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Comp 3 Measure of Relationship and Effect

The document discusses measuring the relationship between two variables. Correlation analysis is used to establish if a relationship exists between paired variables by describing the nature, strength, and significance of the relationship. A positive relationship occurs when high values in one variable correspond to high values in the other. A negative relationship occurs when high values in one variable correspond to low values in the other. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r) quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables on a scale from -1 to 1. Regression analysis is used to measure the effect of changing an independent variable on a dependent variable.

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55 views6 pages

Comp 3 Measure of Relationship and Effect

The document discusses measuring the relationship between two variables. Correlation analysis is used to establish if a relationship exists between paired variables by describing the nature, strength, and significance of the relationship. A positive relationship occurs when high values in one variable correspond to high values in the other. A negative relationship occurs when high values in one variable correspond to low values in the other. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r) quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables on a scale from -1 to 1. Regression analysis is used to measure the effect of changing an independent variable on a dependent variable.

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MEASURE OF RELATIONSHIP

Instead of comparing populations, a researcher may be interested in


finding out relationship between two variables.

For instance, he may be interested in knowing whether:

• mental ability is related to school performance;


• work performance of employees is significantly related to their level of
morale;
• study habits is significantly related to grades in mathematics;
• religion is related to political affiliation.In all these problems,

The researcher can choose a research design that will help him establish
such relationships. He can study the pattern of values of the paired variables
under investigation.

The statistical technique that will help the researcher establish the relationship
between the paired variables is called correlation analysis.

Correlation analysis is concerned with the linear relationship between two


variables. It aims to:

• describe the nature of relationship between the variables (whether


positive or negative);
• describe the strength linear association between two variables (whether
weak, moderate, or strong); and
• establish the significance of the relationship between the variables.
• if the entire data in the population are analyzed, there is no need to establish
the significance of the obtained nature and strength of relationship of the
variables.
• however, if a sample is used, there is a need to establish the significance of
the relationship to find out if there is evidence to show that the variables are in
fact related in the population from which the sample was obtained.

A positive relationship between two variables occurs when an increase in


value of one variable corresponds to an increase in value of the other
variable. (or that a decrease in value of one variable corresponds to a
decrease
in value of the other variable.)

A negative relationship between two variables exists if high scores on one


variable tend to be accompanied by low scores on the other and conversely

• For example, it has been shown that IQ and academic performance are
positively related.
• This means that a person with high IQ would tend to post good academic
performance in school and in turn a person's good academic performance
is usually associated with his high IQ.

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Examples of variables that are negatively
related are:
• Academic achievement and hours per week of watching TV
• Time spent in typing practice and number of typing errors
• Absenteeism rate and job satisfaction

PEARSON’S PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION


COEFFICIENT

Illustration:
The table below shows experimental data for the observed pairs (x, y).

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It is often difficult to decide what value of r indicates low, moderate, or
high degree of correlation.

• This decision involves the size of r. In general, however, values close to 1.0
indicate high or strong correlation between the two variables.
• On the other hand, values close to 0 indicate low or weak correlation
while values that cluster around 0.5 indicate moderate correlation.

There are some books however that offer a table for interpreting the values of
r. The table below for instance can be found in Best & Khan (1989)*.

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The correlation coefficient may also be interpreted using the concept
of coefficient of determination.

• The coefficient of determination is defined as


the square of r or r2.
• This value gives us a measure of the amount of variability in one
variable that can be attributed to the variation of the other variable and
vice versa.
• Thus, if r = 0.91, r2 = 0.8281 or 82.81% which means that 82.81% of the
variance in one variable is accounted for by the variation of the other
variable and versa

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REGRESSION - use to measure the significant effect of the independent

variable(s) to the dependent variable

The coefficient of determination (R2) or the adjusted R2 measures the amount

of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable.

Regression model: Y = a + bX

EXAMPLE: OUTPUT TABLE

Table 1. Profile of the Significant Relationship Between the Level of


Managerial Behaviour and Employee’s Job Commitment
Hypothesis Relationship r Description p
value

Ha Managerial Employee’s .699** Substantial .000


Behaviour job commitment
Note: ** - significant at 0.01 level
Note: ** - Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

Table 2. The Effect of Managerial Behaviour to Job’s Commitment


Independent Variable Beta standardized Model
Model variable
Level of managerial behaviour .699**
2
R .489
2
Adjusted R .471
F change 38.579**
Note: ** - significant at 0.01 level

Regression model:
Y (employee’s job commitment) = 1.713 + .499X (managerial behaviour)

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