ROHAN JOSHI BBA-FIRST SEMESTER

Birth Order and your place in Life

Chapter-1

A) Reflection
Make a list of the children in your family, from oldest to youngest, and include
your name in the list.
Rohan Joshi (capable, confident, responsible, disciplined)
Rishav Joshi (lazy, confident, protected by parents)

B.) Discussion
Read each statement, and write A if you agree with it and D if you disagree. Then,
discuss your answers in pairs or small groups.
1) Older children in a family are often parental & bossy toward the younger children. A
2) Parents are more relaxed and less excited about their second- and third-born Children. A
3) Older children are more responsible because the younger siblings depend on them. A
4) Youngest children are often spoiled because of all the care and attention they receive. They may part
when they don't get their own way. A
5) In smaller families, there is little competition among the children for their parents' love & attention. A
6) When there is a fight between an older and a younger sibling parents will usually take the side of the
younger one and protect him or her. A
7) Parents are less strict with their first children than with their later ones. A
8) Most children who are difficult 4 demand a lot of attention will grow up to be difficult people. A.

C. Previewing the vocabulary

Choose the best meaning for the underlined words:
1) When we are born into a family unit or brought into it through adoption or as a step-child, we take a
certain place in the family hierarchy.
➢ System of power and authority
2) The first child imitates the parents' physical mannerisms & learns speech from them.
➢ Copies

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3) A first child learns many things, and much of the learning is on an unconscious level. That is, neither the
parents nor the child verbalizes that this and so is the way to do something.
➢ Speak
4) If there are only adults present with a child, the adults are in a very intense relationship with the child,
as anyone who has watched first-time parents hovering over their infants knows.
➢ Standing nearby and watching closely.
5) The only child never has any reason to change this perception of his role, and he tends to carry into
adulthood a strong feeling of being a child in relation to other people.
➢ Understanding
6) When a sibling arrives, the first child tries to suppress the view of himself as a child and he struggles to
be parental.
➢ Stop; keep hidden or secret
7) Later children benefit from the tendency of parents to try out ideas on their first child and to be more
tolerant with later children.
➢ receive an advantage
8) After testing judgements about matters ranging from when to toilet train a first child to attitudes about
dating, parents are more relaxed with later children.
➢ Decisions
9) The first child serves as a barrier between later children and the parents. Later children see less of their
parents than the first child did.
➢ Wall, obstacle
10) Later children do not feel the same dependency on the parents for sustenance and companionship as did
the first child.
➢ Food & care
11) Because they have an older sibling to turn to, later children do not feel as bong lonely or as inadequate
when they do not meet the standards their parents.
➢ reach the expectations
12) Older children tend to develop a self-concept that includes the belief that "I can do many things better
than my siblings can."
➢ Self-confidence
13) Since later children do not have as much direct identification with their parents, the children do not try
as hard to be adult during childhood.
➢ Feeling of being like their parents
14) Since she feels she can do many things better, she feels more adequate that other people in many
situations.
➢ More capable

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Part 4
Focus on Writing skills.
A. Using another's writing: Paraphrasing

(Lines 23-24) "When a sibling arrives, he tries to suppress the view of himself as a child, and he struggles
to be parental "
Paraphrase. The oldest child tries to hide the new of himself as a child when a sibling shows up and fights
to be parental.
Revision. The oldest child tries to hide himself as a child Infront of his sibling and works hard to be parental.

3. (Lines 35-36) "[later children] benefit from the tendency of parents to try out ideas on their first child
and to be more tolerant with later children."
Paraphrase: Later children are better off because parents are more inclined to test out ideas on their first
child and to be liberal with later children.
Revision Later children get benefitted since parents most likely test out new ideas on their first child and
relaxed with later children.

4. (lines 47-49) "Extremely important to differentiating later children from first children is the extent to
which direct identification with the parents is diluted for the later children."
Paraphrase: One very important way that later children differ from first children is the togetherness and
closeness first children share with their parents, which decrease in later children.
Revision: A very important way that later children vary from first children is the closeness of first children
shared with their parents, which thins out in later children.

5. (lines 55-56) "Both in his mind and in the minds of other people, an important part of his identity is his
family position."
Paraphrase: The child's position in the family determines his identity in his mind as well as in the minds of
other people.
Revision: The position of child in the family declares his specification in his mind and also in other people's
mind.

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Exercise-4
Then write your new sentence.
2) In Egypt, relatives are more likely to live with a family, than they are in many western countries.
3) There may be more resources like attention and affection for the children with other adult relative in the
household.
4) This extended family configuration probably changes the effects because it results in smaller families.
5) When then are fewer adults in the house, there may be less competition among siblings.
6) It would be surprising, however, to most of us if none of the ideas about birth order were correct for
Egypt.
7) For example, we would still expect the oldest child to be more responsible in comparison with his
brothers and sisters.

Exercise-6
Correcting fragments
Rewritten
1) Two only children who marry each other may use to a lot of attention and approval.
2) An oldest child may find that another oldest is not a good marriage match and may be happier with an
only child or with a youngest child.
3) A youngest sister of sisters matches best with an oldest brother who will appreciate her charm and also
tolerate her manipulation
4 The best match for a middle child is often another middle child since both are factful and normally not
aggressive.
5) Although only children find it easier to make good matches, there are bad matches for them such as
another only.

Exercise-7
Editing for fragments.
Critics of birth-order theory say that it is not scientific because one cannot prove it and it is like astrology.
Interesting, perhaps, but not to be taken seriously supporters of birth-order theory admit that it alone doesn't
determine what kind of people we are. Our parents and society, for example, are strong influences whether
we are happy or gloomy, calm or nervous, or good-natured or bad-tempered people. However, birth order
does play a role, determining the degree to which a child is happy, calm, and good natured, for example. It
plays another role in determining how a child uses his/her happiness, calmness, and good-naturedness in
dealing with other people.

