T _ I S_ _ S

EARLY “PASABOG” NG
TAONG 2023!
“TSISMISAN” TIME
• “What is the value of one’s life?”
• “What exactly were the wrongs done to
Matthew by his so called fraternity
brothers?”
• “Is there any good to fraternities?”
“This subject will not tell you
what is right and wrong; it will
help you determining it for
yourself”
Lesson Objectives:
After the Discussion, you are expected to:
✓Understand the significance of ethics in
moral life;
✓Identify the different key concepts in the
study of ethics
✓Differentiate the four ethical “isms” useful
in moral issues; and
What is Ethics?:
✓ Also known as Moral Philosophy
discusses the set of rules for human
conduct.
✓ “What should we do?”
✓ Study of judgement of value, good
and evil, right and wrong.
✓ leads to the study of things like
values, principles, beliefs and norms.
These are the things that shape our
choices and then figure out which of
our available options is the best one.
What is Morality?:
✓Refers to the
rightness or
wrongness of an
action.
✓It is a personal
Principles
 Both morality
and ethics
loosely have to
do with
distinguishing
the difference
between “good
and bad” or ethics is the standards
of “good and bad” morality as
“right and distinguished by a
certain community or
something that's
wrong.” social setting. personal
 Example: of
Application of Ethics
and Morals
SITUATION: Suppose a
doctor has a patient who is
suffering from a terminal
illness and is in extreme
pain. The doctor has access
to a medication that could
alleviate the patient's pain,
but it would also make the
patient's death quicker
because of its negative
effects to the body. The
doctor is faced with a
moral and ethical dilemma.
 Example: of
Application of Ethics
and Morals
• In this situation, the
doctor's moral values may
dictate that it is wrong to
intentionally cause the
death of another person,
regardless of the
circumstances.
• However, the doctor's
ethical responsibilities
may require them to
alleviate the patient's
suffering and provide
them with the best
possible care.
Example: of
Application of
Ethics and Morals

• SITUATION: Imagine a
business owner who is
faced with the decision
to lay off several
employees due to
financial difficulties.
Which is Ethical and
which is Moral?

• MORAL: The business • ETHICAL: The business

owner may have a owner has the ethical
moral obligation to treat responsibility to sustain the
their employees fairly business and its stakeholders
may require the business
and not cause them owner to make difficult
undue harm or decisions, including layoffs, in
hardship. order to prevent further
financial losses or bankruptcy.
Example: of
Application of
Ethics and Morals

• SITUATION:
Consider a journalist
who has uncovered a
story that could
potentially harm a
powerful political
figure.
Example: of
Application of Ethics
and Morals
• SITUATION A the
• SITUATION B The
reporter has to protect
journalist may have an
sources and respect
obligation to report the
privacy may require the
truth and inform the
journalist to withhold
public of the facts, even
certain information that
if it means damaging the
could compromise the
reputation of the political
safety or confidentiality
figure.
of individuals involved.
ETHICAL MORAL
Significance of
the Study of
Ethics:
Resolve the
continuing
collapse in the
standards of
morality.
In the Book Ethics: A Critical Evaluation of Moral Philosophies

✓What a
student
should do
in this
scenario?
In the Book Ethics: A Critical Evaluation of Moral Philosophies

✓What a
student
should do
in this
scenario?
Significance of the
Study of Ethics:
✓Re-assess the main
structures of morality
and rebuild necessary
measures to address
the present
characteristics of
moral issues today.
✓Re-evaluate the
norms (standard) of
morality
In the Book Ethics: A Critical Evaluation of Moral Philosophies

✓Stated that there were states that show

how more and more people today,
especially among the youth, are either
unable or unwilling to act in an ethical
manner, or just confused on what should
be considered as moral.
 A study conducted by Rutgers
University showing that over 70% of all
university students admitted hat they
have cheated at least once.

•A high school
student jokingly
said, “It’s better to
cheat than to
repeat.”
Ethics in Moral Life
✓Ethics needs to provide
answers: Ethics does provide
good tools for thinking about
moral issues.
 Ethics in Moral Life
✓Ethics can provide moral
plan: Some controversial
often let our hearts do
arguing while our brains
just go with the flow.
Ethics provides us with a
moral plan which gives a
framework that we can
use to find our way
through difficult issues.
Ethics in Moral Life
✓Ethics can identify a
disagreement: Using the
framework of ethics, two
people who are arguing a
moral issue can often find
that what they disagree
about is just one particular
part of the issue, and they
broadly agree on everything
else.
Ethics in Moral Life
✓Ethics does not give the right
answers or Ethics can give
several answers: For many
ethical issues there isn’t a single
right answer. For this instances,
ethics can do eliminate
confusion and clarify the issues.
After that It’s up to each
individual to come to his/her
conclusions (take responsibility
for their own choices and
actions).
 Ethics and the People
✓Ethics is about the “other”.
i. Ethics is concerned with
other people other than
ourselves and our own
desires and self-
interest.
ii. So, when a person
“thinks ethically” they
are giving at least some
thought to something
beyond themselves.
Ethics and the People
✓Ethics as source of group strength
i. Other problem with ethics is
the way it’s often used as a
weapon.
ii. If a group believes that a
particular activity is “wrong” it
can then use morality as the
justification for attacking those
who practice that activity and
label them as immoral and less
deserving of respect.
 Ethics and the People
✓Good People as well as good
actions
i. Ethics is not only about the
morality of a particular
courses of action, but it’s
also about the goodness of
individuals and what it
means to live a good life.
ii. Virtue Ethics is particularly
concerned with the moral
character of human
beings.
Ethics and the People
✓Searching for the source of right and
wrong
i. At times in the past some
people thought that ethical
problems could be solved based
on their beliefs / Religion/ God
ii. But now even philosophers are
less sure that it’s possible to
devise a satisfactory and
complete theory of ethics at
least not one that leads to
conclusions.
Three General Subject Areas of Ethical Theories

