
properties).
• Typically H ceramics > H metal > H polymers 24
Hardness Tests
25
Conclusions
• The mechanical properties of materials are
important because the material may be
subjected to loads during the service
conditions.
• The mechanical property means the
response of the material when it is subjected
to stress or load.
• Among the acting stresses are tensile,
compressive and shear stresses.
• There are two types of deformations [elastic
and plastic deformation]. 26
Conclusions
• Stress-Strain-Curve can be obtained from
the tensile test, it can be used to calculate
several values such as the tensile stress,
strain, ductility, modulus, etc.
• Hardness means the resistance to localized
plastic deformation.
• Several tests can be used to measure
hardness of materials.
• Hardness can be converted from one scale
to another, and also can be related to tensile
27
strength.

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Introduction to Materials

Dog – bone shape specimen

145 psi = 1 MPa

< 5% ductility - brittle 1  2

• Hardness - resistance to localized plastic

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