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com

All formulas
Ca foundation mathematics
(112 formulas)
Use this PDF with Formula Revision Marathon
Marathon Link: https://youtu.be/SRMg3Yh3kNE

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Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com

CA. PRANAV POPAT

• Chartered Accountant by Qualification
• Educator Dil Se
• Qualified all CA levels in very first attempt
• My Aim is to remove Maths Phobia from commerce
background students and make Stats and Maths as their
strength to crack CA Exam
• Educator at Unacademy for CA Foundation Maths, LR and
Stats and CA Intermediate Cost and Management
Accounting
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Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a :b then

b
new quantity =  original quantity
a
The fraction by which the original quantity is multiplied to get a new
quantity is called the factor multiplying ratio.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
1
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
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› Inverse Ratio: One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is

1. Thus b : a is the inverse of a : b and vice-versa.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
2
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.

› Compounding two or more ratios means multiplying them.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.

2 2
a :b is the duplicate ratio of a:b

3 3
a :b is the triplicate ratio of a:b

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CA Foundation Paper 3
4
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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a: b is the sub-duplicate ratio of a:b

3 3
a: b is the sub-triplicate ratio of a:b

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CA Foundation Paper 3
5
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Continued Ratio: is the relation or comparison between the

magnitudes of three or more quantities of same kind.
› The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c can be written
as a:b:c

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CA Foundation Paper 3
6
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Cross Product Rule: If a : b = c : d are in proportion then ad = bc

Product of extremes = Product of means

› Continuous Proportion: Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in

same units) are said to be in continuous proportion if a : b = b : c

a b
= b = ac
2
b c

7
here, a = first proportional, c = third proportional and
b is mean proportional (because b is GM of a and c)

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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› Invertendo

If a : b = c : d, then

b:a = d :c

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CA Foundation Paper 3
8
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Alternendo

If a : b = c : d, then

a:c = b:d

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CA Foundation Paper 3
9
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Componendo

If a : b = c : d, then

a + b:b = c + d :d

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CA Foundation Paper 3
10
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Dividendo

If a : b = c : d, then

a −b:b = c − d :d

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CA Foundation Paper 3
11
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
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› Componendo and Dividendo

If a : b = c : d, then
a+b c+d
=
a −b c −d

a −b c −d
=
a+b c+d

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CA Foundation Paper 3
12
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Addendo

If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k

a + c + e + ...
then =k
b + d + f + ...

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CA Foundation Paper 3
13
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
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› Subtrahendo

If a:b = c:d = e:f = … = k

then a − c − e + ...
=k
b − d − f + ...

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CA Foundation Paper 3
14
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Indices – Standard Results
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› Any base raised to the power zero is defined to be 1

a =1
0

› Roots can also be expressed in the form of power.

1
r
a =a r

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CA Foundation Paper 3
15
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 1
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m+n
a a = a
m n

› If two or more terms with same base are multiplied, we can make
them one term having the same base and power as sum of all
powers.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
16
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 2
m
a
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m−n
n
= a
a
› If two or more terms with same base are in division, we can make
them one term having the same base and power as difference of
power.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
17
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 3

(a )
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n
mn
m
=a
› If a term having power is raised to another power, we can do
product of powers to simplify the expression

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CA Foundation Paper 3
18
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 4
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(a  b)
n
= a bn n

› If a product of two or more terms is raised to power, we can split

the two terms with same individual power to each one of them.

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CA Foundation Paper 3
19
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Calculator Trick for Power
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Base × = = = =

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CA Foundation Paper 3
20
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Calculator Trick for Reciprocal
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÷ =

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CA Foundation Paper 3
21
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Calculator Trick for any root
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Base √ √ √ … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 −1 ÷ 𝑛
+1 ×= ×= ×= … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠

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CA Foundation Paper 3
22
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Calculator Trick for any power (including non integer)
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Base √ √ √ … 12 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 −1 × 𝑛
+1 ×= ×= ×= …

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CA Foundation Paper 3
23
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Log Conditions
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› The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to

which the base must be raised to produce the number, i.e. to make it
equal to the given number.