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Formal Writing Assignment

Part 5
A) Writing Topics

1.Paraphrase what Forer and/or withers say about your birth order. Then compare what they say with how
you actually see yourself. How closely do the author's ideas match your view of yourself? Write a topic
sentence that lets readers know how closely your views match those of the authors.
→ An oldest child is most likely accountable, self-assured, a high achiever, and comparatively serious and
reserved, having parental attributes due to the las and care for younger siblings Having reserved quality, he
may take time to understand people’s nature from within and thus satisfied with one friend for life. He
doesn't want to take criticism or tolerate other people's mistakes. because of a perfectionist he is.
An oldest child is more independent and dominating when there are many "same sex" siblings and it may
be problematic for him/her to find a perfect partner. A youngest child, an only child or a partner grain up
with a big number of opposite-sex siblings can be considered as the best matches. Another oldest of same-
sex siblings is the worst match as both of them may be dominant to run the house. An oldest sister grown
up with brothers matches well with a youngest as she can take care of him and make him alert. Similarly,
the oldest brother of sisters is most likely easygoing, entertaining thoughtful, and affectionate of women.
He is very nice at appealing all women and is perfectly suitable with the youngest sister of brothers.

B) Generating ideas: free writing.

1) Write freely for 15 or 20 minutes on your topic.
→ I am the oldest child in my family. Being the oldest child, I have many responsibilities to fulfill in my
family. Doing all the responsibilities that fell in my back, I learn many things and become confident and
independent. I always want to support my family in any way possible. I look forward to spending more
time with my family & taking care of my family. I also protect my younger sibling and want my sister live
a happy and healthy life. I give many advices to my younger sibling and share everything with her. I also
act like my mom in front of her since it comes naturally to most of the oldest siblings. I act parental, strict,
confident & independent Infront of my sibling.

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Matters of the Heart

Chapter-2
Reading for more detail

1. What ended Esther's homesickness? Do you find this quick change in her believable?
→ After Laurence revealed his love for her and care Father Paul shaved towards her. Esther's homesickness
was ended. This brings a new happiness to Esther, a new hope and with that she continues to stay in the
missionary.
2.What ended her new happiness?
→ One day, Esther eavesdrops conversation between father Paul & Laurence. Laurence told father Paul
that he wanted to marry Esther was over the moon when she hears this. However, her happiness didn't last
long. Father Paul didn't like the idea of Laurence wanting to marry Esther He, then, misguides Laurence
telling him that Esther is a very good girl and being friends with her is okay but to marry her isn't a good-
thought because she comes from uncertain blood her mother is hopelessly uncivilized and her confiding
French-Indian father. Hearing this, Esther becomes completely flabbergasted because she being a Redskin,
changed herself and dedicated herself completely to Christianity & Father Paul and hearing herself being
disgusted by her own venerable teacher Moreover, Laurence easily agrees with father Paul and becomes
okay to many somebody else and not his child hood love and hearing this Esther becomes fully shattered
as she didn't expect this from the love of her life at all.
3. How did father Paul convince Laurence? Do you agree with father Paul's reason?
→ Father Paul convinced Laurence telling him that Esther comes from uncertain blood her mother is
hopelessly uncivilized and her confiding French - Indian father he shouldn't marry a Redskin as her blood
is impure. No, I do not agree with Father Paul's reasons at all because firstly, being a father and teaching
his disciples about Christianity, it doesn't suit him to talk about somebody so disgracefully. Secondly, Father
Paul was successful in making Esther believe in Christianity and father, regardless of her origin and blood,
was a very good girl and loved Laurence and respected Father Paul a lot.
4) After father Paw spoke to Laurence, how did Esther's feelings for them change?
→ After Father Paul spoke to Laurence, Esther's feelings for them change because she didn't think her
venerable teacher would think of her in such pity manner. After, hearing their conversation, she hated father
Paul completely. She also did not think that Laurence could be so easily brainwash by about his childhood
love. She doubted on her love.
(5) Did Esther really love Laurence? Father Paul? If so, did she stop loving them?
→Yes, Esther really loved Laurence and Father Paul and after eavesdropping their conversation, she
stopped loving them as well.
6) What solution did Esther have for the jealousy and hatred she felt? Can you understand why she acted
as she did?
→ Esther could've talked to them and sorting sorted things out with them. She could've proved Father Paw
wrong about everything he talked about her Yes, I can understand why she acted as she did because she

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dreamt to be married to Laurence whom she loved with her whole heart and she didn't want to see him with
some other girl if not herself.

Part-2
Personal Written Response.
A. Journals: A private audience.

1. Which one of the three main characters do you like the most? why?
→ I like Esther the most out of the three main characters. I liked Esther because she was very patient and
determined to join Christianity and learn great teachings from Father Paul. Even though she belonged to
hopelessly uncivilized mother who didn't follow any religion and her blood being impure, she tried to
change and adapt Christianity. In spite of her origin and family background and history, she; as a woman
fell in love with her childhood love Laurence and wanted to feel the essence of love and belonginess as she
stayed far from her home and sometimes felt. Homesick. At the beginning of the story, she was fully happy
and content. with her life as she got all the love from Laurence and care from Father Pawl. She dreamt of
marrying Laurence and living her best life with him. Esther was an optimistic and pure soul at the start of
the story.
2. Which one of the three do you like the least? Why?
→ I like Father Paw the least out of the three main characters. I liked Father Pawl the least because he was
the 'guru' of Christianity and teach his disciples about it. Being 'guru', it didn't suit him at all to talk nonsense
about his own student; Esther, she trusted him and respected him as a teacher so much but because she
belonged to an unknown or impure blood, Father Paul spoke bad words about her. He clarified that Esther
was dray to be treated as a friend but marrying her isn't the best idea as her mother belonged to an uncivilized
origin. Moreover, when Laurence told him that he wanted to marry Esther, Father Paul completely
persuaded Laurence and made him realize that Esther won't be eligible to marry him.

