GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDATION DESIGN

The usual approach to a normal foundation-

engineering problem is:

To prepare a plan of the base of the structure

showing the various columns, load-bearing walls with
estimated loads, including dead load, live load,
moments and torques coming into the foundation
units.
To study the tentative allowable bearing pressures
allocated for the various strata below the ground
level, as given by the soil investigation report.
To determine the required foundation depth. This
may be the minimum depth based on soil strength or
structural requirement considerations.
To compute the dimensions of the foundation based
on the given loading and allowable bearing pressure.
To estimate the total and differential settlements of
the structure. If these are excessive the bearing
pressure will have to be reduced or the foundation
taken to a deeper and less compressible stratum or
the structure will have to be founded on piles or
other special measures taken
Loads on Foundation
A foundation may be subjected to two or more of the
following loads.
a) Dead load:
Weight of structure
» All material permanently attached to
structure
» Static earth pressure acting permanently
against the structure below ground surface.
» Water pressure acting laterally against
basement walls and vertically against slab.

b) Live load: temporary loads expected to superimpose on

the structure during its useful life.
c) Wind load:- lateral load coming from the action of
wind.
-Local building codes provide magnitude of
design wind pressure.
d) Earth-quake load:- lateral load coming from earth-
quake motion.
-The total lateral force (base shear) at the base
of a structure is evaluated in accordance with
local building code.
e) Dynamic load:- load coming from a vibrating object
(machinery).
– In such case, separate foundation should be provided.
The impact effect of such loads should be considered
in design.
 Settlement of Foundations
l1 l2 l3

Ground Level
Original foundation level

1
 max
2 3
1,2,3 = Differential sett.,  = Greatest differential sett.
max = maximum total sett., l1,l2,l3= Bay width, /l = angular distortion
NO SETTLEMENT TOTAL SETTLEMENT DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a

building, but differential settlement can cause
severe structural damage
Design of Isolated or Spread
Footings
I. Depth of footing
The depth of embedment must be at least large enough to
accommodate the required footing thickness. This depth is
measured from the lowest adjacent ground surface to the
bottom of the footing.
Footings should be carried below
a) zone of high volume change due to moisture fluctuation
b) top (organic) soil
c) peat and muck
d) unconsolidated (or fill) material
According to EBCS-7
minimum depth of footing should be 50cm for footings on
sloping sites, minimum depth of footing should be 60cm
and 90cm below ground surface on rocky and soil
formations, respectively.
Footing at different elevations: -
When adjacent footings are to be placed at different levels, the
distance between the edges of footings shall be such as to
prevent undesirable overlapping of stresses in soils and
disturbance of the soil under the higher footing due to
excavation for the lower footing. A minimum clear distance
of half the width of the footing is recommended.
II. Proportioning of footing
The required area of the footing and subsequently the
proportions will be determined using presumptive allowable
soil pressure and the soil strength parameters φ and c as
discussed previously.
III. Structural Design
i) Punching shear:- This factor generally controls the depth
of footings. It is the normal practice to provide adequate
depth to sustain the shear stress developed without
reinforcement. The critical section that is to be considered is
indicated in Fig.
From the figure it is apparent the concrete shear resistance
along the perimeter according to EBCS would be
2( a’ +3d + b’+ 3d) dVup
Where Vup = punching shear resistance
The net force on the perimeter due to the soil pressure would
be

From equilibrium consideration, above two Eqn. should be

equal
For square columns a’ = b’ and round columns with diameter
a’, above Eqn. would be

ii) Diagonal Tension (wide beam shear)

The selected depth using the punching shear criterion may not
be adequate to withstand the diagonal tension developed.
Hence one should also check the safety against diagonal
tension. The critical sections that should be considered are
given in Fig.
The shear forces are calculated along the plane C-C and D-D