3 = 81 log 3 81 = 4
4

› If a x = n then log a n = x

› Conditions:
– Number should be positive
– Base should be positive
– Base cannot be equal to one
n  0, a  0, a  1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
24
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Standard Results of Log
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› Log of a number with same base as number is equal to 1

log a a = 1
› Log of 1 (one) for any base is equal to zero

log a 1 = 0

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CA Foundation Paper 3
25
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 1
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› Logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the

logarithms of the numbers to the same base

log a mn = log a m + log a n

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CA Foundation Paper 3
26
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 2
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› The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the

difference of their logarithms to the same base

m
log a = log a m − log a n
n

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CA Foundation Paper 3
27
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Law 3
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› Logarithm of the number raised to the power is equal to the index

of the power multiplied by the logarithm of the number to the same
base.

log a m = n log a m
n

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CA Foundation Paper 3
28
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Change of Base Theorem
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› If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the

logarithm of the same number to any other base can be
determined from the following relation

log m log a m
log b m = =
log b log a b

log b a  log a b = 1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
29
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Base of Log
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› Common Log’s Base

10
› Natural Log’s Base

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CA Foundation Paper 3
30
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Quadratic Equation
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› Equation having degree = 2 is called as Quadratic Equation

› QE will have two roots/ solutions usually denoted by ,
› Equation Format
ax + bx + c = 0
2

where,
a is coefficient of x2
b is coefficient of x
c is constant
a≠0

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CA Foundation Paper 3
31
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Solution of Quadratic Equation
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ax + bx + c = 0
2

› Formula to calculate roots:

−b  b − 4ac 2

2a
where,
a is coefficient of x2

32
b is coefficient of x
c is constant
a≠0
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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Sum and Product of Roots of QE
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ax + bx + c = 0
2

› Sum of roots
b
 + =−
a

c
› Product of roots  =
a

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CA Foundation Paper 3
33
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› Construction of Quadratic Equation

If sum of roots and product of roots are given, equation can be constructed in the below
manner:

x − ( +  ) x +  = 0
2

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CA Foundation Paper 3
34
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› Concept of discriminant – to get nature of roots

Discriminant of QE is the mathematical expression which is used to understand nature of
roots of QE, it is expressed as below:

b − 4ac
2

Condition Nature of Roots

b 2 − 4ac = 0 Real and Equal
b 2 − 4ac  0 Imaginary
b 2 − 4ac  0 Real and Unequal
b 2 − 4ac  0 and a perfect square Real, Unequal and Rational
b 2 − 4ac  0 & not a perfect square Real, Unequal and Irrational

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CA Foundation Paper 3
35
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Downloaded From www.castudynotes.com
Formula Marathon for Maths, LR and Stats by CAPRANAV

› Conjugate Pairs
– If one root of the equation is

m+ n
– The other one is surely

m− n
– This pair is called as conjugate pairs

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CA Foundation Paper 3
36
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Simple Equation
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› Equation of one degree and having one unknown variable is

simple.
› A simple equation has only one root.
› Form of Equation:

ax + b = 0
where,
a is coefficient of x
b is constant
a≠0
› Solution Method – Direct basic algebra

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CA Foundation Paper 3
37
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Simultaneous Linear Equations (two unknowns)
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› Here we always deal with two equations as it consist of 2

unknowns
› Form:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
where,
a is coefficient of x
b is coefficient of y
c is constant
a≠0

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CA Foundation Paper 3
38
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Methods of Solution
DownloadedSimultaneous Linear Equations
From www.castudynotes.com
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› Elimination Method: In this method two given linear equations are reduced to a linear
equation in one unknown by eliminating one of the unknowns and then solving for the
other unknown.
› Substitution Method: equation is written in the form of one variable in LHS and that value
is substituted in other equation.
› Cross Multiplication Method: Formula based method

