International Journal of Physics and Astronomy

June 2019, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-7

ISSN: 2372-4811 (Print), 2372-482X (Online)
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development
DOI: 10.15640/ijpa.v7n1a1
URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijpa.v7n1a1

Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Friedhelm M. Jöge1

Abstract

The rudiments of a theory of dark energy. The theoretical result is confronted with the numerical value
calculated from the available data. Excellent matching of numerical values resulting in three independent
paths makes the approach plausible. The work at hand is analogous to KEPLER's laws of planetary orbits.
Only ISAAC NEWTON put KEPLER's laws on a theoretical basis, which is provided here by THOMAS
GÖRNITZ [1]. The empirical BALMER formula for the frequencies of the spectral lines in the arc spectrum
of hydrogen was also theoretically justified by NIELS BOHR, who calculated the energy levels of the
hydrogen atom and the fequencies of spectral lines.

Summary
The derivation of a formula for calculation dark energy is described. The result is tested on the basis of the
available data from the MAX PLANCK Institute for Radio Astronomy. Further formulas are deducted. The
dark matter of the cosmos is calculated. A balance sheet is drawn up. Conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Dark energy, dark matter, PLANCK time, age of the universe, cosmic information.
1. Derivation of a formula for calculating dark energy
The quotient h/tp represent an energy that leads to the derivation of a formula for calculating dark energy.
This requires only the assumptions that the PLANCK time tp is an oscillation period τ and dark energy satisfies the
PLANCK/EINSTEIN formula
E=hν (1.1)
Oscillations are fundamental oscillations of the cosmic space [1, pg.15]. THOMAS GÖRNITZ says:
„Structural quanta emerge from a quantum-theoretical description of „oscillation states“ of a system around its
ground state. They produce many effects. The AQIs of protyposis are also structural quanta and not particles. One
can interpret them as the „fundamental oscillations of the cosmic space“.
For dark energy Ed this then leads to:
pEd = h / tp = 1.229×1010 J in PLANCK time
E
1 d = 2.28×1053 J in 1 s
Ed = 0.994×1071 J in 13.8 billion years for the age of the universe tu = 4.358×1017 s
The following formula for calculating the dark energy in the universe is then derived from these calculation steps:
Ed = h tu / tp2 (1.2)
This simple three-sentence operation was found by THOMAS GÖRNITZ [1] in a more in-depht manner,
resulting in very well-matched numerical values. A connection to the empirical is thus achieved. Data shows us the
nature of things as well as theories.

1
Schulstrasse 57, D-31812 Bad Pyrmont, Germany, E-Mail: [email protected]
2 International Journal of Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 2019

2. Verification of the result

In order to show the good concordance of the value calculated according to the formula of dark energy with
the value calculated from the existing data, the data from the MAX PLANCK Institute for Radio Astronomy are used
as a basis. Accordingly, the mass/energy of the universe is composed as follows:
70% dark energy
25% dark matter
4-5% visible baryonic matter
0.3% neutrinos
In Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft [2, pg. 218] the enegy equivalent for the visible matter in the universe is
deducted as follows:

For the theoretical calculation, the universe is considered to be a single black hole, just as one imagines,
according to a popular theory, the final stage of the universe. THOMAS GORNITZ has also expressed the idea of
the cosmos as a single black hole [1, pg.30 at the end of 7.2]. He writes: “From this point of view, it makes perfect
sense to think about whether our cosmos can be interpreted under certain aspects as the interior of a gigantic black
hole.”
Then, with the black hole entropy (BEKENSTEIN-HAWKING entropy) SH = kc3 AH / (4ħG) and
HAWKING temperature TH = ħc3 / (8πkGM), one obtains the formula THSHM / AH = (2/G)2 (c/2)6 / (2π). If
one sets THSH = QH = E = Mc2 and for the area of the black hole event horizon AH = 4πR2, which measures the
information potentially contained in it, one obtains for the visible mass M of the universe M2c2 / (4πR2) = 4c6 / (26 G2
2π) and M = 81/2 c2 R/(23 G).With the HUBBLE relation R = c/H0 yields M = 81/2 c3 / (23 GH0). M = E/c2 is given
by

EM = c5 / (81/2 G H0) = 5.61×1069 J (2.1)