The actual shear stress is then calculated from These

calculated actual shear stresses should be compared with

diagonal shear resistance.
iii) Bending Moment
The external moment on any section of a footing shall be
determined by passing a vertical plane through the footing,
and computing the moment of the forces acting over the
entire area of the footing on one side of that vertical plane.
The critical sections for the bending moment vary according
to the type of columns.
According to EBCS 2-1995, the critical section for moment
shall be taken as follows:
a) At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footings
supporting a concrete pedestal or wall
b) Halfway between middle and edge of wall, for footings
supporting a masonry wall
c) Halfway between face of column and edge of steel base for
footings supporting a column with base plates.
Flexural Reinforcement
1. Distribution: In one-way footings and two-way square
footings, reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across
the entire width of footing.
2. In two-way rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be
distributed as follows:
a) Reinforcement in long direction shall be distributed
uniformly across the entire width of footing
b) For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the
total reinforcement given by Eqn. shall be distributed
uniformly over a band width ( centered on center line of
column or pedestal) equal to the length of the short side of
footing. The reminder of the reinforcement required in the
short direction shall be distributed uniformly out side the
center band width of the footing.
IV. Development length
The reinforcement bars must extend a sufficient
distance into the concrete to develop proper
anchorage. This distance is called the development
length. The necessary development length may be
calculated using the following equation.
Minimum Footing cover (According to EBCS2-1995)
The thickness of footing above bottom reinforcement shall
not be less than 150mm for footing on soil, or 300mm for
footing on piles.
Concrete cover to reinforcement (According to EBCS2-
1995)
- Concrete cast directly against the earth, the minimum
cover should be greater than 75mm
- Concrete cast against prepared ground (including
blinding) the minimum cover should be greater than
40mm.
Spacing of reinforcement
The clear horizontal and vertical distance between bars
shall be at least equal to the largest of the following
values: (EBCS2-1995)
a) 20mm
b) the diameter of the largest bar
c) the maximum size of the aggregate plus 5mm
The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed
the smaller of 2h or 350mm
The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed
400mm
Examples
1. Determine the dimensions of a square footing necessary to
sustain an axial column load of 850kN as shown in Fig. below,
if
a) An allowable presumptive bearing pressure of 150kN/m2 is
used.
b) Cu = 40 kN/m2 ; C = 7.5 kN/m2 ; φ’ =22.50
Solution
a) Using presumptive value

b) Using the bearing capacity formula

i) Initial loading condition
σ = 5.14C S d i + q S
f u c c c q d q iq
Shape factors
Sc = 1.2 , Sq = 1
Depth factors
dc = (1+0.4(2/B)) , dq = 1
Load inclination factors
ic = 1 , iq = 1
Design of Strap or Cantilever
Footings
A strap footing is used in the following two cases
1. When X’ < L/3
2. When the distance between the two columns is so large that
a combined footing becomes excessively long and narrow.

• Essentially a strap footing consists of a rigid beam connecting

two pads (footings) to transmit unbalanced shear and moment
from the statically unbalanced footing to the second footing.

• Design Assumptions
– strap is infinitely rigid
– strap is a pure flexural member and does not take soil
reaction. (To confirm with this, strap is constructed slightly
above soil or soil under strap is loosened).
 a1 a2
Strap

b2
b1 b’ b’’
a’ a’’

WS XS
P1 XC P2

a1 a2

a2
a1
XR
a’/2 R2
e
R1
a/2
1. a) Assume a1 and establish the eccentricity, e of the soil
reaction force R1.
a1  a '
e
2
e  XC  X R
• b) Determine the magnitude of the soil reaction force by taking
moments about R2.
Xc Xs
R1  P1  Ws
XR XR

• In this equation the weight of the strap, Ws, may be neglected

if the strap is relatively short.
• c) Determine the reaction R2 from equilibrium consideration
R2  P1  P2  Ws  R1

2. Determine sizes of footings using known values of R1, R2 and

ult
R1
b1 
 ult1 * a1
R2
b2 
 ult 2 * a2

R2
• For square footing b2  a2 
 a2

• For rectangular footing assume some value of a2

and determine b2.
• It should be noted that the actual bearing pressures under the
footings should not very different from each other in order to
minimize differential settlement.

