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    Anatomy Lymphedema

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    dead yrroeh
    The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels that transport lymph, and structures like lymph nodes and organs such as the thymus and spleen. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and transport it through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and add immune cells. The lymph eventually returns to the blood circulation through two main ducts that drain into large veins in the neck. The lymphatic system helps circulate fluids and mount immune responses throughout the body.

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    Anatomy Lymphedema

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    dead yrroeh
    19 views29 pages
    The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels that transport lymph, and structures like lymph nodes and organs such as the thymus and spleen. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and transport it through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and add immune cells. The lymph eventually returns to the blood circulation through two main ducts that drain into large veins in the neck. The lymphatic system helps circulate fluids and mount immune responses throughout the body.

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    Anatomy lymphedema

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    The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels that transport lymph, and structures like lymph nodes and organs such as the thymus and spleen. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and transport it through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and add immune cells. The lymph eventually returns to the blood circulation through two main ducts that drain into large veins in the neck. The lymphatic system helps circulate fluids and mount immune responses throughout the body.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views29 pages

    Anatomy Lymphedema

    Uploaded by

    dead yrroeh
    The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels that transport lymph, and structures like lymph nodes and organs such as the thymus and spleen. Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid from tissues and transport it through lymph nodes, which filter the lymph and add immune cells. The lymph eventually returns to the blood circulation through two main ducts that drain into large veins in the neck. The lymphatic system helps circulate fluids and mount immune responses throughout the body.

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    of 29

    The Components of Lymphatic

    System
    What is lymphatic system?
    - Consists of a fluid called lymph, and vessels called lymphatic vessels that
    transport the lymph, number of structures and organs , and red bone marrow.
    - The lymphatic system assists in circulating body fluids and helps defend the
    body against disease causing agents.

    Functions of the lymphatic system


    1. Drains excess interstitial fluid
    2. Transports dietary lipids
    3. Carries out immune responses
    Lymphatic
    systems major
    components
    Vessels
    - Like arteries and veins, lymphatic
    vessels sprawl in a connected system
    to collect the lymph that leaks from the
    blood capillaries and conduct it to the
    large veins of the neck at the junction
    of the internal jugular vein and the
    subclavian vein. The network functions
    to return lymph to the general
    circulation.
    Nodes

    - They filter the lymph that passes


    through the vessels and add
    lymphocytes to it. Lymphocytes are a
    type of white blood cell. There are two
    types, small lymphocytes and large
    lymphocytes, and they defend the host
    from disease and infection.
    The Tonsils

    - Tonsils are lymphoepithelial tissues


    located in your mouth and throat.
    The Thymus
    - The thymus is a little organ that sits right above
    your heart. It is in the thymus that T-cells—which
    target pathogens and infections—mature and
    become specialized. The thymus (shown in blue)
    is that of an average adult. An infant's thymus is
    quite large; as you age the thymus atrophies and is
    replaced by adipose (fat) tissue.
    The Spleen

    - The spleen (shown in blue), the largest organ of


    the lymphatic system, processes blood and
    removes dead or defective red blood cells, and
    keeps a reserve of blood in case of
    hemorrhaging. It also produces new red blood
    cells in a developing fetus. The spleen also
    serves as a site where lymphocyte populations
    increase.
    Organization of lymphatic
    vessels
    The lymphatic vessels start with the collection of lymph fluid from the interstitial fluid. This fluid is mainly water from
    plasma that leaks into the interstitial space in the tissues due to pressure forces exerted by capillaries (hydrostatic
    pressure) or through osmotic forces from proteins (osmotic pressure). When the pressure for interstitial fluid in the
    interstitial space becomes large enough it leaks into lymph capillaries, which are the site for lymph fluid collection.

    Like cardiovascular capillaries, lymph capillaries are well distributed throughout most of the body’s tissues, though they
    are mostly absent in bone or nervous system tissue. In comparison to cardiovascular capillaries, lymphatic capillaries
    are larger, distributed throughout connective tissues, and have a dead end that completely prevents backflow of lymph.
    That means the lymphatic system is an open system with linear flow, while the cardiovascular system is a closed
    system with true circular flow.

    Lymph flows in one direction toward the heart. Lymph vessels become larger, with better developed smooth muscle
    and valves to keep lymph moving forward despite the low pressure and adventia to support the lymph vessels. As the
    lymph vessels become larger, their function changes from collecting fluid from the tissues to propelling fluid
    forward. Lymph nodes found closer to the heart filter lymph fluid before it is returned to venous circulation through one
    of the two lymph ducts.
    LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND TISSUES
    PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS SECONDARY LYMPHATIC
    AND TISSUES ORGANS AND TISSUES
    ● Stem cells divide and become ● Most immune response occur
    immunocompetent ● Lymph nodes
    ● Spleen
    ORGANS: Red bone marrow and thymus
    ● Lymphatic nodules
    ● Pluripotent stem cells
    ORGANS: thymus, lymph nodes and spleen
    ● B cells and to Pre-T cells Lymphatic nodules are not organs because they
    lack capsule
    pre-T cells turn to migrate to the thymus
    Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
    Lymphatic Vessels
    ● Lymphatic vessels begin
    as lymphatic capillaries.

