Prepared by:

Engr. Cindy D. Dullas

ACM 02
 INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
• Be able to understand the Basic Operation of
Operational Amplifiers
• Be able to understand the Practical Op-Amp
Circuits
• Be able to understand the Op-Amp specification
 INTRODUCTION:
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
BASICS
• An operational amplifier is a very high gain amplifier
having a very high input impedance (typically a few
mega ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100
ohms).
• The basic circuit is made using a difference amplifier
having two inputs (plus and minus) and ay least one
output.
 OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER BASICS
AC equivalent of Operational Amplifier Circuit

Practical Circuit Ideal Circuit

 BASIC OP-AMP
CONNECTION
The circuit shown provides operation as a
constant-gain multiplier
 BASIC OP-AMP
CONNECTION
Operation of op-amp as constant-gain multiplier

Op-Amp AC equivalent circuit

 BASIC OP-AMP
CONNECTION
Operation of op-amp as constant-gain multiplier

Ideal circuit

Op-Amp AC equivalent circuit

Re-drawn equivalent AC circuit

PRACTICAL OP-AMP CIRCUITS
1. Inverting amplifier
2. Noninverting amplifier
3. Unity-gain amplifier
4. Summing amplifier
5. Integrator amplifier
6. Differential amplifier
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• Has a better frequency stability

AC Equivalent

𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏 + 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• Provides gain of unity or 1 with no
polarity or phase reversal

Virtual Ground
Equivalent circuit
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒊
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• Provides a means of algebraically
summing three voltages, each multiplied
by a constant-gain factor

Virtual Ground
Equivalent circuit
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑)
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• An integrator amplifier produces a steadily
changing output voltage for a constant
input voltage

Virtual Ground
Equivalent circuit

𝟏
𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = −
𝑹𝑪 𝒗𝒊 t dt
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• An integrator amplifier produces a steadily
changing output voltage for a constant
input voltage

Analog-computer, integrator-
circuit representation

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = − 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 t dt + +
𝑹𝟏𝑪 𝑹𝟐𝑪 𝒗𝟐 t dt 𝑹𝟑𝑪 𝒗𝟑 t dt
 PRACTICAL OP-AMP
CIRCUITS
• An differentiator amplifier produces a
constant output voltage for a steadily
changing input voltage.

𝒅
𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = −𝑹𝑪 𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝒊
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. What is the output voltage in circuit below?

𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = − 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝒐 = − (𝟏. 𝟓𝑽)
𝟐𝟎𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝒐 = −𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝑽
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. What is the range of output voltage if the input can
be vary from 0.1 V to 0.5V?

𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = − 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝛀 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝒐 (𝒎𝒊𝒏) = − (𝟎. 𝟏𝑽) 𝑽𝒐 (𝒎𝒂𝒙) = − (𝟎. 𝟓𝑽)
𝟐𝟎𝒌𝛀 𝟐𝟎𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝒐(𝒎𝒊𝒏) = −𝟏𝑽 𝑽𝒐(𝒎𝒂𝒙) = −𝟓𝑽
𝑽𝒐 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = −𝟏𝑽𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒐 𝟓𝑽
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. Calculate the output voltage if the Vi=2V, Rf=500k Ω
and R1=100kΩ.

𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏 + 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊

𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒌Ω
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝑽
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌Ω
𝑽𝒐 = +𝟏𝟐𝑽
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. Calculate Vo for the summing amplifier using the
following parameters :
V1=+1V; V2=+2V; V3=+3V
R1=500kΩ; R2=1MΩ; R3=1MΩ
Rf=1MΩ

𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑)
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

𝟏𝑴𝛀 𝟏𝑴𝛀 𝟏𝑴𝛀

𝑽𝒐 = −( 𝟏𝑽 + 𝟐𝑽 + 𝟑𝑽)
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒌𝛀 𝟏𝑴𝛀 𝟏𝑴𝛀
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟕𝑽
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
5. Determine the Vo for the integrator amplifier below:

𝟏
𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = −
𝑹𝑪 𝒗𝒊 t dt

𝟏
𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = −
(𝟏𝑴𝛀)(𝟏𝝁𝑭) 𝟏𝑽dt

𝑽𝒐 𝒕 = −𝟏𝑽
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. Determine the Vo for the cascaded amplifier below:

𝑽𝒐𝟏 = 𝑽𝒊 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = − 𝑽
𝑽𝒐𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 𝑹𝟏 𝒊
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝛀
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒐𝟐 = −
𝟐𝟎𝒌𝛀 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑽
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
SPECIFICATION

1. Offset voltages and currents

2. Frequency Parameters
3. Gain-bandwidth
4. Slew Rate
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
SPECIFICATION
1. Offset voltages and currents
Offset Voltages measures the voltage correction required on
the amplifier input to force the amplifier output to zero volts.
𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑨𝑽𝒊 = 𝑨(𝑽𝑰𝑶 − 𝑽)
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝒇 𝒊

𝑹𝟏
𝑽𝒐(𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕) = 𝑽
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝒇 𝑰𝑶

𝑽𝑰𝑶 is based from

manufacturer’s
specification sheet
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
SPECIFICATION
1. Offset voltages and currents
Offset Current is the leakage current that sources or sinks at both input
terminals.
Op − Amp connection showing input bias connection

𝒐(𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑰𝑰𝑶) = 𝒇

𝑰𝑰𝑶 is based from

manufacturer’s
specification sheet

𝑨𝑪 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕
 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
1. Offset voltages and currents
2. Frequency Parameters
SPECIFICATION
 An op-amp operation tends to be unstable (oscillate) due to positive feedback. To
ensure stable operation, op-amps are built with internal compensation circuitry, which
also causes the very high open-loop gain to diminish with increasing frequency. This gain
reduction is referred to as roll-off .

3. Gain-bandwidth
 Because of the internal compensation circuitry included in an op-amp, the
voltage gain drops off as frequency increases.
Gain versus frequency plot

𝟏 𝑽𝑫 𝒄
1.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Offset voltages and currents
2. Frequency Parameters SPECIFICATION
3. Gain-bandwidth
4. Slew Rate
 Slew rate is the maximum rate at which amplifier output can change
in volts per microseconds
 Slew rate provides a parameter specifying the maximum rate of
change of the output voltage when driven by a large step-input
signal.
 -END-
FINAL EXAMS