3. Determine and draw shear force and bending moment

diagrams along the length of the footings.
4. Select depths of footings for shear requirement.
5. Select steel reinforcement for bending requirement.
6. In short direction, the footings analyzed as spread footing
subject to uniform soil pressure.
7. Design strap as flexural member for the shear and moment
obtained above.
• Example
• Given Column 1 size 30x 40
Reinf. 420
Column 2 size 30x 40cm
Reinf. 420
Ultimate soil bearing pressure , qult = 100kPa
• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa

• C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,

• Required:- Design a strap foundation for the given loads

shown in Fig. below.
 a1 a2

b2
b1 40cm 40

30cm 30

WS XS
900kN 600cm 1080kN

a1 a2

ult
ult
XR
15cm R2
e
R1
a/2
 SOLUTION
• Proportioning of footing
• Trial 1
• Assume a1 = 3.00m
• Then e = (3.00/2)- 0.15 = 1.35m
• XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.35 = 4.65m

• Neglecting the weight of the strap, the soil reaction R1 will be

determined by taking moment about R2.
• 4.65*R1 = 6.00*900  R1 = 1161.30kN
• b1 = R1/(a1 ult) = 1161.30 /( 3*100) =3.87, use b1 = 3.90m

• Hence dimension of footing 1 3.00 x 3.90m

• Now for the second footing
• R2 = P1 +P2 –R1 = 900+1080 -1161.30=818.70kN
• Area of footing = R2/ ult = 818.70/ 100 = 8.19m2
• Take a1 =a2 =3.00m
• b2 = 8.19/3 =2.73, use b2 = 2.75m

• Dimension of footing 2 3.00 X2.75m

• q1 = R1/a1 = 1161.30/3.00 = 387.1kN/m

• q2= R2/a2 = 818.7 /3.00 = 272.90kN/m

• Since the distribution per meter run under the pad is different
for each pad, a second trial should be made
• Trial 2
• Take a1 = 2.50m
• Then e = (2.50/2)- 0.15 = 1.10m
• XR = 6.00-e = 6.00- 1.1. = 4.90m
• 4.90*R1 = 6.00*900  R1 = 1102.04kN
• b1 = R1/(a1 ult) = 1102.04 /( 2.50*100) =4.41, use b1 = 4.45m
• Dimension of footing 1 2.50 x 4.45m

• R2 = P1 +P2 –R1 = 900+1080 -1102.04=877.96kN

• Area of footing = R2/ ult = 877.96/ 100 = 8.78m2
• Take a2 =2.00m ( or use R1/a1 = R2/a2 to determine a2)
• b2 = 8.78/2.00 =4.39, use b2 = 4.40m
• Dimension of footing 2 2.00 X4.40m
• q1 = R1/a1 = 1102.04/2.50 = 440.82kN/m
• q2= R2/a2 = 877.96 /2.00 = 438.98kN/m

• The difference between stress distribution is a small amount.

Hence the final proportions of the footings as shown below
would be acceptable.
 250 200

440
445 40cm 40
30cm 30

900kN 600cm 1080kN

q1= 440.82kN/m q2= 438.98kN/m

250 265 200

900kN 600cm 1080kN

q1= 440.82kN/m q2= 438.98kN/m

265
250 200
641.03kN
202.05kN 0.15+d

66.12kN
SFD
0.15+d

438.98kN
833.88kN
783.74kN-m
737.44kN-m
202.01kN-m
BMD

4.96kN-m
219.49 kN-m
• Thickness of the footings Y
Y Footing 2
Footing 1

0.4 +3d

0.4 +3d
X

440
40 40
445

X
30 30

0.3 +1.5d 0.3 +3d

250 200
• Punching shear
• Footing 1
Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.4 = 1.20
u1 = Pr1 =0.90+0.90+1.60 =3.40m
• Net shear force developed under column 1
Vd= 900 -*(0.90*1.60),  =R1/a1*b1= 99.06kPa
Vd= 900 -99.06*(0.90*1.60) =757.35kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 1
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*3.40*0.40
=442.68kN < Vd .. Not OK!
• Since the developed shear force is greater than the punching
shear resistance, one may increase the depth
Take d= 0.55m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.55 = 1.05
u1 = Pr1 =1.125+1.125+2.05=4.30m
• Net shear force developed under column 1
Vd= 900 - 99.06 *(1.125*2.05) =671.54kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 1
Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.05*4.3*0.55 = 673.58kN >Vd … OK!