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 x y 1
= =
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 b1c2 − b2c1 c1a2 − c2 a1 a1b2 − a2b1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
39
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Cubic Equation
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› Form:

ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
where,
a is coefficient of x3
b is coefficient of x2
c is coefficient of x
d is constant
a≠0

› Method of solution: Trial and Error

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CA Foundation Paper 3
40
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Addition/Subtraction of Matrices
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› Property
– Commutative Law:
A+ B = B + A
– Associative Law: ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C )

– Distributive Law: k ( A + B ) = kA + kB

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CA Foundation Paper 3
41
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Multiplication of Matrices
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› Condition
– The product A x B of two matrices A and B is defined only if the number of
columns in Matrix A is equal to the number of rows in Matrix B.

Amn  Bn p = ABm p

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CA Foundation Paper 3
42
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Determinant – 2x2
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› If a square matrix of order 2 x 2 is given

 a11 a12  a11 a12

A=  det A =
 a21 a22  a21 a22

det A = a11  a22 − a12  a21

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CA Foundation Paper 3
43
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Determinant – 3x3
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› If a square matrix of order 3 x 3 is given

 a11 a12 a13  a11 a12 a13

A =  a21 a22 a23  det A = a21 a22 a23
a a33 
 31 a32 a31 a32 a33

a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

det A = a11 − a12 + a13

44
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Minors and Cofactors
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› Minor of the element of a determinant is the determinant of Mij by

deleting ith row and jth column in which element is existing.

Cij = ( −1)
i+ j
M ij

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CA Foundation Paper 3
45
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Inverse of Matrix
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−1
1
𝐴 = × 𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
det 𝐴

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CA Foundation Paper 3
46
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Cramer’s Rule
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𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥 = ,𝑦 = ,𝑧 =
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥

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CA Foundation Paper 3
47
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Simple Interest
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P.r.t
SI =
100
P = principal value
r = rate of interest per annum
t = time period in years

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CA Foundation Paper 3
48
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Simple Interest
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› Amount as per SI

P.r.t rt
A = P + SI = P + = P (1 + )
100 100

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CA Foundation Paper 3
49
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Conversion Period
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CA Foundation Paper 3
50
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Compound Interest Amount
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– Calculation of Accumulated Amount under CI denoted by A

A = P (1 + i ) n

where,
P = Initial Principal
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

r%
i= n = t  noccpy

51
nocppy

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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Compound Interest Amount by Trick
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› Calculator Tricks for Amount as per CI

– Example: P= 1000, i = 10%, n = 3 then

Calculator Steps to obtain A:

1000 + 10 % + 10 % + 10 %

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CA Foundation Paper 3
52
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Compound Interest
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› Formula for Compound Interest

– Calculation of Compound Interest Value denoted by CI

CI = P[(1 + i ) − 1] n

– where,
P = Initial Principal
i = adjusted interest rate r%
n = no. of periods
i= n = t  noccpy
nocppy

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CA Foundation Paper 3
53
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Effective Rate of Interest
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E = [(1 + i ) − 1] n

where,
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods in a year

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CA Foundation Paper 3
54
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Future Value – Single Cashflow
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FV = CF (1 + i ) n

where,
CF = Single Cashflow of which FV is to be calculated
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

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CA Foundation Paper 3
55
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Future Value – Annuity Regular
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FVAR = Ai  FVAF (n, i )

Future Value Annuity Factor:
It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
to obtain Final Future Value

[(1 + i ) − 1]  n
FVAR = Ai   
 i 
where,
FVAR = Future Value of Annuity Regular
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
FVAF = Future Value Annuity Factor
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

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CA Foundation Paper 3
56
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Future Value – Annuity Due
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› Formula:
Future Value Annuity Factor:
FVAD = Ai  FVAF (n, i )  (1 + i ) It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
to obtain Final Future Value