3) How did you feel when you finished reading the story? Were you upset? Pleased for Esther? Satisfied
that she'd taken revenge? Shocked by her actions?
→ I felt very disheartened when I finished reading the story. I was completely shocked by her actions I
didn't even think she would kill the love of her life. so easily by just scratching his wrist twice with the
arrow tip. I felt that her love was selfish somewhere at the end of the story. If you. I feel like if you love a
person endlessly and selflessly, you will be happy in their happiness and will always want the best for them.
Even if you won't be in their life. or even if they don't love you back, you'll sacrifice everything just to see
them happy and cheerful and that is what is true and real love in my opinion.

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B. Shared Writing

1) Can you understand why Esther killed Laurence? Can you accept the fact that she did so?
→ I cannot understand the fact that Esther killed Laurence because Laurence was Esther's childhood love,
playmate and best friend Laurence always made sure that Esther was happy and if she wasn't happy, he
always used to check up on her. Esther had imagined her marrying the love of her life, Laurence also wanted
to marry Esther. So, he shared this idea with Father Paul. As soon as Father Paul listened. to this, he
completely disagreed with Laurence. Father Paul started to point out Esther's identity and solely
brainwashed Laurence telling him that her mother was hopelessly uncivilized and her father was a Pagan
Indian and their blood is unknown. and impure and introduced some other girl · However, Laurence
accepted whatever Father Paul told him and removed the idea of marrying Esther and agreed to marry the
girl father Paul was talking about. To the conversation they were having Esther was eavesdropping and was
completely shattered by what father Paul thought of her and listening to her own venerable teacher speaking
nonsense. about her, her origin and her family made Esther hate Father Paul. Moreover, she didn't think
Laurence could be persuaded this easily and quicky by some third person. Esther felt selfish afterwards and
didn't want to see the love of her life with some other girl and scratched Laurence’s wrist with poisonous
arrow tip and easily and effortlessly killed him and sneaked out of the house.

2) What does Esther mean by the last two lines of the story speaking about the murder? "They account for
it by the fact that I am a Redskin. They seem to have forgotten I am a woman."
"They account for it by the fact that I am a redskin means that she belonged to an unknown origin; her
mother being hopelessly uncivilized and her father being a Pagan Indian. She belonged to a tribe who used
to wear Buckskin and weren't civilized that much and their blood is unknown their identity doesn't seem
promising. These people can do any evil thing Finally, Esther shaved her realness by killing Laurence and
proved her blood line. They seem to have forgotten I am a woman" means that Laurence and Father paw
willed the feelings of a woman completely. She had many dreams that she wanted to have fulfilled but
Father Paul solely shattered them into pieces and she felt disheartened and couldn't stand the fact that
Laurence won't marry her but some other girl.

3) Do you find this story believable? Explain.

Yes, I find this story completely believable because nowadays people have been very selfish and love
somebody very selfishly. True love has become very difficult to find. In our society too, we can find many
in the story and people kill their loved ones out of selfishness, jealously ego. Had they loved their dose ones
truly and genuinely, they will never hurt them. People who love someone genuinely, they will always seek
their happiness even if they won't be in their life mat's why, this story is believable.

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E) Discussion: Critical thinking

1) Which character, Esther or the Ethiopian wife, Loves more deeply? Explain.
→ In my opinion, the Ethiopian wife loves her husband more deeply than Esther Loves Laurence. I think
so because even she wanted to divorce with her husband, she still had a feeling of love and belongingness
with her husband. As soon as she got to learn that she can hold their relationship, she easily accepted to
face any difficulty because, for her the love for her husband was very deep and very strong. When she
realized she had to bring lion's hair to preserve their relationship, she was very intimidated at first because
she might die if the lion attacked her. However, she was ready to die for husband So, this shows the deep
love the Ethiopian wife had for her husband- Contrarily, at the end of the story, we can see that the love
Esther had for Laurence was full of jealousy and selfishness and out of that she willed. very easily when
she knew that he can never be hers. Had Esther loved Laurence purely & genuinely, she wouldn't have even
thought of willing him. Rather than that, she would choose Lawrence's happiness and would be happy in
his happiness although Laurence wouldn't be in her life. Therefore, in this way, the Ethiopian wife loves
her husband more deeply.

2) Love doesn't seem to be as important to three of the men in these stories as it is to the women. Is this the
way it is in life? Do women love more strongly than men? Explain.
→ Mostly, it is seen that women tend to sacrifice a lot when it comes to love. care and family. It is so
because women are very emotional and have strong & deep feelings for anyone and can also control their
emotions. Women seek for love and time from their partner a lot. Even small things like taking out them for
a date or a movie night or a long walk will make women very happy & content Moreover, women make
meals for her family, cares for everyone in the family and she gets very attached to that with that, it gets
habitual and she feels strongly connected to her partner. She likes to take care of him when she's sick, make
his favorite dishes, make sure he is happy & not stressed because she values and respects her. In our society,
the love of women stays hidden and lost because men show their love they have for partner. However, I
feel women love more strongly than men. deep in her heart but don't show it up. She keeps it with herself
but surely does love more strongly than men.

3) Imagine a different ending in the story of Esther and Laurence Imagine that Father Paul doesn't speak to
Laurence about Esther. How might the story continue? Would it end happily? Explain.
→ Father Paul doesn't speak to Laurence about Esther and doesn't brain. wash him, then, I think Esther and
Laurence would marry happily & stay happy for the rest of their lives.

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Part-4
Ex-1
Focus on writing skills

Passage 2
Keywords: worshipped, scratched, arrow tip, slipped out
Summary: Esther observed Laurence constantly but because he betrayed, she scratched his wrist with an
arrow tip. Then, she slipped out of the house.
Passage 3
Keywords: love, happy, trouble fault, some kind of quarrel
Summary: A young couple got married and they started argument in very small matters. Every day, they
used to quarrel about minor things.
Passage 4
Keywords: closer and closer, trembled art, pulled
Summary: She came nearer and nearer to the fierce, wild beast and fed him. right from her hand as she
trembled the lion tearing the meat. But, the love for her husband was stronger so, she reached out and pulled
a single hair from the tail.