• Wide beam shear

• X- direction
• The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read from the shear
force diagram at a distance of d from the face of column 1.
• Vd = 440.82 (0.30 +d) -900 = 440.82 (0.30 +0.55) -900
=525.30kN
• Wide beam shear resistance
Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.55 = 1.05
bw = 4.45m

• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.05*4.45*0.55 = 697.08kN > Vd ..OK!

• Y- direction
• The developed shear force in direction Y may be estimated as
for the case of an isolated footing
• Developed shear
1.475m
• Vd = 99.06(1.475* 2.50)=365.28kN
• Wide beam shear resistance 0.55

4.45m
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.05*2.50*0.53
= 377.38kN > Vd .............OK!

2.50m
• Footing 2
• Punching shear
Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.40 = 1.20
u2 = Pr2 =1.50+1.50+1.60 +1.60 =6.20m
•
• Net shear force developed under column 2
Vd= 1080 -*(1.50*1.60),  =R2/a2*b2= 99.77kPa
Vd= 1080 -99.77*(1.50*1.60) =840.55kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 2
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.20*6.20*0.40
= 807.24 kN < Vd .. Not OK! , increase the depth.

• Take d= 0.45m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.45 = 1.15
u2 = Pr2 =1.65+1.65+1.75+1.75=6.80m
• Net shear force developed under column 2
Vd= 1080 - 99.77 *(1.65*1.75) =791.91kN
• Punching shear resistance under column 2
Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.15*6.80*0.45 =954.53kN >Vd … OK!

• Wide beam shear

• X- direction
• The wide beam shear is read from the shear force diagram at a
distance of d from the face of column 2.
• Vd = 438.98 (1.00+0.20+0.45) -1080 = 355.68kN

• Wide beam shear resistance

Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)
 k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.60 – d =1.60 -0.45 = 1.15
bw = 4.40m

• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.15*4.40*0.45 = 617.64 > Vd ....OK!

• Y- direction 1.55m
0.45
• Developed shear

4.40m
• Vd = 99.77(1.55* 2.00)=309.29kN
• Wide beam shear resistance
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.15*2.00*0.43
= 268.27kN < Vd .............NOT OK! 2.00m

• Increase the effective depth d to 0.55m

• Developed shear
1.45m
• Vd = 99.77(1.45* 2.00)=289.33kN
• Wide beam shear resistance 0.55

4.40m
• Vud = 0.25*1000*1.085 *1.05*2.00*0.53
= 301.90kN >Vd ............ OK!

2.00m
• Moment capacity of concrete
• Footing 1
– X – direction , Capacity of concrete
M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33103  4.45  0.55
2

 4880.51kN  m  M max  783.74kN  m....Ok!

• Y- direction
• Developed moment
(2.025) 2
M d  99.06 * * 2.5  507.76kN  m
2

• Capacity of concrete

M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.3310  2.50  0.53
3 2

 2546.08kN  m  M d ....Ok!
• Footing 2
– X – direction, Capacity of concrete
M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33103  4.40  0.55
2

 4825.67kN  m  M max  219.49kN  m....Ok!

– Y-direction
(2.00) 2
M d  99 .77 *
– Developed * 2.0  399.08kN  m
moment
2

– Capacity of concrete
M  0.32 *11.33x103 * 2.0 * (0.53) 2
–Capacity
2036.86of  m  M d.......... .OK !
kNconcrete
• Calculation of Reinforcements
– Footing 1
– X-direction
– From BMD , M = 783.74kN-m
f  2M 
  cd 1  1  2 
f yd
 f cd bd 
11.33  2 * 783.74 
  1  1    0.0023   min ....ok!
11.33 103  4.45  0.55
2
260.87  
As  bd  0.0023 445 55  56.29cm 2
– Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 56.29/3.14 =17.9 , use 18 bars
Spacing = (445-2*5)/ (n-1) =25.6cm

Use 18  20 c/c 255mm (The reinforcement should be placed at

the top)
• Provide also minimum bottom reinforcement in the X-direction
• Asmin = min bd = 0.0017 *445 *55 =41.61cm2

• Use  = 14, as = 1.54cm2

No. of bars , n= 41.61/1.54 =27
Spacing = (445-2*5)/ (n-1) =16.73cm
• Use 27  14 c/c 165mm