[(1 + i ) n − 1] 
FVAD = Ai     (1 + i )
 i 
where,
FVAD= Future Value of Annuity Due
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
FVAF = Future Value Annuity Factor
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

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CA Foundation Paper 3
57
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Present Value – Single Cashflow
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CF
PV =
(1 + i ) n

where,
CF = Single Cashflow for which PV is to be calculated
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

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CA Foundation Paper 3
58
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Compounding and Discounting Factor
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› Compounding
– Finding Future Value of any Cashflow
– Compounding Factor:
(1 + i ) n

› Discounting
– Finding Present Value of any Cashflow
– Discounting Factor:
1

(1 + i ) n

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CA Foundation Paper 3
59
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Present Value – Annuity Regular
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PVAR = Ai  PVAF (n, i )

1  1  Present Value Annuity Factor:
It is a multiplier for Annuity Value
PVAR = Ai    1 − n  to obtain Final Present Value
 i  (1 + i ) 
where,
PVAR = Present Value of Annuity Regular
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
PVAF = Present Value Annuity Factor
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods

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CA Foundation Paper 3
60
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Calculator trick of PVAF
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1 + i  = = ...n − times GT

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CA Foundation Paper 3
61
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Present Value – Annuity Due
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PVAD =  Ai  PVAF (n − 1), i + Ai

where,
PVAD = Present Value of Annuity Due
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
PVAF = Present Value Annuity Factor
i = adjusted interest rate
n = no. of periods
n-1 = one lesser period

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CA Foundation Paper 3
62
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Perpetuity
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Ai
PVP =
i
where,
PVP = Present Value of Perpetuity
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
i = adjusted interest rate

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CA Foundation Paper 3
63
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Growing Perpetuity
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Ai
PVGP =
i−g
where,
PVGP = Present Value of Growing Perpetuity
Ai = Annuity Value (Installment)
i = adjusted interest rate
g = growth rate

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CA Foundation Paper 3
64
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Net Present Value
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› Formula
– NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows – Present Value of Cash Outflows
› Decision Base:
– If NPV ≥ 0, accept the proposal, If NPV < 0, reject the proposal

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CA Foundation Paper 3
65
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Real Rate of Return
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› Meaning:
– The real interest rate is named so to show what a lender or investor receives
in real terms after inflation is factored in.
› Formula:
– Real Rate of Return = Nominal Rate of Return – Rate of Inflation

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CA Foundation Paper 3
66
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 CAGR
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› Compounded Annual Growth rate is the interest rate we used in

Compound Interest.
› It is used to see returns on investment on yearly basis

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CA Foundation Paper 3
67
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Rules of Counting
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› Multiplication Rule
– If certain thing may be done in ‘m’ different ways and when it has been done,
a second thing can be done in ‘n ‘ different ways then total number of ways
of doing both things simultaneously is (m × n) ways

› Addition Rule
– It there are two alternative jobs which can be done in ‘m’ ways and in ‘n’ ways
respectively then either of two jobs can be done in (m + n) ways

Word Used Use

OR + Plus
AND × Product

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CA Foundation Paper 3
68
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Factorial
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› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 … 3.2.1
› 𝑛! = 1.2.3 … 𝑛 − 2 𝑛 − 1 𝑛
› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 !
› 𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 !
› 0! = 1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
69
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Factorial Values
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Value of n Value of n! Value of n Value of n!

1 1 8 40320
2 2 9 362880
3 6 10 3628800
4 24 11 39916800
5 120 12 479001600
6 720 13 6227020800
7 5040 14 871178291200

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CA Foundation Paper 3
70
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Theorem of Permutations
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Number of Permutations when 𝑟 objects are chosen out of 𝑛 different

objects
𝑛 𝑛!
𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Few Observations:
𝑛≥𝑟
𝑛 is a positive integer

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CA Foundation Paper 3
71
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Particular Case of theorem (n = r)
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Number of Permutations when 𝑛 objects are chosen out of 𝑛

different objects
𝑛
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛!

