Objects & Classes

Lecture 7

Instructor: Maria Amjad

Const and classes
• Const keyword is used to make any element of a
program constant. Once a const class object has
been initialized via constructor, any attempt to
modify the member variables of the object is
disallowed, as it would violate the const-ness of
the object. This includes both changing member
variables directly (if they are public), or calling
member functions that set the value of member
variables.
Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Demo
{
int value;
public:
Demo(int v = 0) {value = v;}
void showMessage()
{
cout<<"Hello World We are Tushar, "
"Ramswarup, Nilesh and Subhash Inside"
" showMessage() Function"<<endl;
}
void display()const
{
cout<<"Hello world I'm Rancho "
"Baba Inside display() Function"<<endl;
}
};
Example
int main()
{
//Constant object are initialised at the time of
declaration using constructor
const Demo d1;
//d1.showMessage();Error occurred if uncomment.
d1.display();
return(0);
}
Output
Hello world I'm Rancho Baba Inside display() Function
Const member function
• A const member function is a member function that guarantees it will not modify the
object or call any non-const member functions (as they may modify the object).
• Example
class Something
{
public:
int m_value;

Something(): m_value(0) { }

void resetValue() { m_value = 0; }

void setValue(int value) { m_value = value; }

int getValue() const; // note addition of const keyword here

};

int Something::getValue() const // and here

{
return m_value;
}
Const objects
• A const object is defined the same for a user-defined type as a built-in type.
• Example
class X
{
int i;
public:
X(int ii);
int f() const;
};
X::X(int ii) : i(ii) {}
int X::f() const { return i; }
int main()
{
X x1(10);
const X x2(20);
x1.f();
x2.f();
} ///:~
Arrays
Lecture 7
Array Fundamentals
• C++ provides a data structure, the array, which
stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements
of the same type. An array is used to store a
collection of data, but it is often more useful to think
of an array as a collection of variables of the same
type. Instead of declaring individual variables, such
as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you
declare one array variable such as numbers and use
numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to
represent individual variables. A specific element in
an array is accessed by an index.
Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <iomanip>
using std::setw;
int main () {
int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
// initialize elements of array n to 0
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100
}
cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
// output each array element's value
for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) {
cout << setw( 7 )<< j << setw( 13 ) << n[ j ] << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Array as class members
• Arrays can be declared as the members of a class. The arrays
can be declared as private, public or protected members of the
class.
• Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const int size=5;
class student
{
int roll_no;
int marks[size];
public:
void getdata ();
void tot_marks ();
};
Array as class members
void student :: getdata ()
{
cout<<"\nEnter roll no: ";
cin>>roll_no;
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
{
cout<<"Enter marks in subject"<<(i+1)<<": ";
cin>>marks[i] ;
}
void student :: tot_marks() //calculating total marks
{
int total=0;
for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
total+ = marks[i];
cout<<"\n\nTotal marks "<<total;
}
int main()
Student stu;
stu.getdata() ;
stu.tot_marks() ;
return 0;
}
Array of objects
• We created two objects rt1 and rt2 of class
Rectangle representing the two
rectangles. Rectangle rt1 ( 7, 4 ); - created the
object 'rt1' and assigned its length and breadth
as 7 and 4 respectively. Similarly, Rectangle
rt2 ( 4, 5 ); created the object 'rt2' and assigned
its length and breadth as 4 and 5 respectively.
Example
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student
{
string name;
int marks;
public:
void getName()
{
getline( cin, name );
}
void getMarks()
{
cin >> marks;
}
Example
void displayInfo()
{
cout << "Name : " << name << endl;
cout << "Marks : " << marks << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Student st[5];
for( int i=0; i<5; i++ )
{
cout << "Student " << i + 1 << endl;
cout << "Enter name" << endl;
st[i].getName();
cout << "Enter marks" << endl;
st[i].getMarks();
}
for( int i=0; i<5; i++ )
{
cout << "Student " << i + 1 << endl;
st[i].displayInfo();
}
return 0;
}
Output
Student 1
Enter name
Jack
Enter marks
Enter marks
87
54
Student 2 Student 1
Enter name Name : Jack
Marx Marks : 54
Enter marks Student 2
45 Name : Marx
Student 3 Marks : 45
Enter name Student 3
Julie Name : Julie
Enter marks Marks : 47
47 Student 4
Student 4 Name : Peter
Enter name Marks : 23
Peter Student 5
Enter marks Name : Donald
23
Marks : 87
Student 5
Enter name
Donald