Ex-3 Recognizing run-on sentences

RO Good communication is an essential quality of a loving relationship it doesn't matter whether the
relationship is between two spouses, a parent and child, other relatives, or friends.
C Another quality most of us look for is affection; here we are not speaking of romance or sex but caring,
understanding, respect, and kindness.
RO Compassion and forgiveness, two other important qualities, cause a person to have understanding, to
forgive, and to be supportive, in other words, they qualities that lead a person to be less selfish and more
selfless.
RO Honesty means a person can express his or her true feelings, and it also mean the person speaks openly
about fears, hopes, and expectations
C Acceptance means that we love the other person the way he or she is; in other to please ourselves. words,
we don't try to change the person
RO other important qualities are dependability and a sense of humor patience and freedom are two more.

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Exercise-4 Separating run-on sentences

1) Communication doesn't happen only through words it happens through actions and gestures too.
→ Communication doesn't happen only through words; it happens through actions
and gestures, too.

2) A compliment usually communicates appreciation criticism can be destructive.

→ A compliment usually communicates appreciation Criticism can be destructive.

4) It is important to accept what another says as significant and real it may not seem important to you but
probably is to the speaker.
→ It is important to accept what another says as significant and real; it may not seem important to you but
probably is to the speaker.

5) Sometimes good communication means respecting another's silence we must accept that people
sometimes need quiet to solve problems.
→ Sometimes good communication means respecting another's silence; we must accept that people
sometimes need quiet to solve problem.

Exercise 5 Using transition words.

1) Some people feel that total honesty is essential in a loving relationship others fee it is dangerous to be
completely honest.
→ Some people feel that total honesty is essential in a loving relationship; however, others feel it is
dangerous to be completely honest.

2) One writer feels that good lies lead to a good marriage a person should lie in order not to hurt the spouse's
feelings.
→ One writer feels that good lies lead to a good marriage; in other words, a person should lie in order not
to hurt the spouse's feelings.

3) Another writer recommends always telling the truth trust is created between the two spouses.
→ Another writer recommends always telling the truth. In this way, trust is created between the two
spouses.

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4) Sometimes a small lie can have serious consequences a husband who tells his wife he likes a meal that
he hates may end up eating that meal over and again.
→ Sometimes a small lie can have serious consequences; for example, a husband who tells his wife he likes
a meal that he hates may end up eating that meal over and over again.

5) Eventually, the lying husband will probably explode in anger, something very hurtful about his wife's
cooking.
→ Eventually, the lying husband will probably explode in anger, then he says something very hurtful about
his wife's cooking.

6) Perhaps the simple truth, told tactfully in the beginning, would have been better, the wife would not have
made the problem meal again.
→ Perhaps the simple truth, told tactfully in the beginning, would have been better. Thus, the str wife would
not have made the problem meal again.

7.) The problem of honesty in relationships applies to all of us almost every time we speak it is an issue
that is worth thinking about.
→ The problem of honesty in relationships applies to all of us at almost every time we speak. Therefore, it
is an issue that is worth thinking about.

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Part-2
Personal Written Response
A. Journals: A private audience

1) Did you like this reading? why or why not?

→ Yes, I liked this reading very much because it teaches people about the birth order and what problems
night arise in love life or business due to different perspectives of people of A different birth order. This
reading shows the thought, process of an oldest child, a middle child, a youngest child and an only child
which makes us easy to understand their opinions and views on subject matters. It supports a lot in solving
problems in a relationship and also while making business decisions. Moreover, it makes the process easy
to make a person from different birth-order understand the subject-matter when we guide him or her in the
level of his or her understanding. This reading helps create less chaos in our life in many aspects.

3) Does this reading make sense to you? Do you find it believable & logical?
→ Yes, this reading makes sense to make and I find it believable and logical because the birth order that I
take in my family and my traits are similar to that birth-order given in this reading. As I am the oldest one
in my family. my characteristics and opinions match very well with the book and I act accordingly
Furthermore, learning about other birth-order people's opinions and beliefs help me make friends very easily
and I strongly believe it will help me in near future in business as well. This reading is great and helps
reduce chaos and troubles that might occur in various aspects of our life because of the difference in birth-
order.

B) Shared writing
2) Is Forer's discussion of birth order accurate or inaccurate for the children in your family? Explain.
→ Forer's discussion of birth order is completely accurate for the children in our family. According to him,
the first child in the family doesn't have unlimited time to view himself as the child because as soon as a
younger sibling is born and he becomes the oldest child in the family, the traits such as parental confident,
possessive, strict, etc. comes naturally to him and he becomes very accountable towards his younger sibling
and the same thing as Forer has discussed accurately matches my life. I've been very responsible to my little
sister. I am parental and strict to certain things but I always try to understand her and guide her in the life
correctly.

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SUMMARY of "How your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment"