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CA Foundation Paper 3
72
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Special Formula (Must Remember)
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(𝑛 + 1)! – 𝑛! = 𝑛. 𝑛!

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CA Foundation Paper 3
73
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Circular Permutations
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› Theorem:
– The number of circular permutations of n different things chosen
at a time is (𝑛– 1)!

– Note: this theorem applies only when we choose all of n things

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CA Foundation Paper 3
74
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Circular Permutations (Type II)
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› number of ways of arranging n persons along a closed curve so

that no person has the same two neighbours is
1
𝑛−1 !
2
› Same formula will apply if ask is to find number of different forms of necklaces/ garlands

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CA Foundation Paper 3
75
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Permutation with Restriction : Theorem 1
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› Number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time

when a particular object is not taken in any arrangement is

𝑛−1
𝑃𝑟

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CA Foundation Paper 3
76
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Permutations with Restrictions : Theorem 2
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› Number of permutations of r objects out of n distinct objects when

a particular object is always included in any arrangement is

𝑛−1
𝑟. 𝑃𝑟−1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
77
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Relation between restriction theorem
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𝑛−1
𝑃𝑟 + 𝑟. 𝑛−1
𝑃𝑟−1 = 𝑛
𝑃𝑟

One particular thing

always included

Total
Permutations

One particular thing

always excluded

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CA Foundation Paper 3
78
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 No. of ways when things are never together
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Ways of Never Together =

Total ways – Ways of always together

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CA Foundation Paper 3
79
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Theorem of Combinations
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Number of Combinations when 𝑟 objects are chosen out of 𝑛

different objects
𝑛 𝑛!
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
Few Observations:
›𝑛≥𝑟
› 𝑛 is a positive integer

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CA Foundation Paper 3
80
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Linkage of PNC Theorems
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𝑛
𝑛 𝑃𝑟
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟!
Few Observations:
›𝑛≥𝑟
› 𝑛 is a positive integer

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CA Foundation Paper 3
81
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Special Result of Combinations
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𝑛
𝐶0 = 1
𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = 1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
82
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Complimentary Combinations
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𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟

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CA Foundation Paper 3
83
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Special Formula of Combination
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𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶𝑟−1 𝑛

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CA Foundation Paper 3
84
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Combinations of one or more
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Combinations of n different things taking one or more out of n things

at a time
2𝑛 −1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
85
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Geometry in PNC
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Particulars Tips to Solve

No. of Straight Lines with 𝑛
the given 𝑛 points 𝐶2
2 is used as we need to select two points to make a line
No. of Triangles with the 𝑛
given 𝑛 points 𝐶3
3 is used as we need to select two points to make a line
Adjustment of Collinear If there are collinear points in any problem, no. of lines or
Points triangles formed using those points should be deducted
from total no. of lines/ triangles
No. of Parallelogram with
𝑛 𝑚
the given one set of 𝑚
2 𝐶 × 𝐶 2
parallel lines and another
Selecting 2 lines from each set of parallel lines
set of 𝑛 parallel lines
No. of Diagonals 𝑛
𝐶2 − 𝑛
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CA Foundation Paper 3
86
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Common Difference of AP
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d = t2 − t1 = t3 − t2 = ... = tn − tn −1

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CA Foundation Paper 3
87
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 General Term of an AP
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tn = a + (n − 1)d
where,
a = first term
d = common difference
n = position number of term

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CA Foundation Paper 3
88
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 General Term of an AP
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tn = a + (n − 1)d
Calculator Trick:

a  d = = = ... =
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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CA Foundation Paper 3
89
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Sum of first n terms of an AP
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n n
S n = ( a + tn ) Sn = 2a + (n − 1)d 
2 2
where,
a = first term
d = common difference
n = position number of term
tn = nth term of AP

