MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

SHRI H. H. J. B. POLYTECHNIC,CHANDWAD

TITLE OF PROJECT

Memory Management

Program: Computer Technology Program code: CM

Course: Operating System Course code: 22516

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that

Name - Pratik Vijay Jagtap Enrollment no.: 2000790183 Student of 5th

Semester of Diploma in Computer Technology of Institute, SHHJB
POLYTECHNIC, CHANDWAD (Code:0079) has completed the Micro
Project satisfactorily in Subject: Operating System Code: 22516 for the
academic year 2022- 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………………….

Date: ………………………

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Mr. P. R. Sali Mr. P. R. Sali Dr. V. A. Wankhede

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 Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Pratik Vijay Jagtap

Enrollment No. 2000790183
Name of Program - Computer Technology Semester – 5th
Course Title: - Operating System Code: - 22516
Title of the Micro–Project: - Memory Management

Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Sr. Characteristic to be assessed Poor Average Good Excellent

No. (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6 - (Marks 9
8) – 10)
1 Relevance to the Course
2 Literature Survey / Information
Collection
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of the Target as per
project proposal
5 Analysis of data and
representation
6 Quality of Prototype / Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense

Micro – Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment
Part B –
Part A – Project Individual
Project Total Marks
Name of projec Report / Presentation
Methodology 10
Student t Working / Viva (4
(2 marks)
Propos Model marks)
al (2
marks)
(2 marks)
Pratik Vijay Jagtap

Name and designation of the faculty Member – Prof. P. R. Sali

Signature

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Content Page

Part A

1 Brief Introduction 1
2 Aim of Micro Project 1

3 Action Plan 2

4 Resources Required 2

Part B

1 Brief Description 3
2 Aim of Micro Project 3
3 Course Outcome Integrated 3
4 Actual Procedure Followed 4

5 Actual Resource Used 9

6 Outputs of the Micro-projects 10

7 Skill Developed 11

8 Applications of Microproject 12

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 PART A-Plan

Title of micro-project: Memory Management

1. Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project -

 To know what memory is

 To know what memory management is
 How to manage memory

2. Course Outcomes Addressed -

a. Install operating system and configure it.

b. Use operating system tools to perform various functions.
c. Execute process commands for performing process management operations.
d. Apply scheduling algorithms to calculate turnaround time and average
waiting time.
e. Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.
f. Apply file management techniques.

3. Proposed Methodology-

The term Memory can be defined as a collection of data in a specific format.

It is used to store instructions and process data. The memory comprises a large
array or group of words or bytes, each with its own location. The primary
motive of a computer system is to execute programs. These programs, along
with the information they access, should be in the main memory during
execution. The CPU fetches instructions from memory according to the value
of the program counter.

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 To achieve a degree of multiprogramming and proper utilization of memory,
memory management is important. Many memory management methods
exist, reflecting various approaches, and the effectiveness of each algorithm
depends on the situation.

4. Action Plan-

Planned Start Planned Finish

Sr no. Details of activity
Date Date
1. Finalization of topic 18-8-2022 23-8-2022
2. Preparation of Abstract 31-8-2022 09-9-2022
3. Collection of data 10-9-2022 18-10-2022
4. Preparation of concept 21-10-2022 27-10-2022
5. Seminar / Presentation 01-11-2022 18-11-2022
6. Submission of Micro Project 12-12-2022 14-12-2022

5. Resources Required:

Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Remarks

No Resource/Material
1. Computer i3,RAM 2GB
1
(Desktop/Laptop)
2. Microsoft office word 2010 1
3. Books OS Concept
4. Websites techtarget.net
5. Software Notepad, Web
1
Browser

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 PART B-Plan

Title of micro-project: Memory Management

1. Brief Description :

Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which

handles or manages primary memory and moves processes back and forth
between main memory and disk during execution. Memory management keeps
track of each and every memory location, regardless of either it is allocated to
some process or it is free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to
processes. It decides which process will get memory at what time. It tracks
whenever some memory gets freed or unallocated and correspondingly it
updates the status.

2. Aims/Benefits of Micro Project :

 To know what memory is

 To know what memory management is
 How to manage memory

3. Course Outcomes Achieved :

a. Calculate efficiency of different memory management techniques.

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4. Actual Methodology/Procedure Followed:

ABSTRACT

Memory is the important part of the computer that is used to store the
data. Its management is critical to the computer system because the amount of
main memory available in a computer system is very limited. At any time, many
processes are competing for it. Moreover, to increase performance, several
processes are executed simultaneously. For this, we must keep several
processes in the main memory, so it is even more important to manage them
effectively.

INTRODUCTION

Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating

computer memory, assigning portions known as blocks to various running
programs to optimize the overall performance of the system.

It is the most important function of an operating system that manages

primary memory. It helps processes to move back and forward between the
main memory and execution disk. It helps OS to keep track of every memory
location, irrespective of whether it is allocated to some process or it remains
free.