How your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment is written by Lucille Forer wherein a child's
position is fixed in their family on the basis of their birth-order. We either become an oldest child, on only
child, a middle child, a youngest child according to the time of the birth. Our birth-order in the family
determines our character and attitudes and we are highly influenced by our birth-order.
When a child gets born in a family, he is well-protected and safely guarded by his parents. When the first
child grows, he has a very short period of time to view himself as a child because as soon as his sibling
arrives, he has to imitate as an adult and as the imitation process continues, the first child of the family gets
mature faster. The first/oldest child battles to be parental and responsible towards his younger sibling,
although, he still, is a child. More. aver, the writer considers that the oldest child acts like a barrier between
his siblings and parents in the sense that he also searches his role in the family hierarchy. In addition to that,
the parents are much more excited and serious about their first baby and are more chill and relaxed about
their second or last baby as they get used to babies.
Similarly, since the parents are less worried about later children, the younger children benefit a lot as a
result of having relaxed parents. The first child is more dependent on parents and try to be like them,
however, later children don't look for dependency and companionship like the first child because they've
their older siblings to talk to in the absence of parents e.g., if parents are not near the younger children, they
visit their friends so that they've people to give them company and they do not feel lonely as well.
The oldest child considers himself more capable and more confident than his siblings. The oldest brother
or sister develops a self-concept that he/she the most confident and most independent out of all his / her
siblings. Moreover, he doesn't want to be helped by his younger siblings as he news himself. the most
capable child likewise, the middle child also acts parental & responsible in the absence of his parents and
the oldest sibling. The middle one thinks that he can do better than his younger siblings and sometimes
turns to oldest sibling in the time of help and suggestion. Out of all siblings, the youngest one gets all the
love, care and affection and doesn't bother taking risk at all because he has got his back by his parents and
older siblings. The youngest- child thinks that he is less capable of doing things. He/she is very careless as
he/she has people to take care of him/her, whereas the only child thinks that he has his parents only to
support and guide him but finds it very difficult to manage in the absence of his parents that's why, he starts
taking care of himself and tries to be independent and confident when neither of his parents are available at
the moment
In this way, various opinions and ideas and generated from people belonging to different birth order in the
family Having considered the birth-order of people in major events of our life helps create a peaceful and
non-chaotic environment to discuss on. Prioritizing a person's view point according to his/her birth-order
gets very easier to deal will people and learn their psycho- logy and perspectives.

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Part 3

Born for each other’s.

1. The audiences for the two reading in this chapter general public different. Forer's audience might be a
university psychology class, and Withers' audience might be the writers therefore chose different subject
matter & wrote in different styles. How are the subject matters and style different in the two readings?
→ It is true that the audience for the two reading in this chapter are different Forer’s audience might be a
university psychology class student, but Wither's audience might be the general public. As a result, most
audiences will probably agree the foyer's subject matter is more serious with her more academic style. The
excerpt in Part1 is Lone of is from two books the psychologist wrote on birth order. Indeed, Wither's subject
matter is lighter & perhaps more entertaining. As a magazine writer, withers have used a style that is lively
and energetic.

2. Withers tells us that the birth order of spouses can affect the success of their marriage? Do you think
people's birth order also affects their choices of friends? who they choose to work with? Explain.
→ Withers tell us that the birth order of spouses can affect the success of their marriage. I also think people
birth order affects their choices of friends. Withers discuss that birth order is a system of a family unit.
Whenever children are born, they have also many choices. They choose their peer and friends of some level.
Besides this. they like each other. Similarly. They share their feelings, emotions & experience openly by
sitting together. They do their duty and also, they feel easy to talk and share common matters of life. The
writer has said that birth order relates mental and physical coherence between boys. and girls. They can
choose their life partners from their peer groups. Withers also highlights the birth order which could be
affected for the success of their marriage. If there is an age gap, their marriage may not be good because
age factor makes problems in their married life. Marriage is a compromise between husband and wife. If
wife is more-aged husband couldn't understand her feeling emotion. Overall, they choose to work same age
& peers’ friends in their life.

3. Some psychologists criticize birth order theory as unscientific. What is your position? Do you find the
birth order? theory believable? Explain.
→ I agree with birth order theory to some extent other factors such as genetics. Society and parental guide
also have significant effects on what kind of a person a child grows up to be. The guidance given by other
family members such as grandparent, Uncle and other members of a society can play significant role on the
development of different characteristics & behaviors of child and helping them to become a better person.

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Summary of "Born for Each Other?"

Born for Each Other?" is written by Pamela Withers where she has discussed about significance of marriage
in terms of birth-order to understand partner from within make the bond stranger than ever with our partner
and altogether make married life full of love, light, joy and peace. The write: has mentioned the perfect
birth-order for every other birth-order.
This piece of writing is all about the compatibility with your partner to make our conjugal life happy and
successful. To make it clear a suitable example has been given in the text about a couple who've married
for two in the beginning of their married life, however decades and were happy in the later years of their
life, they were constantly arguing every day. It was so because they both were an only child to their parents
who have been somewhat spoiled with constant love, care & affection since both of them want to receive
love at first and none of them want to give love at first, that particular thing created conflict & chaos.
The oldest child tends to be parental, accountable, comparatively serious. focused reserved and imitates
like his parents in front of his sibling younger. than him. He doesn't appreciate criticisms or tolerate others'
mistakes. So., he doesn't have many friends and happy with a few he has. It becomes very hard for an oldest
child who has same sex siblings to find a perfect match because he is very dominant by nature. So, the best
matches are either a youngest child, an only child, or a mate raised in a big number of opposite sex siblings
However, the worst match is with another oldest of same-sex siblings, since both of them start to be
domineering. The oldest sister of brothers matches very well with youngest because she knows the attitudes
of a man and can nurture and care for her partner like her brother. Similarly, the oldest brother of sisters
understands the problems and emotions of a woman and tends to be very easy going and fond of women.
The oldest brother of sisters is matched perfectly with the youngest sister of brothers.
Continually, the youngest child tends to be spoiled, carefree, outgoing, adventurous and easy going in the
family. He/she may lack the decision-making ability and self-discipline because of being a spoiled brat for
the youngest sister of sisters, an oldest sibling will match best as she can take him on vacations and
enjoyment similarly, a youngest brother of brothers, will be compatible with an oldest or middle sister of
brothers. The worst matches carefree can be the youngest of same-sex siblings, since both of them are and
naughty. The youngest sister of brothers is best matched with an oldest brother of sisters.
The middle child is introvert and more anxious than others. He can well match middle with another child,
since both are tactful & not aggressive. The only child is best matched with a younger or middle sister of
brothers, or a maternal, oldest sister of brothers. His worst match can be another only child.
In this way, we can understand compatibility with our partner according to our birth-order which will help
create a peaceful surrounding to live with our partner without arguing over small matters.

