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LESSON 1: Central Limit Theorem
EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this module, you are expected to illustrate and define the
sampling distribution of the sample mean using the central limit theorem.

Pre-test
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. A probability distribution that describes the probability for each mean of all the
samples with the same sample size n is called____________.
A. Frequency Distribution C. Sampling Distribution
B. Normal Distribution D. Non-probability

2. A population consists of values 2, 4, 6, and 8. What is the population mean?

A. 4.0 B. 4.5 C. 5.0 D. 4.5

3. A sample consists of values 5, 10, and 15. What is the sample mean?
A.10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13

4. If the population standard deviation 𝜎 of a dataset is 5, what is the population

variance?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25

5. If the population variance of a set of data is 16, what is the population standard
deviation?
A. 3.5 B. 4.0 C. 4.5 D. 5.0

6. If a population has a mean of 5.6, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of
its means?
A. 4.6 B. 5.6 C. 6.6 D. 7.6

7. If a population has a mean of 25, what is the mean of the sampling distributions of
its means?
A. 20 B. 25 C. 30 D. 35

8. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 12.4, what is the mean of
the population?
A. 12.0 B. 12.2 C. 12.4 D. 12.6

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9. Which of the following states that: “If samples of size n, where n is sufficiently large,
are drawn from any population with a mean µ and standard deviation 𝜎, then the
sampling distribution of sample means approximates a normal distribution”?
A. Probability Distribution C. Central Limit Theorem
B. Normal Distribution D. Random Variable.

10. If a population has a variance of 6.2, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means if 𝑛 = 2?
A. 3.1 B. 3.2 C. 3.3 D. 3.4

LOOKING BACK
The Central Limit Theorem states that under rather general conditions, sums and
means of random samples of measurements drawn from a population tend to possess
an approximately normal distribution.
As the sample size n increases, the shape of the distribution of the sample means
taken from a population with mean µ and standard deviation 𝜎 will approach a normal
distribution.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The mean 𝜇𝑥̅ of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the mean of the
population.
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
where 𝜇𝑥̅ is the mean of the sampling distribution of the means
𝜇 is the population mean.

The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the variance of

the population divided by the sample size n.
𝜎²
𝜎²𝑥̅ =
𝑛

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the

standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the sample size n.
𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛

Example:
Samples of size n were randomly selected from a population with means and
variance given below. In each case, find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of
the sampling distribution of the means.
1. n = 4 µ = 4.2 𝜎 2 = 16
2. n = 16 µ=8 𝜎2 = 9

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Solution:
1. Given: n=4 µ = 4.2 𝜎 2 = 16
a. the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
𝜇𝑥̅ = 4.2
𝜎²
b. the variance of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜎²𝑥̅ =
𝑛
16
𝜎²𝑥̅ = =4
4
𝜎
c. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛
4
𝜎𝑥̅ = =2
√4

2. Given: n = 16 µ=8 𝜎2 = 9
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
𝜇𝑥̅ = 8
𝜎²
b. The variance of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜎²𝑥̅ =
𝑛
9
𝜎²𝑥̅ = = 0.5625
16
𝜎
c. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means is 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛
3
𝜎𝑥̅ = = 0.75
√16
Activity 1.1
A population consists of values (2, 4, 6). Consider all possible samples of size
𝑛 = 2 that can be drawn with replacement from this population. Calculate the
following:
a. mean of the sampling distribution of means.
b. variance of the sampling distribution of means.
c. standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means

Activity 1.2
A population consists of numbers (1, 2, 3). Consider all possible samples of size
2 that can be drawn with replacement from this population. Find the following:
a. mean of the sampling distribution of means.
b. variance of the sampling distribution of means.
c. standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means