• Y-direction
• Md =507.76kN-m

11.33  2 * 507.76 
  1  1    0.0029   min ....ok!
11.33103  2.50  0.53
2
260.87  
As  bd  0.0029 250  53  38.425cm 2
• Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2
No. of bars , n= 38.425/3.14 =12.2, use 13 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =20cm
Use 13  20 c/c 200mm ( bottom reinforcement)

• Provide also minimum top reinforcement in the Y-direction

• Asmin = min bd = 0.0017 *250 *53 =22.53cm2

• Use  = 14, as = 1.54cm2

No. of bars , n= 22.53/1.54 =14.6 , use 15 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =17.1cm
Use 15 14 c/c 170mm
 – Footing 2
– X-direction
– From BMD , M = 219.49 kN-m

11.33  2 * 219.49 
  1  1    0.0006   min
11.33  103  4.40  0.55
2
260.87  
As   minbd  0.0017 440  55  41.14cm 2

• Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2

No. of bars , n= 41.14/3.14 =13.20, use 14 bars
Spacing = (440-2*5)/ (n-1) =33.08cm

Use 14  20 c/c 330mm (The reinforcement should be placed at

the bottom)
• Y-direction
• Md =399.08kN-m

11.33  2 * 399.08 
  1  1    0.0028   min ....ok!
11.33103  2.00  0.53
2
260.87  
As  bd  0.0028 200  53  29.68cm 2

• Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2

No. of bars , n= 29.68/3.14 =9.5 , use 10 bars
Spacing = (250-2*5)/ (n-1) =26.67cm
Use 10  20 c/c 265mm (bottom reinforcement)
• Development length
• Footing 1
• X-direction

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

• Available development length, la =220-5=215cm > ld ……….. OK!

• Y-direction
 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =202.5-5=197.5cm > ld …… OK!
• Footing 2
• X-direction
 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

• Available development length, la =80-5=75cm < ld …… NOT OK!

• Bend the bars upward with a minimum length of …….cm
• Y-direction
 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =200-5=195cm > ld …… OK!
Design of Mat/Raft Foundation
• Mat or raft foundation is a large concrete slab supporting
several columns in two or more rows.
• It is used where the supporting soil has low bearing capacity.
• The bearing capacity increased by combining all individual
footings in to one mat –since bearing capacity is proportional
to width and depth of foundations.
• In addition to increasing the bearing capacity, mat foundations
tend to bridge over irregularities of the soil and the average
settlement does not approach the extreme values of isolated
footings.
• Thus mat foundations are often used for supporting structures
that are sensitive to differential settlement.
• Design of uniform mat
• Design Assumptions
– mat is infinitely rigid
– planner soil pressure distribution under mat

• Design Procedure
I. Determine the line of action of the resultant of all the loads
acting on the mat
II. Determine the contact pressure distribution as under
– If the resultant passes through the center of gravity of the
mat, the contact pressure is given by

Q

A
 – If the resultant has an eccentricity of ex and ey in the x and y
direction

Q Qex Qe y
 max/ min   x y
A Iyy Ixx
The maximum contact pressure should be less than the
allowable soil pressure
– Divide the slab mat into strips in x and y directions. Each
strip is assumed to act as independent beam subjected to
the contact pressure and the columns loads.
– Determine the modified column loads
– Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
each strip.
– Select depth of mat for shear requirement
– Select steel reinforcement for moment requirement
 Y

ex

ey
X X

Y
Example
• A mat foundation is to be design by the conventional method
(rigid method) for the loadings shown in Fig. below.

• All columns are 40X40cm

• Ultimate soil bearing pressure , qult = 100kPa
• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 Mpa
• C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,
 X

600kN 750kN 600kN

6m

1800kN 1800kN 1320kN

6m

1800kN 1800kN 1320kN

6m Y

600kN 750kN 600kN

5m 5m
• Location of c.g. of loads
• P = (600 +750+ 600)*2 +(1800+1800+1320)*2 =13740kN