1.Meta-Ethics
2.Normative Ethics
3.Applied Ethics
Three General Subject Areas of Ethical Theories

1. Meta-Ethics
i. – deals with the nature
of moral judgment. It
looks at the origins and
meaning of ethical
principles
ii. What do we mean by
the words like “good”,
“bad”, “Right’, and
“wrong
Three General Subject Areas of Ethical Theories

1. Normative
Ethics –
Concerned with
the content of
moral judgments
and the criteria
for what is right
or wrong.
Three General Subject Areas of Ethical Theories
3. Applied Ethics
i. Looks at controversial topics
to a specific situation like
war, bioethics, abortion,
euthanasia, capital
punishment, etc.
ii. What is the right thing to do
in a particular situation?
How can ethical principles
be applied to real-world
problems? What are the
ethical implications of new
technologies or policies?
Four Ethical “isms”

MORAL REALISM SUBJECTIVISM

REALISM EMOTIVISM
Four Ethical “isms”
✓When a person says “Murder is bad,”
what are they doing?
✓Rewriting that statement to
i. I might be making a statement about
an ethical fact – “It is wrong to murder.”
( This is moral realism)
MORAL REALISM

✓Based on the idea that there are

real objective moral facts or
truths in the universe.
✓Moral statements provide factual
information about those truths.
Four Ethical “isms”
✓When a person says “ Murder is bad,”
what are they doing?
✓Rewriting that statement to
i. I might be making a statement about
my own feelings– “I disapprove of
murder” ( This is subjectivism)
SUBJECTIVISM
✓Teaches that moral judgments are nothing more
than statements of a person’s feelings or attitudes,
and that ethical statements do not contain factual
truths about goodness or badness.
✓So, if someone says ‘murder is wrong.’ he/she is
telling us that he/she disapproves of murder. These
statements are true if the person does hold the
appropriate attitude or have the appropriate
feelings. They are false if the person doesn’t.
Four Ethical “isms”
✓When a person says “
Murder is bad,” what are
they doing?
✓Rewriting that statement
to
i. I might be expressing
my feelings–
“murder” while
pulling a horrified
face, or making a
thumbs-down gesture
( This is emotivism)
EMOTIVISM

✓It is the view that moral claims are no more

than expressions of approval or disapproval.
✓This sounds like subjectivism, but in
emotivism a moral statement doesn’t provide
information about the speaker’s feelings
about the topic but expresses those feelings.
EMOTIVISM
✓When an emotivist says “murder is wrong,” it’s like saying
“murder” while pulling a horrified face, or making a
thumbs-down gesture at the same time as saying “murder is
wrong.”
✓So when someone makes a moral judgment, he/she
shows his/her feelings about something. Some theorists
also suggest that in expressing a feeling the person gives an
instruction to others about how to act towards the subject
matter.
Four Ethical “isms”
✓When a person says “Murder is bad,”
what are they doing?
✓Rewriting that statement to
i. I might be giving an instruction or a
prohibition– “Don’t murder people”
( This Prescriptivism)
PRESCRIPTIVISM
✓Think that ethical statements are
instructions or recommendations. So, if I
say something is good. I’m
recommending you to do it, and if I say
something is bad, I’m telling you not to
it.
POST-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY (FLA) – Activity 1 Four (4) “-isms” in Ethics (30pts)

✓Work in Trio (3 students)

✓Fold the yellow paper in 3’s and each column write the names of the members
✓Interview one another and applied the four ethical ‘isms’ In the following situations:
a. Abortion
b. Death Penalty
c. Euthanasia (Mercy Killing)
d. Same Sex Marriage
e. Cheating in a relationship
Note: Review the answers of your other classmates because you will receive the same
scores for this assessment. Help one another. ☺

Take a screenshot/picture of your work and send it to our MS Teams Class. You will
receive three (3) points deductions for late submission.
 •THANK YOU
AND
•GOD BLESS! ☺