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Part-3

The Lion's Hair

Summary

The story "The lion’s hair" is an Ethiopian folk tale that is about love and determination to climb out from
the problems or to get the resolution in life. "Patience and harmony should replace to erase the
misunderstanding and conflict is the moral lesson of the story
The story is about a young man and a young woman who fell in love and got married for a short while they
were happy but after a few months, there wasn't the day without quarreling with each other. They used to
quarrel in minor issues not coming house at time etc. So, the woman went to the old judge for the divorce.
The judge holds her that if she wanted to be united again to spend the harmonious and conjugal life; he had
medicine but she could bring the hair of the lion's tail: She was ready to do so. Then she went to the riverside
with the fresh meat in the sack for many days to make the lion familiar.
At last, she was able to feed the lion with her own hands and brought the hair from lion's tail. Then she
came to the judge and told him to give the medicine. In response, the judge replied that he had already given
her all medicine that is her determination not to be separated from her husband. He told her that if both of
them try to remain patient and resolve the problem, they will be happy together for a longtime. And then
the woman went home with a new resolution.
Hence, the story is about the importance of patience and determination to overcome life.

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1. Which character, Esther or Ethiopian wife loves more deeply? Explain

→ The Ethiopian wife’s loves more deeply than Esther because she has stranger determination. The
Ethiopian wife takes great risk to get a single hair from the tail of fierce lion because she wants to save
relation with her husband The Ethiopian wife puts her life in a great risk because the she loves her husband
more deeply. Esther also seems to love Laurence. They spend their life together since childhood. But when
Laurence deceives Esther, she decides to kill him which is not good- She should have thought on idea.
about how she can attract him towards her instead of killing him. I think killing the lover to take revenge is
not ultimate solution. In the matter of heart sometime obstacles try to win us but we should struggle with
the obstacles and think to remedy them as Ethiopian wife did in the story. So, in my opinion Ethiopian wife
loves more deeply than Esther.

2. Love doesn't seem to be as important to three of the men in these stories Laurence, father Paul, and the
Ethiopian on husband) as it is to be the woman. Is this the way it is in life? Do women love more strongly
than men? Explain.
→ Mostly, it is seen that women tend to sacrifice a lot when it comes to love care and family. It is so
because women are very emotional and strong & deep feeling. Women seek for love and time from their
partner a lot. Even small thing like talking. them out for a date or a movie night or a long walk will make
women very happy & content Moreover women make meals for her family, cares for everyone in the family
& she gets very attached to that with that, it gets habitual & she feels strongly connected to her partner. She
like to take care of him when she's sick, make his favorite dishes, make sure he is happy & not stressed
because she values & respect him. In our society, the love of women stays hidden & lost because men show
their love when they have their partners. However, I feel woman love more strongly than men deep in her
heart but don't show it up. She keeps it with herself but surely does love more strongly than men.

Part-4
Focus on Writing skill.
Exercise-1 Summarize passage from a story.

Passage 1
Summary
The homesickness Esther felt was so strong that she begged to go home, but father Paul refused. Her
homesickness remained as strong as before.

Passage-2
Summary
Esther observed Laurence constantly but he betrayed her, she scratched his wrist with an arrow tip. Then
she slipped out of the house.

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Passage-3
Summary
A young couple in Ethiopia fell in love & got married but their happiness was short-lived as they began to
argue over a small thing such as money, friends & households’ chores.

Passage-9
Summary
A woman fed a fierce lion by hand to get close enough to pull a hair from its tail because she loved her
husband more than she feared the lion.

Exercise: 7 Using Subordinating conjunction?

1. Acceptance and a sense of humor aren't the qualities most people think of first even though they are very
important qualities in a loving relationship.

2.We really love someone if it means we love the person as they are not as we would like them be

3. Not everything in life turns out the way we want……. sense of humor about life is accepting what comes
our way.

4. A sense of humor can make us feel rich and happy because it is not the result of how many possessions
we have.

5. Some people take themselves and life too seriously because they can become easily disappointed when
things turnout differently than they expert

6. We can say that we see the humor in life if we're quick to low at ourselves and the difficulties life brings.

7. A relationship can become boring and predictable unless the people in the relationship have a sense of
humor.

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Exercise: 8 Editing for run-on sentence

Some people are probably more successful in their relationship since they have the qualities essential to
loving relationships. probably more successful in their relationship the lack of these qualities is probably
the cause of many problems we have with other people. Therefore, many of us would benefit from
developing these qualities we don't have for example, many people get married & divorced over and over
again. In addition, other don't get along with Coworkers on the job Perhaps their lives would be easier if
they were better at communication & if they were more honest about their feelings.

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1 Bonding→ Feeling that brings people together.

2. Gives cold comfort to the critics →Shows the critic are correct.
3. Enhance →improve
4. Dislocation → feeling that life is out of order
5. Anomie→ feeling of hopelessness and loneliness
6. Self-Indulgence/Commitment→ Doing whatever one won’t / willingness to give time, energy
7. Deficits →lack of something necessary
8. Reciprocal→ Giving and receiving in return
9. Presuppose→ Require: Assume
10. A link→ A connection
11. Implicitly acknowledged Understood without discussion
12 Feeble→ Weak
13 Contradiction→ lack of agreement

Summary:
Mary Brown Parlee's "The friendship bond. " Is based on a report on the psychology today friendship
questionnaire, which was taken from a large number (40,000) of respondents. She presents the theories
about friendship, that is what social critics believe about friend ship in the U.S. findings contradict with
them in several issues friendships.
The study was conducted with more than 40,000 readers were asked about what they looked for in close
friendship, what they expected from friends, what they were willing to give in returns. and how satisfied
they were with the quality of their friendship. The social critics were not satisfied with the results of the
study.
According to the study friendship appears to be a unique form of human relationship which is totally
different from marriage or the family relationship because friendship is not defined or regulated by low.
The friendship relationship is also different from other social roles that we are play life. Citizens employees
and other organization. Friendship enhances feelings of warmth, burst love & affection between two
peoples.
The study in friendship confirms that issues of trust and betrayal are most important in friend ship: Besides,
friendship doesn't only take place. between people of similar types. It also takes place between people who
differ in race, sexual preference, religion and ethnic background.
Social Critics have considered that dislocation and isolation grow out of the high mobility rate among
Americans & loss of community support. Besides, they have also argued that life of people in modern cities
is filled with loneliness & stress.
The study also showed that most people believe and trust their friends. They tend to turn to friends in times
of emotional crises. Besides many respondents. opined that friend become more important as one gets older
It also showed that almost 60% people found their friendship reciprocal. The study concludes that friendship
in America appears to be in sound health.