• 13740 X = (750 +1800+1800+750)*5 + (600 +1320+1320+600)* 10

X = 4.65m
ex = 5-4.65 = 0.35
X’ = 5 +0.35 = 5.35m
• B min = 2*( 5.35 +0.20+0.15 ) =11.40m
• 13740 Y = (600 +750+600)*18 + (1800 +1800+1320)* 12 + (1800
+1800+1320)* 6
Y = 9m
ey = 6+ 6/2 -9 = 0
• Lmin = 2* (9+0.20+0.15) = 18.70m
• Dimension of Mat 11.40 X 18.70m
•
• Actual contact pressure
 = P/(BL) = 13740/(11.40*18.70) =64.45kPa < ult = 100kPa

• Thickness of the mat

• Punching shear
• Punching shear under 1800kN load
Take d= 0.70m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085

0.4+3d
40
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.70 = 0.90 , Take K2 =1
40
Pr =(0.85+0.4+1.105)2+(0.4+3(0.70)
=7.21m
• Net shear force developed 1.5d=1.105>0.85 1.5d
• Vd= 1800 -*(2.355* 2.50) ,  =64.45kP
• Vd= 1800 -64.45*(2.355* 2.50)=1420.55kN
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*7.21*0.70
=1369.00kN < Vd .. NOT OK! Increase the depth

Take d= 0.75m and  = min = 0.50/fyk = 0.50 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.75 = 0.85 , Take K2 =1
Pr =(0.85+0.4+1.125)2+(0.4+3(0.75)
=7.40m
• Net shear force developed
• Vd= 1800 -*(2.375* 2.65) ,  =64.45kP
• Vd= 1800 -64.45*(2.375* 2.65)=1394.37kN
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*7.40*0.75
=1505.44kN >Vd .. OK!

• Check punching shear under 1320kN

Pr =(1.125 +0.15+0.4)2+(0.4+3(0.75)) =6.00m
• Net shear force developed

0.4+3d
• Vd= 1320 -64.45*(1.675*2.65)=1033.92kN 40
40
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*6.00*0.75 1.5d=1.125 0.15
=1220.63kN > Vd .. OK!
• Check punching shear under 600kN
• Pr =(1.125+0.15+0.4) +(1.125+0.15+0.4)

1.5d=1.125
=3.35m

• Net shear force developed 40

40

0.15
• Vd= 600 -64.45*(1.675*1.675)=419.18kN
• Punching shear resistance 1.5d=1.125 0.15

Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)

• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1.00*3.35*0.75
=681.52kN > Vd .. OK!
• Soil reaction analysis:- Divide the slab mat into strips in x and y
directions 3.55m 5.00m 2.85m
3.35m

Strip 4

Strip 3
6.00m

Strip 2
6.00m
3.35m

Strip 1

Strip A Strip C
Strip B
• Strip A, (64.45)*3.55 = 228.80kN/m
• Strip B , (64.45)*5.00 = 322.25kN/m
• Strip C, (64.45)*2.85 = 183.68kN/m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
• Strip 2 & Strip 3 (64.45)*6.00 = 386.70kN/m

• Shear force and Bending moment diagrams for each strip

• Strip A
600kN 1800kN 600kN
1800kN

228.80kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
 4

 P  600  1800 1800 600  4800kN

i 1
i

• R = 228.80* 18.70 =4278.56kN

• V = P- R = 4800-4278.56 =521.44  0

• Hence take average of P and R

• I.e., (4800 +4278.56 )/2 =4539.28kN

• avg = (4539.28)/18.70 =242.74kN/m

• P1avg = P4avg = (4539.28/4800) *600 =567.41kN
• P2avg = P3avg = (4539.28/4800) *1800 =1702.23kN
 567.41kN 1702.23kN 567.41kN
1702.23kN

242.74kN/m
0.35 6.00 6.00 6.00 0.35
973.99kN
1.99m 728.24N
3.00m 482.45kN
84.96kN 4.01m

SFD
482.45kN 84.96kN
464.57kN-m 464.57kN-m
728.24kN 397.09kN-m
973.99kN
BMD
14.87kN-m 14.87kN-m

1489.48kN-m 1489.48kN-m
• Strip 1 &Strip 4, (64.45)*3.35 = 215.91kN/m
600kN 600kN
750kN

