University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture

Electrical Engineering Department

ES 208 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Julius A. Nacional Jr.

Instructor - 1a
 2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
Prime Notation 𝑦′ = 𝑦 ′′ = 2 𝑦 ′′′ = 3 𝑦 𝑛
= 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 5 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′′ + 5 𝑦′ 3 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦′′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ − 5𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1−𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = cos 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑦′′ − 4𝑥𝑦′ + 5𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2 4
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦′′′ + 𝑦′ +𝑦=0
𝑥 + +𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑4𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑥 5𝑦 4
− 2𝑥 3 𝑦′′ + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑥5 − 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 2

4
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
= 1+ 𝑦′′ = 1 + 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑3𝑠
Dot Notation 𝑦= 𝑥= 2 𝑠= 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 5 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑦+5 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

3
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡3 3 + 𝑡 − 5𝑥 = 3𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 3 𝑥 + 𝑡 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 3𝑒 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
1−𝑡 − 4𝑡 + 5𝑠 = cos 𝜔𝑡 1 − 𝑡 𝑠 − 4𝑡𝑠 + 5𝑠 = cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

2 4
𝑑3𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 4
𝑡 + +𝑢 =0 𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑢 +𝑢 =0
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡

4
𝑑2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 4
= 1+ 𝑣= 1+ 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑡
Subscript Notation (partial derivatives)

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0

+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡𝑡 − 2𝑢𝑡
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=− 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Classification by Linearity
An nth order Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) is linear when
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦′ + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥

where
 The dependent variable 𝑦 and all its derivatives 𝑦 ′ , 𝑦 ′′ , … , 𝑦 𝑛 are
of the first degree, the power of each term involving 𝑦 is 1.
 The coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 of 𝑦 ′ , 𝑦 ′′ , … , 𝑦 𝑛 depend at most on
the independent variable x.

A non-linear ODE is simply one that is not linear.

 3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 5 − 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 Non-linear
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3
+ 𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 Linear
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1−𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = cos 𝑥 Linear
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 − 𝑦 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 Non-linear

𝑑4𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑡5 − 2𝑡 3
+ 6𝑦 = 0 Linear
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2𝑦
+ sin 𝑦 = 0 Non-linear
𝑑𝑥 2
 𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

𝑛=1

𝑑𝑦
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑛=2

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation

Any function φ, defined on an interval I and possessing at least n derivatives

that are continuous in I, which when substituted into an nth-order ordinary
differential equation reduces the equation to an identity, is said to be a
solution of the equation on the interval.

The solution of an nth-order ODE

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , … , 𝑦 𝑛
=0
Is a function φ that possesses at least n derivatives and for which

𝐹 𝑥, 𝜑 𝑥 , 𝜑′ 𝑥 , … , 𝜑 𝑛
𝑥 =0 for all x in I.
Example
Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential
equation on the interval −∞, ∞ .
𝑑𝑦 1 1 4
a. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦 = 16 𝑥
b. 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Solution:
a) 𝑑𝑦
1 4 1
𝑦 = 16 𝑥 = 16 4𝑥 3 = 14𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

Substituting to the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥

1 3 1 4
1
2 1 2 1 3
4𝑥 =𝑥 16𝑥 =𝑥 4𝑥 = 𝑥
4
b)
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥

Substituting to the differential equation

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
0=0
Example
Verify that the indicated family of function 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
3
𝑑 𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3
is a solution of the differential + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12𝑥 2 .
Assume an appropriate interval I of definition and 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and 𝑐3 are arbitrary
constants or parameters.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −2
1
= 𝑐1 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + 8𝑥 = −𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 +𝑐3 ln 𝑥 +8x
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 −3 +𝑐 𝑥 −1 +8
= 2𝑐1 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
3
= −6𝑐1 𝑥 −4 − 𝑐3 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
Substituting to the differential equation
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 3
+ 2𝑥 2
2
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
𝑑3𝑦 3 −4 −2 −1
𝑥 = 𝑥 −6𝑐1 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 = −6𝑐1 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑2𝑦
2 2 −3 −1 −1 2
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 2𝑐1 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑥 +8 = 4𝑐1 𝑥 +2𝑐3 𝑥+16𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
−𝑥 = −𝑥 −𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 +𝑐3 ln 𝑥 +8x = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 − 𝑐2 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 −8𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2

12𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 2
Example
Verify that the indicated pair of functions
𝑥 = cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡
𝑦 = − cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
is a solution of the system of differential equations
𝑑2 𝑥
= 4𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦
= 4𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
on the interval −∞, ∞ .
Solution:

𝑥 = cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 = −cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑡 + 2 cos 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 2 sin 2𝑡 − 2 cos 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
2 = −4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 1 𝑡
5𝑒
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
Substituting to the differential equation
𝑑2𝑥
2 = 4𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 −cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
= −4cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 − 45𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
−4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = −4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡

𝑑2𝑦
2
= 4𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡

= 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 + 45𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡

4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
Example
Find the values of m so that the function
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
is a solution of the differential equation
2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Substituting to the differential equation
2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0 2𝑚 − 1 = 0
2𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 7𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0 𝑚=1 2
2𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 4 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
2𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 4 = 0 𝑚+4=0
2𝑚 − 1 𝑚 + 4 = 0 𝑚 = −4
Assignment #1
Exercises 1-19 of ref ii
Problems 1-13,15-20 of ref iv
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation (ref I,pp 6)

Any function φ, defined on an interval I and possessing at least n derivatives

that are continuous in I, which when substituted into an nth-order ordinary
differential equation reduces the equation to an identity, is said to be a
solution of the equation on the interval.

The solution of an nth-order ODE

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , … , 𝑦 𝑛
=0

Is a function φ that possesses at least n derivatives and for which

𝐹 𝑥, 𝜑 𝑥 , 𝜑′ 𝑥 , … , 𝜑 𝑛 𝑥 =0 for all x in I.
Example (ref I, pp 7
Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential
equation on the interval −∞, ∞ .
𝑑𝑦 1 1 4
a. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ; 𝑦 = 16 𝑥

Solution:
a) 𝑑𝑦
1 4 1
𝑦 = 16 𝑥 = 16 4𝑥 3 = 14𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥

Substituting to the differential equation

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥

1 3 1 4
1
2 1 2 1 3
4𝑥 =𝑥 16𝑥 =𝑥 4𝑥 = 𝑥
4
b) 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥

Substituting to the differential equation

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
0=0
Example (ref i
Verify that the indicated family of function 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
3
𝑑 𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3
is a solution of the differential + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12𝑥 2 .
Assume an appropriate interval I of definition and 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and 𝑐3 are arbitrary
constants or parameters.
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 −2
1
= 𝑐1 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + 8𝑥 = −𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 +𝑐3 ln 𝑥 +8x
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 −3 +𝑐 𝑥 −1 +8
= 2𝑐1 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
3
= −6𝑐1 𝑥 −4 − 𝑐3 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
Substituting to the differential equation
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 3
+ 2𝑥 2
2
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
𝑑3𝑦 3 −4 −2 −1
𝑥 = 𝑥 −6𝑐1 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 = −6𝑐1 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑2𝑦
2 2 −3 −1 −1 2
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 2𝑐1 𝑥 +𝑐3 𝑥 +8 = 4𝑐1 𝑥 +2𝑐3 𝑥+16𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
−𝑥 = −𝑥 −𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 +𝑐3 ln 𝑥 +8x = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 − 𝑐2 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 − 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 −8𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2

12𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 2
Example
Verify that the indicated pair of functions
𝑥 = cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡
𝑦 = − cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
is a solution of the system of differential equations
𝑑2 𝑥
= 4𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦
= 4𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
on the interval −∞, ∞ .
Solution:

𝑥 = cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 = −cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑡 + 2 cos 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 2 sin 2𝑡 − 2 cos 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
2 = −4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 1 𝑡
5𝑒
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
Substituting to the differential equation
𝑑2𝑥
2 = 4𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 −cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
= −4cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 − 45𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡
−4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 = −4 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡

𝑑2𝑦
2
= 4𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + sin 2𝑡 + 15𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡

= 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 + 45𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡

4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡 = 4 cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡 − 15𝑒 𝑡
Example
Find the values of m so that the function
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
is a solution of the differential equation
2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
Substituting to the differential equation
2𝑦 ′′ + 7𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0 2𝑚 − 1 = 0
2𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 7𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0 𝑚=1 2
2𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 4 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 = 0
2𝑚2 + 7𝑚 − 4 = 0 𝑚+4=0
2𝑚 − 1 𝑚 + 4 = 0 𝑚 = −4
Assignment #1
Problems 1-13,15-28 of ref iv, pp 24-25

Problem Set #1
#s 1-29 of exercise 1.3 of ref i, pp 30-33
Deadline Sept. 21, 2022
 𝑓𝐷 = 𝛾𝑣

𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐹 = 𝑤 − 𝑓𝐷 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝛾𝑣 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚
𝑠2
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑣 𝛾
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝛾𝑣 = 9.8 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= 𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝛾𝑣 𝛾=2 𝑠
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝛾 = 9.8 − 𝑣 𝑡 =?
=𝑔− 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 5
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
 A first-order differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑦
=𝑔 𝑥 ℎ 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
is said to be separable or to have separable variables.

𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 r 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Example 1 ( ref ii pp 18)

Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥
2 +𝑐
1
=2
𝑦 𝑥 2
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 2 𝑒 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 2 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 2 General Solution

𝑎 ln 𝑏 = ln 𝑏𝑎
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1
Example 2 ( ref ii pp 20)

Solution

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑢 1 −1
𝑢
= tan +𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎

tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑐 General Solution

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
1
0− 𝜋 =𝑐
4 1
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = − 𝜋 Particular Solution
1 4
𝑐=− 𝜋
4
Example 3 ( ref ii pp 22)

Solution
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − =0
𝑦+1
𝑦 1
=1−
𝑦+1 𝑦+1
1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 1 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦+1 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + ln 𝑦 + 1 = 2
1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 1− 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦+1

𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + ln 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑐
@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2
2 + ln −1 = 𝑐

𝑐=2
Example 4 ( ref iv pp 42)

Solution
1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1 3 𝑐
𝑦− 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
3 3 3

3𝑦 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
Example 5 ( ref iv pp 45)

Solution

2 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦−1 2
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
1+2=𝑐
@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −1
𝑐=3
1 + 2 + 1 = 𝑐1
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑐1 = 4
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
Example 6 ( ref i pp 52)
Solve the differential equation
2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 + 3
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 5
Solution
2 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 + 3 2𝑦 + 3
= = 2
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 + 5 4𝑥 + 5
−2 −2
2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

1 −1
1 −1
𝑐
− 2𝑦 + 3 =− 4𝑥 + 5 −
2 4 4
2 4𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑦 + 3 + 𝑐 2𝑦 + 3 4𝑥 + 5

8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 𝑐 8𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 15

Example 7 ( ref i pp 52)
Solve the differential equation
sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution
sin 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −2 3𝑥 + 𝑦 2 =
6 6

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 2 = 𝑐
Example 7 ( ref i pp 52)
Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 𝑥 − 3
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥+2 𝑦−1
= = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 𝑥 − 3 𝑦 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥 − 3 𝑥−3 𝑦+1
𝑦+1 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1 𝑥−3
2 5
1+ 𝑑𝑦 = 1+ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦−1 𝑥−3
𝑦 + 2 ln 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 + 5 ln 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑐
Example 8 ( ref i pp 52)
Find the particular solution of the given initial-value problem
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 𝑦 0 =0
𝑑𝑥

Solution
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 cos 𝑥
𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 − −𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
@𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
1 + 0 + 1 = −2 + 𝑐
𝑐=4

𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 4 − 2 cos 𝑥
Example 9 ( ref i pp 52)
Find the particular solution of the given initial-value problem
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 − 1
= ,𝑦 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 − 1
Solution
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑦2 − 1 𝑥2 − 1 𝑢2 − 1 𝑢 + 1 𝑢 − 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
− 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1 1=𝐴 𝑢−1 +𝐵 𝑢+1
2 𝑦−1 𝑦+1 2 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
1 1 @ 𝑢 = −1 @𝑢 =1
ln 𝑦 − 1 − ln 𝑦 + 1 = ln 𝑥 − 1 − ln 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑐1
2 2 𝐴 = −12 𝐵 = 12
1 𝑦−1 1 𝑥−1
ln = ln + 𝑐1 1 1
2 𝑦+1 2 𝑥+1 1 2 2
= −
𝑦−1 𝑥−1 𝑢2 − 1 𝑢 − 1 𝑢 + 1
ln − ln = 2𝑐1
𝑦+1 𝑥+1
𝑎
𝑦−1 ln 𝑎 − ln 𝑏 = ln
𝑏
𝑦+1 𝑦−1 𝑥+1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
ln = ln = ln = 2𝑐1
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥−1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
𝑥+1
 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
ln = 2𝑐1 𝑒 ln 𝑎 = 𝑎
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1
= 𝑒 2𝑐1 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = c 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
@ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2
4−2+2−1=c 4+2−2−1
𝑐=1
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1
2𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝒚=𝒙
Assignment #2
Exercises 7-37 on pp. 23 of ref ii
Problems 1-28 on pp. 47- 49 of ref iv
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2

𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆𝑥 2 − 3 𝜆𝑥 𝜆𝑦 + 4 𝜆𝑦 2

𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 3𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝜆2 𝑦 2

𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2
𝑓 𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦 = 𝜆2 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑥 =𝑐
𝑥

𝑦
M and N are homogeneous of the same degree 𝑦−𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 =𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Example 1 ( ref ii pp. 26)

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥 𝑣−1
𝑥 2 1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑑𝑥 1
+ 1+ 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥 𝑣−1
1 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 ln 𝑥 + 𝑣 + ln 𝑣 − 1 = 𝑐1
𝑒 ln 𝑥 +𝑣+ln 𝑣−1 = 𝑒 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
− =0
𝑥 1−𝑣
𝑥 𝑣 − 1 𝑒𝑣 = 𝑐
Example 1 ( ref ii pp. 26)

Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢𝑦 − 𝑢𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 2 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑦 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢2 − 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 = 0 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + 2+
𝑑𝑦 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 1 𝑢2 𝑢 − 1 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢−1
+ 𝑑𝑢 = 0 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 1 = 𝐴 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝐵 𝑢 − 1 + 𝐶𝑢2
𝑦 𝑢2 𝑢 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝐵 = −1
+ − 2 𝑑𝑢 = 0 𝐵 − 𝐴 = −1 𝐴=0
𝑦 𝑢−1 𝑢
𝐴+𝐶 =1 𝐶=1
1
ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑢 − 1 + = ln 𝑐
𝑢 𝑦
1 𝑥−𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑐1
𝑦 𝑢−1 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑐1

𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 −1 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑦−𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 =𝑐
𝑦
Example 2 ( ref ii pp. 27)

Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 2
𝑥
2 2 + 1 𝑦4 = 𝑐
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑦 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑦 2 𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 2𝑢2 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
2𝑢2 + 1 𝑦
1 1
ln 2𝑢2 + 1 + ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑐
4 4
ln 2𝑢2 + 1 + 4 ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑐

ln 2𝑢2 + 1 𝑦 4 = ln 𝑐

2𝑢2 + 1 𝑦 4 = 𝑐
Example 2 ( ref ii pp. 27)

Solution:
1 + 𝑣2 𝐴 𝐵 2𝑣𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = + +
𝑣 2 + 𝑣2 𝑣 2 + 𝑣2 2 + 𝑣2
𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1 + 𝑣 2 = 𝐴 2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝐵𝑣 + 2𝑣 2 𝐶
𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥2
1+ 𝑣2
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 1
𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑣 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 2𝐴 = 1 𝐴=
2
2𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 + 1 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝐵=0
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣2 1
+ 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝐴 + 2𝐶 = 1 𝐶=
𝑥 𝑣 2 + 𝑣2 4
4 2
𝑥 𝑣 2+𝑣 =𝑐 2

𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 2𝑣 2 2
+ + 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑣 4 2 + 𝑣2 𝑥4 2+ =𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑣 + ln 2 + 𝑣 2 = ln 𝑐
2 4 4
𝑦 2 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
4ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 𝑣 + ln 2 + 𝑣 2 = ln 𝑐
Example 3 ( ref i pp. 73)
Solve
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣

𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑣𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑥 1+ 𝑒− 𝑥 =𝑐
2 2 2
𝑥 1 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥
1 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥+𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥𝑒
𝑦
𝑥
1 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 1 − 𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣
+ 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2
+ − 1 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 1+𝑣
ln 𝑥 + 2 ln 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣 = ln 𝑐

𝑥 1 + 𝑣 2 𝑒 −𝑣 = 𝑐
Example 3 ( ref i pp. 73)
Solve
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑦 2 − 𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 2 𝑢2 + 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑦 2 𝑢2 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢2 + 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢3 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢2 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 = 0 𝑢2 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + 2+
𝑑𝑦 𝑢2 + 1 𝑢2 𝑢 + 1 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢+1
+ 2 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑦 𝑢 𝑢+1 𝑢2 + 1 = 𝐴 𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 𝐵 𝑢 + 1 + 𝐶𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 2 𝐵=1
+ − + 2+ 𝑑𝑢 = 0
𝑦 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢+1 𝐴+𝐵 =0 𝐴 = −1
ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑢 − 𝑢−1 + 2 ln 𝑢 + 1 = ln 𝑐 𝐴+𝐶 =1 𝐶=2
2
𝑦 𝑢+1
ln = ln 𝑐 + 𝑢 −1
𝑢
 𝑦 𝑢+1 2
ln = ln 𝑐 + 𝑢 −1 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑦
𝑢
𝑥
𝑦 𝑢+1 2 𝑢=
= 𝑐𝑒 𝑢
−1 𝑦
𝑢
2
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦+1 𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑥

𝑦
𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Assignment #3
Exercises 1-21, 23-35 on pp. 28-29 of ref ii
Example 1 ( ref ii pp. 32)

Solution:
𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦2
= 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 𝑁
𝜕𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
𝐹= 𝑥 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 +𝑔 𝑦 𝑥3 + 𝑔′ 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 2𝑦
Example 2 ( ref ii pp. 33)

Solution:
𝑀 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑁 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦 − 2 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥 ℎ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 3
𝜕𝑦
1 1 4
𝐹 = − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥
2 2
1 1
𝜕𝐹 𝐹 = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
= −𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + ℎ′ 𝑥 2 2
𝜕𝑥
1 4 1 𝑐
𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 =
−𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + ℎ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 2 2 2

𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
Example 3 ( ref iii pp. 22)

Solution:
𝑀 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝐹 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦
𝜕𝐹 sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑔′ 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑔′ 𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦

𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦3 + 𝑦2
Example 4 ( ref iii pp. 23)

Solution:
𝑀 = cos 𝑦 sinh 𝑥 + 1 𝑁 = − sin 𝑦 cosh 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= − sin 𝑦 sinh 𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 sinh 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= − sin 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 𝐹 = cos 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝐹 = cos 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝜕𝐹 @ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2
= cos 𝑦 sinh 𝑥 + ℎ′ 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑐 =0.358
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 1
cos 𝑦 cosh 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0.358
ℎ 𝑥 =𝑥
Example 5 ( ref iv pp. 94)

Solution:
𝑀 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥𝑦 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + ℎ 𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑦 2 + ℎ′ 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥2
Example 6 ( ref iv pp. 97)

Solution:
𝑀 = 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑁 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 1
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝐹 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑦 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝜕𝐹
= sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑔′ 𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑔′ 𝑦 = −1

𝑔 𝑦 = −𝑦
Example 1 ( ref ii pp. 32)

Solution:
𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 6𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑔 𝑦 𝐹 = 𝑥 3𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + ℎ 𝑥
𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦2 ℎ 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2
𝐹 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
Example 2 ( ref ii pp. 33)

Solution:
𝑀 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑁 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 = −𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1 1 1 2 2
𝐹 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦 𝐹 = − 𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + ℎ 𝑥
2 2 2
1
𝑔 𝑦 =0 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥
2
1 4 1 2 2
𝐹= 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑦
2 2
1 4 1 2 2 𝑐
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 =
2 2 2

𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