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1. Why did social critics expect people to be dissatisfied with their friendship? In what ways were the critics
expectation wrong?
→ Social critics expect people to be dissatisfied with their friendship because of the growth of moving
among Americans and a loss of community supports, people choose to live alone turn around luxuriate and
lack of loyalty. The crisis expectation was wrong in the way people confide I, their friendship.

2. What five qualities did people say were most important to them in a friend? Would you list the same five
qualities? In the same order?
→The most important five qualities that people said were:
• Loyalty
• Confidence
• Warmth
• Affection
• Supportiveness
Yes, I would list the same five qualities in the same order.

3. What are the two-reason given for ending a friendship? Which of the two reason makes more sense to
you?
→ The two reason which end a friendship is betrayed by a friend and discovering that a friend has a very
different views on issue that respondent.
The two reason which makes sense to me is lack of trust and betrayal.

4. What three activities are most characteristics among friends in this survey? What role does trust play in
these activities?
→ Three activities are intimate talk, helping out a friend and turning to a friend for help which are the most
characteristic among friends in the survey. Trust plays a vital role in friendship and make strong relation
between each other.

5. What two rules of friendship do the respondents mention? Do you follow the same rules with your
friends?
→ Two rules of friendship do the respondent mention about is:
i) The Rule of friendship where friends confide in each other sharing secrets personal lives and feelings.
ii) The rule of friendship which involve the right to ask help I, their difficulties. Yes, I follow that same rule
with my friends.

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6. What limits do the respondents put on friendship? Can you be good friends with someone and say not to
him or her?
→ The respondents showed a limit a friend who help, another commit suicide. Yes, I can be a good friend
and I can’t say no to him.

Part-2
Personal Writing

1. Can friend ever be more important to you than family?

→ Friends and family both are needed in our life and both of them are equally important too. But family is
more important than friends come and go but family is always with us. When there is even a small dispute
with friends, friendship can be easily broken but Family is always dearer. Some persons can stay even
without making friends but we can’t say without family. Let’s imagine: how can we stay by forgetting our
father, mother, brother, sister, etc.? When we are sick, our friends just come to visit and give sympathy but
our family is every time with us. To sum up, I have many friends in my life. They are also important for
me. They are also dear to me. They also help to me but family is family. Friends cannot dearest and more
important to family.

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1. How important is it to confide in a friend? Can you be friends with someone without revealing parts of
yourself?
→ It is very much important to confide in a friend, rather best friend because they are our best friend for a
reason that They know everything about us and will know if something is wrong in our life on their own
without us telling them. For a friendship to grow deeper, we've to try to understand them from deep inside
and always have to be with them not only in their happy times but also in their sad times because that time
is the only time our friend will ever need us the most. So, apparently, we've to be there for our friends
through their thick & thing. Moreover, we can be friends with someone without revealing parts of ourself
because in order for a friendship to last well. we have to give some part of the certain times and not taking
from them all the time - True friend know everything about us and what's going to happen in our life."

2. Have you ever ended a friendship? If so, why?

→Yes, I have ended many friendships in life from when I was a kid to being an adult. In phases of my life,
I met different type of people with different personalities. At the beginning stage of friendship with a person
she or he seems more supportive, understanding & loving but later their hidden sides start to show up. I
have had many toxic friends in life who used to point at my weaknesses instead of feeling worthy and
capable. Therefore, I am very glad to end that friendship.

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Heart speaks to Heart Across a cultural Divide

Summary:

Heart speaks heart across a cultural divide" is an article based on friendship written by Gaul Saunders. This
article is all about two women from two different backgrounds who taught together in a school. The writer
mentions the disagreement between the writer’s culture and her friend a leacher. This story is composed.
with the story of "Romeo and Juliet" written by William Shakespeare. In the story, the writer has described
how a person from a different background always has to compromise in life and the struggles he/she has to
face.
In this story, the writer & her friend were working together in a school and happened to be neighbors.
Primarily, they were cordial and had a friendly relationship with each other but later due to political &
ideological barriers they were distant from each other. One day a very small argument occurred with a
coworker which grew into a big matter and that’s why the school administration feud the writer from job
by telling many ugly and untrue things. However, the writer's friend was not punished at all because she
was from the same community that hurts the writer feeling and so she stopped smiling & socializing and
fell like a Parian Similarly, her colleague and neighbor and the writer met at a cafeteria and one day the
writers’ friends was shocked to see her friend so disheartened, lipless in pathetic condition.
From that day her friend started helping her get out of the difficult phase in of the life of the writer. They
began talking, going to school together. eating together talking about philosophy of life and their family.
Even though, they had a many differences & variations, they respected each other and treated each other
like their own family. Their difference was mostly political & cultural. The reunification of friendship helps
the writer to overcome the problems. In the end, avoiding the cultural religious number and bade warm
difference they exchanged phone num good bye. In a printed cord. The writer received her friend saying
"To my best friend” I wish you the best.
In this way, we can learn that we can be best friend with people with different background, cultural and
religious differences that helps us Minimize the problems in life and as a whole makes this world a better
place to live in.

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Discussion: Critical thinking

1. Can you be as a good friend with someone from another culture as with someone from your own culture?
Explain.
→ Yes, I can as good friend with someone from another culture as with someone from my own culture.
Friendship is the combination of two or more souls. There is no matter what his/her culture. True friends
evaluate his/her personality, attitudes, behaviors, honesty, and makes him/her intimate friends. Two persons
from different cultures may be good friend if they understand each other.

