Name: Sarah Bustin

Freezing Point Depression

What is the temperature in your house? Check your thermostat. 75°F
What is this temperature in Kelvin? 297.039 K
What is the density of water at this temperature? 0.997 g/𝑐𝑚3

Salt Solution Observations

Pure
Time Minutes Soln 1 Soln 2 Soln 3 Soln 4 Soln 5
Water
Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
23:00 0 min Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
Clear Liquid
Liquid

No
23:10 ~10min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
23:20 ~20min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
23:30 ~30min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
23:40 ~40min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
23:50 ~50min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
00:00 ~60min change
No change No change No change No change No change

No
00:30 ~90min change
No change No change No change No change No change

Crystals A few
1:00 ~120min forming crystals
No change No change No change No change

All Wet Wet Wet Wet Wet

surface, surface, surface, surface, surface,
frozen,
5:15 Overnight visible
visible visible visible visible visible
crystals, crystals, crystals, crystals, crystals,
crystals
translucent translucent translucent translucent translucent

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How many teaspoons/Tablespoons of Sugar did you use? How much water?
1 tbsp sugar, 4 tbsp water
How many teaspoons/Tablespoons of alcohol did you use? How much water?
1 tbsp alcohol, 4 tbsp water

Sugar/Alcohol Solution Observations

Time Minutes Sugar Alcohol Time Minutes Sugar Alcohol
Clear Clear No No
23:00 0 min liquid liquid
23:50 ~50min
change change

No No No No
23:10 ~10min 00:00 ~60min
change change change change
No No No No
23:20 ~20min 00:30 ~90min
change change change change
No No Crystals No
23:30 ~30min 1:00 ~120min
change change forming change
All
frozen,
All
No No visible
23:40 ~40min 5:15 Overnight frozen,
change change crystals,
opaque
wet
surface

Calculations
What is the given mass on the package for 1 teaspoon of salt?
6g
What is the given mass on the package for 1 teaspoon of sugar?
4g
How many moles of NaCl are in 1 teaspoon?
0.103 mol

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How many moles of Sucrose are in 1 teaspoon?
0.012 mol
What type of alcohol was used and what is the percentage?
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol, 70%

Salt Solutions
Salt Tablespoons Volume of Mass of Molality of NaCl
Solution Water Water (mL) Water (Kg) Solution (Mol/kg)
1 7 Tbsp 104 0.104 0.99
2 6 Tbsp 89 0.089 1.16
3 5 Tbsp 74 0.074 1.39
4 4 Tbsp 59 0.059 1.75
5 3 Tbsp 44 0.044 2.35

Other Solutions
Solution Mass of Volume of Mass of Water Molality of
Solute (g) Water (mL) (Kg) Solution (Mol/kg)
Sugar 12 59 0.059 0.203
Alcohol 8 64 0.063 0.135

What is the Molality of Salt Solution #5? Show your work.

14.7868 𝑚𝑙 1 𝑐𝑚3 0.997 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
3 𝑇𝑏𝑠𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 0.044 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1 𝑇𝑏𝑠𝑝 1 𝑚𝑙 1 𝑐𝑚3 1000 𝑔
0.103 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝒎𝒐𝒍
= 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
0.044 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 𝒌𝒈

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What is the Freezing Point of the water for Salt Solution #5? Show your work
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐾𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 2.35 ∗ 1.86 = 4.37 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
273.15 𝐾 − 4.37 𝐾 = 𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟖 𝑲
What is the Freezing Point of the water for your sugar solution? Show your work
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐾𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 0.203 ∗ 1.86 = 0.38 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
273.15 𝐾 − 0.38 𝐾 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝑲
What is the Freezing Point of your water / alcohol blend with water as the solvent?
Show your work
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐾𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 0.135 ∗ 1.86 = 0.25 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
273.15 𝐾 − 0.25 𝐾 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟗𝟎 𝑲
Look online to find the theoretical freezing point of your pure alcohol. What is it?
185.25 K

What is the theoretical freezing point of the water/alcohol blend if water was
considered the solute? Show your work, including molality calculations.
4 tbsp water – solute (mol)
1 tbsp alcohol – solvent (kg)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
4 𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ = 0.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
18.00 𝑔
14.7868 𝑚𝑙 1 𝑐𝑚3 0.785 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑡𝑏𝑠𝑝 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 0.012 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
1 𝑇𝑏𝑠𝑝 1 𝑚𝑙 1 𝑐𝑚3 1000 𝑔

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 0.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 19.1
0.012 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐾𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 19.1 ∗ 1.99 = 38.1 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
273.15 𝐾 − 38.1 𝐾 = 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟓 𝑲

What would the boiling point of your alcohol solution be if water is considered the
solvent?
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑖 ∗ 𝐾𝑏
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 0.135 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.512 = 0.069 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
373.15 𝐾 + 0.069 𝐾 = 𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝑲

What would the boiling point of your alcohol solution be if the alcohol is considered the
solvent?
∆𝑇 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑖 ∗ 𝐾𝑏
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇 = 19.1 ∗ 3 ∗ 1. 22 = 69.906 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
355.65 𝐾 + 69.906 𝐾 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟔 𝑲

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A sample of 50.0g of solid ice is at -20.0C, and 10,000J of energy is input into the ice.
What is the mass of ice remaining? What is the equilibrium temperature? Show work

Given:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝑚𝑖 = 50.0 𝑔 = 0.0500 𝑘𝑔
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝑡𝑖 = −20.0 ℃
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡: 𝑄1 = 10000 𝐽
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑡𝑓 = 0 ℃
𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝑐𝑖 = 2100
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑐𝑤 = 4180
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑠 = 334 ∗ 103
𝑘𝑔

Heat needed to raise temperature of ice to melting point: 𝑄2 = ?

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑄3 = ?
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑚𝑟 = ?

Temperature change generated by adding 10,000J:

𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑖 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ ∆𝑇
𝑄
∆𝑇 =
𝑚𝑖 ∗ 𝑐
10000 𝐽
∆𝑇 = = 95.2 𝐾
𝐽
0.0500 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 2100
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

Amount of heat needed to melt all the ice:

Total heat = heat needed to raise ice to melting point + heat needed to change to liquid
𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑖 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ ∆𝑇

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𝑄3 = 𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑠 ∗ 𝑚𝑖
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = [𝑚𝑖 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ ∆𝑇] + [𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑠 ∗ 𝑚𝑖 ]

𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = [0.0500 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 2100 ∗ (0 ℃ − (−20.0 ℃))]
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝐽
+ [334 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.0500 𝑘𝑔 ] = 2100 𝐽 + 16700 𝐽 = 18800 𝐽
𝑘𝑔

The applied heat is enough to heat the ice up to the melting point, but not enough to
melt the ice completely. Since there is ice remaining, the final mixture will have both ice
and water, so the equilibrium temperature will be 𝟎 ℃.

Mass of ice:
𝑚𝑟 𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑠 = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
𝑄1 − 𝑄2
𝑚𝑟 =
𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑠
10000 𝐽 − 2100 𝐽 1000 𝑔
𝑚𝑟 = ∗ = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝐽 1 𝑘𝑔
334 ∗ 103
𝑘𝑔

Road Ice
In the last experiment, you looked at the Heat of Solution of various salts. Commercial
salt for sidewalks and driveways many times is Calcium Chloride (the little white
spheres), even though the Heat of solution was not the highest. Why would this be
chosen? (the chemistry reason, not because of cost).
Calcium chloride will be more effective than other salts because it has a higher Van’t
Hoff factor. This means that more total ions can dissolve in the solvent, and the resulting
freezing point depression will be greater.

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