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    Chapter#02 Inrtoduction To Machine Learning

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    Muhammad Huzaifa
    This document provides an introduction to machine learning. It defines machine learning, discusses common applications, and outlines the typical machine learning process. It also describes the main types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Specific algorithms discussed include SVM, Naive Bayes, k-means clustering, and neural networks.

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    Chapter#02 Inrtoduction To Machine Learning

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Huzaifa
    21 views21 pages
    This document provides an introduction to machine learning. It defines machine learning, discusses common applications, and outlines the typical machine learning process. It also describes the main types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Specific algorithms discussed include SVM, Naive Bayes, k-means clustering, and neural networks.

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    Chapter#02 Inrtoduction to Machine Learning

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    This document provides an introduction to machine learning. It defines machine learning, discusses common applications, and outlines the typical machine learning process. It also describes the main types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Specific algorithms discussed include SVM, Naive Bayes, k-means clustering, and neural networks.

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    21 views21 pages

    Chapter#02 Inrtoduction To Machine Learning

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Huzaifa
    This document provides an introduction to machine learning. It defines machine learning, discusses common applications, and outlines the typical machine learning process. It also describes the main types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Specific algorithms discussed include SVM, Naive Bayes, k-means clustering, and neural networks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    CHAPTER#02

    INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE
    LEARNING

    COURSE INSTRUCTORS:
     DR. MUHAMMAD NASEEM
     ENGR. FARHEEN QAZI
     ENGR. SUNDUS ZEHRA

    DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING


    SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
    AGENDA

     Why Machine Learning introduces?


     Machine Learning Definitions
     Applications
     Machine Learning Process Flow
     Types of Machine Learning Algorithms
     Summary
    WHY MACHINE LEARNING INTRODUCES & WHAT WE
    ACHIEVED USING MACHINE LEARNING?

     Data Generation
     Data Analytics
     Patterns
     Algorithm
     When we do not have algorithm?
     When we do not need to learn?
     Learning means approximation?
    WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING?
     It provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from
    experience without being explicitly programmed.

     “Learning is any process by which a system improves performance


    from experience.” - Herbert Simon

    Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):


     Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
    • improve their performance P
    • at some task T
    • with experience E.
    A well-defined learning task is given by <P,T, E>.
    WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING?
    APPLICATIONS

     Image processing and Computer Vision


     Face recognition, motion detection & object detection
     Computational biology
     Tumor detection, drug discovery, DNA sequencing
     Energy production
     Price and load forecasting
     Automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing
     predictive maintenance
     Natural Language Processing
     practical speech recognition
     …
    WHEN SHOULD YOU USE MACHINE LEARNING
     Hand-written rules and equations are too complex—
     as in face recognition and speech recognition.

     The rules of a task are constantly changing


     as in fraud detection from transaction records.

     The nature of the data keeps changing, and the program


    needs to adapt—
     as in automated trading, energy demand forecasting,
    and predicting shopping trends.
    MACHINE LEARNING PROCESS FLOW
     Identifies relevant data sets and prepares them for analysis.
     Choose the type of machine learning algorithm to use.
     Builds an analytical model based on the chosen algorithm.
     Trains the model on test datasets revising it as needed.
     Run the model to generate scores and other findings.
    .
    CONTD….
    TYPE OF LEARNING ALGORITHMS

     Supervised learning
     Unsupervised learning
     Reinforcement learning
    SUPERVISED LEARNING

     It build a mathematical model of a set of data that contains


    both the inputs and the desired outputs.

     Data scientists determine which variables, or features, the


    model should analyze and use to develop predictions.

     Once training is complete, the algorithm will apply what was


    learned to new data.
    EXAMPLE:

     Suppose you are given an basket filled with different kinds of


    fruits.
     Now the first step is to train the machine with all different
    fruits one by one like this
     If shape of object is rounded and depression at top having
    color Red then it will be labelled as –Apple.
     If shape of object is long curving cylinder having
    color Green-Yellow then it will be labelled as –Banana.
    EXAMPLE:

     Now suppose after training the data, you have given a new
    separate fruit say Banana from basket and asked to
    identify it.
    UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

     It do not need to be trained with desired outcome data.


     Suppose it is given an image having both dogs and cats which
    have not seen ever.
    UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

     Thus machine has no any idea about the features of dogs and
    cat so we can’t categorize it in dogs and cats.
     But it can categorize them according to their similarities,
    patterns and differences i.e., we can easily categorize the above
    picture into two parts.
     First may contain all pics having dogs in it and second part may
    contain all pics having cats in it.
     Here you didn’t learn anything before, means no training data
    or examples.
    UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
    SEMI SUPERVISED LEARNING

     It fall somewhere in between supervised and unsupervised


    learning
     Since they use both labeled and unlabeled data for training
     Typically a small amount of labeled data and a large amount
    of unlabeled data
     Applications
     Speech analysis, web content classification etc.
    REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
    REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
     Reward feedback in a particular situation.

     To find the best possible behavior or path it should take in a


    specific situation.

     Reinforcement learning differs from the supervised learning in a


    way that in supervised learning the training data has the answer
    key with it so the model is trained with the correct answer itself
    whereas in reinforcement learning, there is no answer but the
    reinforcement agent decides what to do to perform the given task.

     In the absence of training dataset, it is bound to learn from its


    experience.
    SUB-TYPE OF LEARNING ALGORITHMS

    Machine Learning

    Unsupervised
    Supervised Learning
    Learning

    Classification Regression Clustering


    SVM, Linear regression,
    K mean, Fuzzy, HMM,
    Naïve Bayes, Logistic regression
    Gaussian Mixture
    Nearest Neighbor Decision trees,
    Neural Networks
    Neural Networks
    … …
    …
    SUMMARY

     Machine learning (ML) is a relevant, popular topic with


    applications spanning many data-driven tasks
     ML spans tasks in inductive reasoning; unlike classic AI, ML
    infers general patterns from specific samples
     ML algorithms can be viewed as pattern analyzers—the
    patterns they find can be used to make predictions
     Common tasks in ML include regression, classification,
    subspace discovery, & clustering
     Learning algorithms face challenges including choosing an
    inductive bias, under- & over-fitting, & computational
    efficiency

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