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LESSON 2: Solving Problems Involving Sample Distribution of the Sample
Means
EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this module, you are expected to solve problems involving sampling
distribution of the sample mean.
LOOKING BACK
In the previous chapter, you learned how to use the normal distribution to gain
information about an individual data value obtained from the population. In this lesson,
you will use the sampling distribution of the mean to obtain information about the
sample mean.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental importance in statistics because it
justifies the use of normal curve methods for a wide range of problems. This theorem
applies automatically to sampling infinite population. It also assures that no matter
what the shape of the population distribution of the mean is, the sampling distribution
of the sample means is closely normally distributed whenever n is large.
𝑋̅−𝜇
Consequently, it justifies the use of the formula 𝑧 = 𝜎 when computing for the
√𝑛
probability that 𝑋̅ will take on a value within a given range in the sampling
distribution of 𝑋̅.
𝑋̅−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
where 𝑋̅ = sample mean
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
n = sample size
Examples: INSERT THE Z-TEST TABLE
The average time it takes a group of Senior High School students to complete a
certain examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected Senior High student will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes?
b. If 50 randomly selected Senior High School students will take the examination,
what is the probability that the mean time the group will take to complete the
test will be less than 43 minutes?
Solutions:
A. What is the probability that a randomly selected Senior High student will complete
the examination in less than 43 minutes?
Steps Solution

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1. Identify the given 𝜇= 46.2, 𝜎 = 8, 𝑋̅ = 43
information.
2. Identify what is asked for. 𝑃 (𝑋 < 43)
3. Identify the formula to be
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
used. 𝑧=
σ
4. Solve the problem. 43 − 46.2
𝑧=
8
𝑧 = −0.40

We shall find 𝑃(𝑋 < 43) by getting the area under

the normal curve.
𝑃(𝑋 < 43) = 𝑃(𝑧 < −0.40)
= 0.5000 – 0.1554
= 0.3446
5. State the final answer. So, the probability that the randomly selected
Senior High School student will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.3446
or 34.46%.

B. If 50 randomly selected Senior High School student will take the examination, what
is the probability that the mean time the group will take to complete the test will be
less than 43 minutes?

Steps Solution
1. Identify the given 𝜇 = 46.2, 𝜎 = 8, 𝑋̅ = 43, 𝑛 = 50
information.
2. Identify what is asked for. 𝑃(𝑋 < 43 )
3. Identify the formula to be 𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
used.
√𝑛
4. Solve the problem. 43 − 46.2
𝑧=
8
√50
𝑧 = −2.83

We shall find 𝑃(𝑋 < 43) by getting the area under

the normal curve.
𝑃(𝑋 < 43) = 𝑃(𝑧 < −2.83)
= 0.5000 – 0.4977
= 0.0023

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5. State the final answer. So, the probability that 50 randomly selected
Senior High School students will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.0023
or 0.23%.

Activity 2.1
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand
of ice cream is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume that the variable
is normally distributed.
A. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 670 mg?
B. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that
the mean of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?

Activity 2.2
An electric company claims that the average life of the bulbs it manufactures is
1, 200 hours with a standard deviation of 250 hours. If a random sample of 100 bulbs
is chosen, what is the probability that the sample mean will be:
a. greater than 1, 150 hours?
b. less than 1, 250 hours?

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Samples of size n were randomly selected from populations with means and
variance given below. In each case, find the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the means.
a. n = 4 µ = 5.5 𝜎 2 = 25
b. n = 4 µ = 7.5 𝜎2 = 9
c. n = 4 µ = 8.5 𝜎 2 = 16

POST TEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is greater than the
population mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than the
population mean.
C. The means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to the
population mean.
D. The means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, less than,
or greater than the population mean.

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2. A population consists of values 3,6,9, and 12. What is the population mean?
A. 5.5 C. 7.5
B. 6.5 D. 8.5
3. A sample consists of values 4, 8, 12, and 16. What is the sample mean?
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13

variance?
A. 9 C. 16
B. 12 D. 25
5. If the population variance of a set of data is 25, what is the population standard
deviation?
A. 5.0 C. 6.0
B. 5.5 D. 6.5
6. If a population has a mean of 6.5, what is the mean of the sampling distribution of
its means?
A. 6.0 C. 7.0
B. 6.5 D. 7.5
7. If a population has a mean of 15, what is the mean of the sampling distributions of
its means?
A. 10 C. 20
B. 15 D. 25
8. If the mean of the sampling distribution of the means is 13.5, what is the mean of
the population?
A. 12.5 C. 13.5
B. 13.0 D. 14.0
9. If samples of size n, where n is sufficiently large, are drawn from any population

means approximates a normal distribution.

A. Probability Distribution C. Central Limit Theorem
B. Normal Distribution D. Random Variable
10. If a population has a variance of 9.3, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of its means? The sampling distribution was derived with the sample size
𝑛 = 3 and all possible samples are drawn with replacement.
A. 2.9 C. 3.1
B. 3.0 D. 3.2

ANSWER KEY

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