215.910kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
4

 P  600  750  600  1950kN

i 1
i

• R = 215.91* 11.40=2461.37kN
• V = P- R = 1950-2461.37 = -511.37  0
• Hence take average of P and R
• I.e., (1950+2461.37 )/2 =2205.69kN
• avg = (2205.69)/11.40 =193.48kN/m
• P1avg = P3avg = (2205.69/1950) *600 =678.67kN
• P2avg = (2205.69/1950) *750 =848.34kN
 678.67kN 678.67kN
848.34kN

193.48kN/m
1.05 5.00 5.00 0.35
491.88kN 610.94kN
1.84m
2.46m
203.15kN
SFD

67.73kN
475.52kN 477.68kN-m 356.46kN

180.78kN-m

BMD
11.85kN-m
147.56kN-m
106.66kN-m
Design of rectangular combined
footing
• Example
• Given Column 1 size 30x 30
Reinf. 422
Column 2 size 40x 40cm
Reinf. 424
Ultimate soil bearing pressure , qult = 150kPa
• fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa

• C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,

• Required:- Design of rectangular combined footing

 800kN 1200kN
Property line 350m

a
 SOLUTION
• Proportioning of footing
R
800kN 1200kN
X’
15cm 350cm

• R = 800 +1200 = 2000kN

• RX’ = 1200 *350  X’ = (1200 *350)/2000 = 210cm
• a = 2 ( X’ + 15) = 450 cm
• qult = R/A = 2000/ (4.50*b)
• 150 = 2000/(4.50 *b)  b =2.96m
• Take b =3.00m
• Actual contact pressure
•  = R/ab = 2000/ (4.50*3.00) = 148.15kPa < qult ……….. ok

• Shear force and bending moment diagrams

0.30m 3.15m 0.40m 0.65m
800kN 1200kN

822.24kN 148.15*3=444.45kN/m
1.65m d

66.67kN

377.76kN
599.99kN-m
733.33kN

5.00kN-m
160.59kN-m
• Thickness of the footing
• Wide beam shear
• The magnitude of the wide beam shear is read off from the shear
force diagram at a distance of d from the face of the column.
• V = 444.45 (3.45 –d) -800 =733.35-444.45d
• Take d= 0.60m and  = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017
• Then, V =466.68kN
• The wide beam shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given
by
Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.6 = 1
Vud = 0.25 *1*1.085*1*3.0*0.60 =0.488MN =488kN>V …OK!
 • Punching shear

1.5d +0.30 =1.2 1.5d +0.40 +0.65=1.95

3d+0.3=2.1

3d+0.4=2.2
300cm

1.5d +0.30 =1.2 1.5d +0.40 +0.65=1.95

450cm

• Perimeters Pr1 =1.2+1.2+2.1 =4.5m

Pr2 =1.95+1.95+2.2=6.1m
• Net shear force developed under column 1
V1= 800 -148.15*(1.2*2.1) =426.66kN
• Net shear force developed under column 2
V2 = 1200-148.15* (1.95*2.2)=564.43kN
• Punching shear resistance
Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)
d= 0.60m and  = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017
k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.6 = 1
u1 = Pr1 =4.5m , u2 = Pr1 = 6.1m
• Punching shear resistance under column 1
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1*4.5*0.6=732.38kN > V1…… ok!
• Punching shear resistance under column 2
• Vup = 0.25 *1000* 1.085*1*6.1*0.6=992.78kN > V2………… ok!
• Moment capacity of concrete
M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33103  3.00  0.6
2

 3915.65kN  m  M max ....Ok!

• Calculation of reinforcement
– Long direction
The reinforcement shall be calculated for the maximum moment
Mmax = 599.99kN-m
 f  2M 
  cd 1  1  2 
f yd
 f cd bd 
11.33  2  599.99 
  1  1    0.0022   min
11.33  103  3.0  0.6 
2
260.87  
As  bd  0.0022 300  60  39.6cm 2

Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm2

No. of bars , n= 39.6/3.14 =12.6 , use 13 bars
Spacing = (300-2*5)/ (n-1) =24.2cm

Use 13  20 c/c 240mm

 – Short direction

l1 = (3-0.3)/2 = 1.35m l2 = (3-0.4)/2

, = 1.30m

a’+d/2= 2.55 m a’+d= 0 .35 m

0.3+0.3=0.60m 0.4+0.6=1.0m

Effective width at exterior and interior columns being a+d/2 and

a+d, respectively
• Contact pressure under columns 1 and 2
800
1   444.44kN / m 2
3.00 X 0.60