A numerical value that STEPHEN HAWKING calculated for the entire current visible mass energy
equivalent of the universe [3, pg.1355]. This theoretically calculated value, which corresponds to 1080 proton masses,
and which makes up the major part of the cosmic energy of the matter, can be compared with the value calculated
from the volume and density of the universe [4, pg.850]. This value agrees well with the theoretically calculated value.
Based on the available data of the MAX PLANCK Institute for Radio Astronomy and with
H0 = 2.285×10-18 s-1 this results in the dark energy: 5.61×1069 J ・ 70 / 4 = 0.982×1071 J.
H0 = 70.5 km s-1 Mpc-1 according to WMAP5
Whilst the matching of numeric values cannot replace a theory, a good theory must nevertheless be measured
according to the concordance of numerical values. In this respect, the calculation supports the assumptions (theory)
made for the formula (1.2).
A further possibility of validation is given through the application of the equation (4) from Grenzgebiete der
Wissenschaft [2, pg. 226]. Accordingly, the energy is equivalent to the information flow H/t with H = SHANNON
information entropy and t = time:
E = h · ln2 · H/t (2.2)
HARTMUT ISING [5] and LIENHARD PAGEL [6] also developed a corresponding formula.
The formula (2.2) should be deducted exactly here from the DE BROGLIE formula [7]:
The DE BROGLIE formula is: A/h = S/k. This results in A = (h/k) S → AT = (h/k) ST = (h/k) Q. E =
hν = kT → T = hν / k. A hν / k = (h/k) Q → A ν = Q → A/τ = Q → A = Q τ → Q τ = (h/k) S. S = k
・ ln2 ・ H is given by Q = h ・ ln2 ・ H / τ .
If one then sets Δt = aτ (a = dimensionless factor), then Q = h ・ ln2 ・ a ・ H / (aτ) = h ・ ln2 ・ a ・ H / Δt
→ Q/a = h ・ ln2 ・ H / Δt . Q/a is Qt , then Qt = h ・ ln2 ・ H / Δt . With Qt = Et one obtains the formula
(2.2).
Friedhelm M. Jöge 3

It is identical to ISING's or PAGEL's formula except for the factor ln2. Thus, dark energy can also be
understood as information flow.
The cosmic information HK is given in THOMAS GORNITZ [8] as approx. 10122 bit for tu = 15 billion
years. From this, formula (3.2) calculates the cosmic information HK = 0.943×10122 bit for tu = 13.8 billion years.
HK = 0.943×10122 bit for the cosmic information and tu = 4.358×1017 s yields Ed =0.994×1071 J for dark energy. So
here too, very good concordance is evident.
3. Derived formulas
Using the equations (1.2) and (2.1) leads to the ratio of the energy equivalent of dark energy and visible matter
Ed / EM = 81/2 G h / (c5 tp2) = 17.75 (3.1)
For the area of astrophysics, it might be relevant to theoretically calculate this relationship.
The following relationship for cosmic information HK can be derived from the formulas (1.2) and (2.2)
ln2 ・ Hk = (tu / tp)2 (3.2)
This formula (3.2) was also derived by THOMAS GORNITZ in a comparable form [1, pg. 30].
The maximum possible information content Hmax , which can encode the surface of a spherical universe and
which corresponds to this surface in PLANCK units, is given by Au = 4πR2 = 4π(R/lp)2. (see [9]).
With the HUBBLE relation R = c/H0 and H0 = 1/ tu , Au = 4π (c tu/lp)2. With lp = (ħG/c3)1/2 you get

Hmax = 4π c5 tu2 / (ħG) → Hmax ~ tu2 ~ Au (3.3)

Hmax = 8.21×10122 bit ≈ 10123 bit

This value is in good agreement with the one identified by R. PENROSE [10]. For comparison, the
BEKENSTEIN-HAWKING entropy is cited: SH = kc3 AH/(4ħG) ; with SH = k・ln2・HH follows

ln2 · HH = c3 AH / (4ħG) → HH ~ AH (3.4)

4. Calculation of dark matter
According to THOMAS GORNITZ, the number of AQIs (abstract quantum information) in the cosmos is
N = tcosmos2 / 2 = (tu/tp)2 /2 = 0.32×10122 [1, pg. 30]. This value corresponds to the value of dark matter in Table 1,
where HDM = 0.33×10122 is given. That`s a remarkable match!
With formula (3.2) it follows:
HK/N = 2/ln2 ≈ 2.89 (4.1)
By comparing in Table 1 the informational equivalents of the dark energy HDE = HK and the total mass
energy of the universe Hu , one obtains the relation
HDE = ln2 ・ Hu (4.2)
and Ed = (ln2)2 ・ h ・ Hu / tu . ln2 ・ HDE = (tu / tp)2 ~ Ak
The formulas (3.2), (4.1) and (4.9) lead to
HBH = zBH ・ nBH = (tu/tp)2 /4 (4.3)
By combining the different informational equivalents of the energies in Table 1, a number of formulas of the
ratios of the informational equivalents can be derived. Here are examples:
Hmax / HDE = 4π c5 tp2 / (ln2 · ħG) (4.4)
4 International Journal of Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 2019

Hmax / HM = 83/2 · π2 · ln2 (4.5)

The formulas (3.2) and (4.3) lead to
HBH = HDE ・ ln2/4 (4.6)
HDE / ln2 ~ Ak ~ (tu / tp)2
Formula (4.2) results in
4HBH = HDE2 / Hu (4.7)
And
HBH = [(ln2)2 / 4] Hu (4.8)
According to THOMAS GORNITZ, the informational equivalent of the total black holes in the universe
Is
HBH = zBH ・ nBH = N/2 (4.9)
[1, pg.28, formula (7.3)]
The number of AQIs that make up all black holes in the universe is therefore N/2 = 0.3268×10122 /2 =
0.1634×10122. The entropy for black holes as objects in the cosmos is always smaller than the number of AQIs that
form the black hole (THOMAS GORNITZ).
5. Preparation of the balance sheet
If you enter the values found in a table, you get the following picture:
Table 1: Mass energy and information balance of the universe
________________________________________________________________________________
symbol % information energy mass
10122 [bit] 1071 [J] 1053 [kg] [J/bit]
________________________________________________________________________________
Dark energy HK = HDE 70 0.943 0.994
Dark matter HDM = N 25 0.337 0.355 3.9
Visible baryonic matter HM 4-5 0.054 0.056 0.625 10-51
Neutrinos HNeu 0.3 0.004 0.0043
________________________________________________________________________________
Σ Hu 100 1.338 1.4093
HBH 0.1634 (contained in Hu)
Hmax 8.21
MKG 4.5 1)