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CA Foundation Paper 3
90
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Sum of first n terms of an AP
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n n
S n = ( a + tn ) Sn = 2a + (n − 1)d 
2 2
Calculator Trick

a  d = = = ... = GT + a
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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CA Foundation Paper 3
91
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Sum of first n natural or counting numbers
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n(n + 1)
S=
2

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92
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Sum of first n odd numbers
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S =n 2

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93
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
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n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
S=
6

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94
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers
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2
 n(n + 1) 
S = 
 2 

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95
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Common Ratio of GP
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t 2 t3 t n
r= = =
t1 t2 tn −1

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96
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 General Term of an GP
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n −1
tn = ar
where,
a = first term
r = common ratio
n = position number of term

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CA Foundation Paper 3
97
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 General Term of an AP
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n −1
tn = ar
Calculator Trick:

r  a = = = ... =
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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CA Foundation Paper 3
98
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Sum of first n terms of a GP
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a (1 − r ) n
a (r − 1) n
Sn = Sn =
1− r r −1
Use when r < 1 Use when r > 1

where,
a = first term
r = common ratio

99
n = position number of term

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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Sum of first n terms of a GP
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a (1 − r ) n
a (r − 1) n
Sn = Sn =
1− r r −1
Calculator Trick

r  a = = = ... = GT + a
t 2 t3 t 4 tn
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100
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Sum of Infinite Geometric Series
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a
S = Can be used only
if -1 < r < 1
1− r
where,
a = first term
r = common ratio
n = position number of term

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101
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Subset
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› No. of possible subset of any set

Total = 2𝑛

Proper= 2 -1
𝑛

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102
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 De Morgan’s Law
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› (P∪Q)’ = P’∩Q’

› (P∩Q)’ = P’∪Q’

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103
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 2 Set Operations Formulas
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› n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)

– Proof:
› Example: A = {6, 2, 4, 1} B = {2, 4, 3}

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104
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 3 Set Operations Formula
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› n(A∪B∪C) =
n(A) + n(B) + n(C) –
n(A∩B) – n(B∩C) – n(A∩C) +
n(A∩B∩C)

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105
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Composition of Functions
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› 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

› 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

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106
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Step Method of finding inverse of f
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1. Write your function in the form of y

– 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

2. From above expression, find the value of 𝑥

– 𝑥=

3. Interchange value of x and y, now the RHS is Inverse function

– 𝑦=

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107
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Differentiation Basic Formulas
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𝒇 ( 𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
𝒅 𝒏
𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 ) 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(𝒆 ) 𝒆𝒙
𝒅
(𝒂𝒙 ) 𝒂𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒂
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
(𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝒙
(𝒆 ) 𝒂𝒆𝒂𝒙

108
𝒅 𝟏
(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝒙
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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Basic Laws of Differentiation
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Function Derivative of the Function

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄. 𝒇(𝒙) where c is a real constant, scalar 𝒅 𝒅

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒄. {𝒇(𝒙)}
multiplication of function 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± {𝒈(𝒙)}
sum/ difference of function 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙). 𝒈(𝒙)

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙)
Product of functions 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒇(𝒙)
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒅 𝒅

109
𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅 𝒈( 𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒉( 𝒙 ) = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Quotient of Function
𝒅𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟐

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Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Cost and Revenue Functions
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Cost Function y = C ( x)
C ( x)
Average Cost A( x) =
x
Average Cost is
minimum or maximum A '( x) = 0
when

dC
Marginal Cost M ( x) =
dx
Marginal Cost is
minimum or maximum M '( x) = 0
when

dR

110
Marginal Revenue MR( x) =
dx

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Formula marathonQUIZ NO. 1 CA Foundation Paper 3
 Integration – Basic Formulas
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111
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1
 Integration by Parts – ILATE Rule
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112
CA Foundation Paper 3
Formula marathon
QUIZ NO. 1