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 Memory Management

 What is memory ?
The main memory is central to the operation of a modern computer. Main
Memory is a large array of words or bytes, ranging in size from hundreds of
thousands to billions. Main memory is a repository of rapidly available
information shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is the place
where programs and information are kept when the processor is effectively
utilizing them. Main memory is associated with the processor, so moving
instructions and information into and out of the processor is extremely fast.
Main memory is also known as RAM(Random Access Memory). This memory
is a volatile memory. RAM lost its data when a power interruption occurs.

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 What is Memory Management ?
In a multiprogramming computer, the operating system resides in a part
of memory and the rest is used by multiple processes. The task of subdividing
the memory among different processes is called memory management.
Memory management is a method in the operating system to manage operations
between main memory and disk during process execution. The main aim of
memory management is to achieve efficient utilization of memory.

Why Memory Management is Required :

 Allocate and de-allocate memory before and after process execution.
 To keep track of used memory space by processes.
 To minimize fragmentation issues.
 To proper utilization of main memory.
 To maintain data integrity while executing of process.

Now we are discussing the concept of logical address space and

Physical address space:

Logical and Physical Address Space:

Logical Address space: An address generated by the CPU is known as a

“Logical Address”. It is also known as a Virtual address. Logical address space
can be defined as the size of the process. A logical address can be changed.

Physical Address space: An address seen by the memory unit (i.e the one
loaded into the memory address register of the memory) is commonly known
as a “Physical Address”. A Physical address is also known as a Real address.
The set of all physical addresses corresponding to these logical addresses is
known as Physical address space. A physical address is computed by MMU.
The run-time mapping from virtual to physical addresses is done by a hardware

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device Memory Management Unit(MMU). The physical address always
remains constant.

Static and Dynamic Loading:

To load a process into the main memory is done by a loader. There are two
different types of loading :

Static loading:- loading the entire program into a fixed address. It requires
more memory space.

Dynamic loading:- The entire program and all data of a process must be in
physical memory for the process to execute. So, the size of a process is limited
to the size of physical memory. To gain proper memory utilization, dynamic
loading is used. In dynamic loading, a routine is not loaded until it is called. All
routines are residing on disk in a relocatable load format. One of the advantages
of dynamic loading is that unused routine is never loaded. This loading is useful
when a large amount of code is needed to handle it efficiently.

Static and Dynamic linking:

To perform a linking task a linker is used. A linker is a program that takes one
or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single
executable file.

Static linking: In static linking, the linker combines all necessary program
modules into a single executable program. So, there is no runtime dependency.
Some operating systems support only static linking, in which system language
libraries are treated like any other object module.

Dynamic linking: The basic concept of dynamic linking is similar to

dynamic loading. In dynamic linking, “Stub” is included for each appropriate
library routine reference. A stub is a small piece of code. When the stub is
executed, it checks whether the needed routine is already in memory or not. If
not available then the program loads the routine into memory.

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Fragmentation:

Fragmentation is defined as when the process is loaded and removed after

execution from memory, it creates a small free hole. These holes cannot be
assigned to new processes because holes are not combined or do not fulfill the
memory requirement of the process. To achieve a degree of
multiprogramming, we must reduce the waste of memory or fragmentation
problems. In the operating systems two types of fragmentation:

a. Internal Fragmentation
b. External Fragmentation

Paging :
Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for
contiguous allocation of physical memory. This scheme permits the physical
address space of a process to be non-contiguous.

 Logical Address or Virtual Address (represented in bits): An address

generated by the CPU
 Logical Address Space or Virtual Address Space (represented in words
or bytes): The set of all logical addresses generated by a program
 Physical Address (represented in bits): An address actually available on
a memory unit
 Physical Address Space (represented in words or bytes): The set of all
physical addresses corresponding to the logical addresses

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5. Actual Resources Used:

Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Remarks

No Resource/Material
1. Computer i5,RAM 8GB 1
(Desktop/Laptop)
2. Microsoft office 2010 1
word
3. Books OSY
4. Websites geeksforgeeks.com
5. Software Word 1

6. Output of the Micro-Project:

 Advantages

a. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory

location, regardless of either it is allocated to some process or it is
free. It checks how much memory is to be allocated to processes. It
decides which process will get memory at what time.

 Disadvantages

a. Availability of external fragmentation.

b. Algorithms of memory managements are costly.
c. Segmentation discovers free memory areas sufficiently large.
d. Paging keeps rundown of free pages.
e. Segments of inconsistent size not fit also for trading.

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7. Applications of Microproject :

Application memory management involves supplying the memory

needed for a program's objects and data structures from the limited resources
available and recycling that memory for reuse when it is no longer required.

8. Conclusion :

Memory Management ensures that blocks of memory space are properly

managed and allocated so the operating system (OS), applications and other
running processes have the memory they need to carry out their operations.

9. Reference :

• https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/
• https://paragsali.wordpress.com/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/

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