_____________________________________________________________________
1) TH. GÖRNITZ [1, pg. 31] specifies MKG = 5.5×1053 kg for the “cosmic total mass”, which means a

useful match.
6. Compilation of the formulas
There are three formulas in literature for the equivalence of information flow and energy. They are listed in Table 2.
Friedhelm M. Jöge 5

Table 2: Compilation of the most important formulas

________________________________________________________________________________
Author formula determined deducted further
formulas
_______________________________________________________________________________
ISING, H. and IE = h H/tu Hu Ed = h tu/tp2
PAGEL, L.

JÖGE, F. JE = h · ln2 · H/tu HDE ln2 · HDE = (tu/tp)2

SEDLACEK, KL. -D. GE = (ln2/12π2) h H/tu 2) HNeu HDE = (2 / ln2) N

and
GÖRNITZ, TH. HDM2 = (HBH · Hu) / 2
[11, pg. 40]
EM = c5 /(81/2 GH0) HM HDE = ln2 Hu

HDM = (tu/tp)2 /2 = Hu /4 HDM = N Hmax/HM ≈ 83/2 π2 ln2

Hmax = 4π c5 tu2/(ħG) Hmax HBH = (ln2/4) HDE

HBH = (tu/tp)2 /4 HBH HBH = Hu / 8 = [(ln2)2/4] Hu

HBH = N/2 = HDM /2

________________________________________________________________________________
2) The difference between the calculations according to this formula and formula (2.2) lies in the factor 12π 2 =

118.8435. It comes about due to the fact that during the expansion of the cosmos – especially during the period of
inflation (see Standard Model of Cosmology) – the volume work pdV has to be considered (see the first law of
thermodynamics: dU + pdV = 0 ) [1, pg. 22].
7. Conclusions
PLANCK time can be understood as the oscillation period τ. Oscillations are fundamental oscillations of the
cosmic space [1, pg. 15]. The dark energy satisfies the PLANCK/EINSTEIN formula E = h ν. Dark energy can be
interpreted as information flow.
According to formula (3.2), the cosmic information multiplied by ln2 is nothing more than the age of the
universe in PLANCK time units squared. The approximately fivefold amount of the currently known total
information content of the universe would still have space on the surface of a spherical universe.
Dark matter corresponds to the number of AQIs in the cosmos. The informational equivalents of dark
matter and the total mass energy of the cosmos are in a ratio 1/4. Dark energy and dark matter are in a ratio 2/ln2.
The ratio of dark energy to the total mass energy of the cosmos is ln2.
According to the formula (4.5) the ratio Hmax / HM is equal to 83/2 · π2 · ln2. The informational equivalent of
the black holes in the cosmos is equal to HDM / 2 = Hu /8 = [(ln2)2/4] Hu. Half of the hypothetical particles of dark
matter are distributed over the black holes in the universe and can be made accessible after the experimental
production of small black holes in a particle accelerator.
These statements can serve only as the beginnings of a theory on dark energy and give cause for further research.
Definition of symbols used in formulas
A = effect, action
AH = area of the black hole event horizon measures the information potentially contained in it
Au = surface of the spherical universe, corresponding to Hu
6 International Journal of Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 2019

Ak = surface of the spherical universe, corresponding to Hk

AQI = abstract quantum information (protyposis)
R = cosmic radius
c = speed of light
ν = frequency
E = energy
G = constant of gravitation
H0 = HUBBLE constant
H = SHANNON information entropy
HBH = informational equivalent of the total mass energy of the number of black holes in the cosmos
HDE = informational equivalent of dark energy
HDM = informational equivalent of dark matter
HK = cosmic information, HK = HDE
HNeu = informational equivalent of neutrinos
Hu = informational equivalent of the total mass energy of the universe
h = PLANCK quantum of action, ħ = h/(2π)
k = BOLTZMANN constant
M = mass
MDM = mass of dark matter
MKG = cosmic total mass
MM = mass of visible baryonic matter
N = number of AQIs in the cosmos
nBH = number of AQIs for a black hole
p = pressure
Q = thermal energy
S = thermodynamic entropy
SH = BEKENSTEIN HAWKING entropy
T = absolute temperature
τ = period of oscillation
t = time
tu = age of the universe
tp = PLANCK time
lp = PLANCK length
U = internal energy
V = volume
zBH = nummer of black holes in the cosmos (THOMAS GÖRNITZ [1])

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Friedhelm M. Jöge 7

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