1200
2   400kN / m 2
3.00 X 1.00
• Bending moment
• M1 =444.44 *1.35*0.60*1.35/2 = 243kN-m

• M2 = 400 * 1.30 *1.00 * 1.30/2 = 338kN-m

• Calculation of Reinforcements
– Under column 1
Moment capacity of concrete
M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33103  0.60  0.58
2

 731.79kN  m  M 1....Ok!

f  2M 
  cd1  1  2 
f yd
 f cd bd 
11.33  2  243 
  1  1    0.0049   min ....ok!
11.33 103  0.60  0.58
2
260.87  
As  bd  0.0049 60  58  17.05cm 2
Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm
No. of bars , n= 17.05/3.14 =5.4 , use 6 bars
Spacing = (60-5)/ (n-1) =9.2cm
Use 6  20 c/c 90mm

– Under column 2
Moment capacity of concrete
M  0.32  f cd  bd 2
 0.32 11.33103 1.00  0.58
2

 1219.65kN  m  M 2 ....Ok!
 f cd 2M 
 1  1  2 
f yd f cd bd 
11.33  2  338 
 1  1  2 
 0.0040   min ....ok!
260.87  11.33  10 1  0.58 
3

As  bd  0.0040100  58  23.20cm 2

Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm

No. of bars , n= 23.20/3.14 =7.4 , use 8 bars
Spacing = (100)/ (n-1) =14.3cm
Use 8  20 c/c 140mm
• The reinforcement between the two strips will be nominal
reinforcement to prevent shrinkage cracks
• Short direction
• Asmin = min bd = 0.0017 *255 *58 =25.14cm2
 Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm
No. of bars , n= 25.14/3.14 = 8 , use 8 bars
Spacing = (245)/ (7)
=35cm < 400mm (smax for secondary bars)……. ok
Use 8  20 c/c 350mm
•Long direction
Asmin = min bd = 0.0017 *300 *60 =30.60cm2
No. of bars , n= 30.16/3.14 = 9.7 , use 10 bars
Spacing = (300-10)/ (9)
=32.2cm < 400mm (smax for secondary bars)……. ok
Use 10  20 c/c 320mm
•Cantilever portion
–Bottom reinforcement , long direction
–Critical moment from bending moment diagram is M =160.59kN-m
f  2M 
  cd 1  1  2 
f yd f cd bd 
11.33  2 160.59 
 1  1  2 
 0.00057   min
260.87  11.3310  3  0.60 
3

As   minbd  0.0017 300  60  30.60cm 2

Use  = 20, as = 3.14cm

No. of bars , n= 30.6/3.14 =9.7 , use 10 bars
Spacing = (300-2*5)/ 9 =32.22cm
Use 10  20 c/c 320mm
 Short direction
Provide minimum reinforcement
• Asmin = min bd = 0.0017 *35 *58 =3.45cm2
• No. of bars , n= 3.45/3.14 =1.1 , use 2 bars
Spacing = (25)/ 2 =12.5cm
Use 2  20 c/c 125mm

• Development length
• Short direction
• Under column 1
 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1
• Available development length, la =135-5=130cm < ld
Bend the bars upward with a minimum length of 10cm
• Under column 2

 f yd 2  260.87
ld    130.44cm
4 f bd 4 1

• Available development length, la =130-5=125cm < ld

Bend the bars upward with a minimum length of 10cm
Design of eccentrically loaded
foundation
Eccentric Loads or Moments
Eccentric Loads or Moments
Two-way Eccentric Loads or
Moments
 ea
.
b eb

a
max
 = P/ab (16eb/b 6ea/a)
min
For contact pressure to remain (+) ve
everywhere,
6e B 6e L
  1.0
B L
Examples
Given R.C. column size 30X50 cm with 4φ22.
P = 1500kN
M = 375 kN-m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure = 400kPa
fyk = 300MPa⇒ fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa
C25 ⇒fck= 20MPa⇒fctk = 1.5 MPa,
Required:- Design of rectangular R.C. footing
Solution

Contact pressure