    - Unite to form larger


    lymphatic vessels

    ● Lymph flows through


    lymph nodes,
    encapsulated
    bean-shaped organs
    consisting of masses of
    B cells and T cells.
    Lymphatic Vessels
    ● Lymphatic vessels lie in the
    subcutaneous tissue and
    generally follow the same
    route as veins.
    ● Lymphatic vessels of the
    viscera generally follow
    arteries, forming plexuses
    (networks) around them.
    ● Tissues that lack lymphatic
    capillaries include avascular
    tissues (such as cartilage, the
    epidermis, and the cornea of
    the eye), the central nervous
    system, portions of the
    spleen, and red bone
    marrow.
    Lymphatic Capillaries
    ● Have greater
    permeability than blood
    capillaries
    ● Can absorb large
    molecules such as
    proteins and lipids.
    ● Slightly larger in
    diameter than blood
    capillaries and
    ● Have a unique one-way
    structure that permits
    interstitial fluid to flow
    into them but not out.
    Lymphatic Capillaries
    ● When pressure is greater in
    the interstitial fluid than in
    lymph, the cells separate
    slightly, like the opening of
    a one-way swinging door,
    and interstitial fluid enters
    the lymphatic capillary.
    ● When pressure is greater
    inside the lymphatic
    capillary, the cells adhere
    more closely, and lymph
    cannot escape back into
    interstitial fluid.
    Lymphatic Capillaries
    ● Attached to the lymphatic
    capillaries are anchoring
    filaments, which contain
    elastic fibers.

    - When excess interstitial


    fluid accumulates and
    causes tissue swelling,
    the anchoring filaments
    are pulled, making the
    openings between cells
    even larger so that more
    fluid can flow into the
    lymphatic capillary.
    Lymphatic Capillaries
    ● In the small intestine,
    specialized lymphatic
    capillaries called lacteals
    carry dietary lipids into
    lymphatic vessels and
    ultimately into the blood

    -The presence of these lipids


    causes the lymph draining
    from the small intestine to
    appear creamy white; such
    lymph is referred to as chyle.

    ● Elsewhere, lymph is a clear,


    pale-yellow fluid.
    Lymph trunks and ducts
    ● As lymphatic vessels exit lymph nodes in a particular region of the body, they unite to form lymph trunks.

    The principal trunks are the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks.

    ● The lumbar trunks drain lymph from the lower limbs, the wall and viscera of the pelvis, the kidneys,
    the adrenal glands, and the abdominal wall.
    ● The intestinal trunk drains lymph from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and part of the liver.
    ● The bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from the thoracic wall, lung, and heart.
    ● The subclavian trunks drain the upper limbs.
    ● The jugular trunks drain the head and neck.
    Lymph trunks and ducts
    ● Lymph passes from lymph trunks into two main channels, the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct, and then
    drains into venous blood.
    ● The thoracic (left lymphatic) duct is about 38–45 cm (15–18 in.) long and begins as a dilation called the cisterna chyli
    anterior to the second lumbar vertebra.
    ● The right lymphatic duct is about 1.2 cm (0.5 in.) long and receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian, and
    right bronchomediastinal trunks.
    Formation and Lymph = Interstitial fluid: Plasma;

    flow of lymph Nutrients, Gases, hormones,


    proteins and wastes.

    How is lymph formed and how Excess filtered fluid is drained with
    does it flow? about 3 Liters of blood a day.
    Flow path of Blood capillaries > Interstitial spaces

    lymph > Lymphatic capillaries > Lymphatic


    vessels > Lymphatic ducts > Junction
    of internal jugular and subclavian
    veins
    Why does it Lymphatic vessels have smooth
    muscles (small) and valves.
    flow? Relies on pressure

    Mechanisms of the body that Skeletal pump


    allows lymph to flow Respiratory pump
    Pumps
    Skeletal pump: Respiratory pump:

    Milking action compresses vessels, creating Pressure created when breathing; When inhaling,
    pressure which allows lymph to flow towards the lymph moves to the thoracic region from
    upper extremities. abdominal region (osmosis, high pressure to low
    pressure)

    Also when vessel distends, the smooth muscle


    contracts, allowing lymphs to flow.
    Predict possible
    structures of the
    lymphatic system
    that are involved.
    The anatomical structures that were affected are the lymph vessels and lymph
    nodes.

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