2. Relatives can be friends, but friends do not usually become relatives? Explain
→ Relatives can be friends but friends do not usually become relatives. Yes, friends can be as important to
me as relatives. Friends are often chosen based on shared interest and values, whereas relatives are often
connected by blood or marriage. Additionally, friends may be more in tune without current needs and
desires. Whereas relatives may have known as for a long time and may not understand our current needs
and desires as well. Finally, friends may be less likely to be involved in family dynamic or conflicts which
can make them a more reliable source of support.

3. English has two contradictory sayings that can to friend ship "Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposite
attract." What do they mean? which saying describes friendship more accurately in your experience?
→ The saying "birds of a feather flock together" suggests that people with similar interests, values &
backgrounds tend to group together and form friendship while opposite attract" implies that people who are
different from each- other in friendship.
In my experience, both saying can be true to some extent. It's natural for people to feel more comfortable
around other who share similar experiences and perspectives. However, friend ship can also be formed
between people who have different background & personalities, as this difference can complement & enrich
each other's lives.
Ultimately, the accuracy of these saying depends on the specific individuals and their personalities, interest
and circumstances. Both birds of a feather flock "together" and "opposite attract" can apply to different
friendship, and neither they saying is universally true or false.

4. Do women make friends more easily than men do? Do they know how to be a better friend than men?
do? Explain.
→ I Agree that women are better than men when it comes to make a friend and maintaining friendship. I
think the reason for this could be that women are emotional and get easily attached So, they can’t let go
their friends easily. Women may have more opportunities to socialize with other women, such as through
work, social events, female centric activities, which could lead to more opportunities for friendship.
However, it's important to these are just generalization & not true for every Individual. There are plenty of
men who are skilled at making friends & prioritize relationship, and these are women who struggles to form
close connection with others.

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Part-4 Focus on Writing skills

Exercise-1

1. “Unlike marriage or the ties that bind parents & children, it is not defined or regulated by law.”
→ Paraphrase: The law defines relationship between spouses and between parents and children and tells us
how to act in them; It does not do the same for friendship.
Revision: The law clearly state's what family relationships are and how we should act in them; it does not
do the same for friendship.

2. “The findings confirm that issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship.”
→ Paraphrase: Trust and betrayal are factors that hold the greatest importance when it comes to friendship
as illustrated by different research in the world.
Revision: Trust and betrayal hold the greatest importance when it comes to friendship as shown in various
research.

3. "The questionnaire answers thus confirm what many readers said explicitly in their comments in a
satisfying friendship trust and feeling accepted are two of the most essential components.”
→ Paraphrase: In research, many readers said doubtlessly in the comments of the survey from illustrated
that in a content’s friendship, trust and feeling accepted are two key ingredients and paramount components.

Exercise-6 Guidelines 1&2

Underline the subject in each sentence, & circle the correct. forms of the verb.

1. A friend accepts/ accept out weakness, whereas relatives often pretends / pretend that we don't have any
weakness.

2. Sharing confidences with friends and trusting them to discreet is/are important requirement of friendship.

3. Loyalty, or on unspoken agreement to remain faithful and supportive is/ are more often expected in
friendship than in kinship.

4. A cousin and a brother never stops/ stop being relatives, but a friend sometimes does/ do stop being a
friend.

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5. A relative, especially a close one, very likely knows/ know how you are feeling without having to ask.

6. A friend to deepen the friendly relations Shares/ Share his or her deepest feelings with you.

Exercise-7 Guidelines 3 and 4

1. People who knows / know only your good side doesn't/ don't know all of you.

2. Being honest about negative feelings, which includes/ include saying that you have been hurt lets/ let a
friend get to know.

3. There is/ are a no of habits that can keep a friendship from growing.

4. The tendency to “keep score." which means/ mean comparing what one gives to what one receives in a
friendship is a bad habit.

5. Keeping score in friendship that is/ are important to you may harm the relationships.

6. Those people who has/ have trouble accepting others generosity needs/ need to remember how happy
they are to help a friend.

Ex- 8 Guidelines 5 and 6

1. An introvert is someone who is/ are more interested in her or his own thoughts and feelings than in
something that is/ are outside herself or himself.

2. Everyone recognizes/ recognize extroverts: people who likes/ like to be with others and to attract
attention.

3. An introvert and an extrovert both needs/ need friends as everyone does/ do.

4. Neither the introvert nor the extrovert is/ are happy without knowing that he or she has have friends.

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5. Extroverts is/ are probably better at making friends because almost everything about them is/ are friendly.

6. Neither big parties nor a very public job is/ are attractive to an introvert, who prefers/ prefer quieter
surrounding.

7. On the other hand, either a party or another place with lots of people appeals/ appeal to extroverts.

8. Most of what is/ are mentioned here comes/ come from research, but all of it is/ are easy to observe
among people that you know.

9. At some time in his or her life, every introvert probably wishes/ wish to be more extroverted.

10. Truth told, no extrovert has/ have been hurt by thinking quietly about life, which all of us needs/ need
to do at least occasionally.

Exercise- 9 Guidelines 7 and 8

1. A young audience is/ are often more enthusiastic than an older me.

2. He found that physics was/ were more difficult for him that he had thought it would be.

3. Economics and mathematics requires/ require a certain. amount of concentration to understand.

4. From what they said on TV, the government is/ are going to announce tax reforms soon.

5. Politics has/ have never made much sense to me.

6. The news about the earthquake was/ were quite discouraging.

7. The two pieces of news John started with us was/ were both distressing.

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Read the paragraph and rewrite it to correct the subject. -verb agreement errors.

For me loyalty is an important part of friendship. A loyal friend is true and faithful to me. Loyalty to friend
do not mean that my friends should support me when I am wrong, however sometimes people supports
friends who has lied or been dishonest to others. This kind of support is not loyalty. A loyal friend would
support my decision to go away to school, even if it meant our separation. A loyal friend supports decisions
and actions that honestly benefits you, even if the friend loses something in the process.
Answers:
Do not → Doesn’t
Supports → support
Has → have
Benefits → Benefit

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