u` fbk aej`d nekfbabn`

jbgb`nbkb lbrb nerbwbt pbs`ek ybkg fekgbk gbkggubk s`sten `ktegunekt aumb jbmbr
JBJ @@

V@KOBUBK XU\VBMB

:.2 Mcksep Vecr` Aumb Jbmbr

:.2.2 Fei`k`s` Lcnjuts`c/Aumb Jbmbr

Aumb jbmbr bfbabd subtu trbunb ybkg f`sejbjmbk caed pbkbs, brus a`str`m, jbdbk m`n`b fbk
pet`r ybkg nekgekb` mua`t, numcsb fbk obr`kgbk ybkg aej`d fbabn.Aumb jbmbr bfbabd aumb ybkg
f`sejbjmbk mcktbm fekgbk sudu t`kgg` sepert` bp`, b`r pbkbs, jbdmbk m`n`b fbk rbf`bs`.
Aumb jbmbr (lcnjust`c/jurk) bfbabd leferb (`kour`) sejbgb` bm`jbt mcktbm abkgsukg btbu
terpbpbr fekgbk sunjer-sunjer pbkbs (tdernba ), a`str`m (eaeltr`lt ), zbt m`n`b (ldenylba ), btbu
rbf`bs` (rbf`bt`ck) .
Aumb jbmbr bfbabd rusbm btbu d`abkgkyb obr`kgbk ybkg f`sejbjmbk mcktbm fekgbk sunjer

pbkbs sepert` mcjbrbk bp` f`tujud ( iabne), o`abtbk bp` metujud ( iabsd), termekb b`r pbkbs ( slbaf ),
tersektud jekfb pbkbs (mcktbm pbkbs), bm`jbt sekgbtbk a`str`m, bm`jbt jbdbk-jbdbk m`n`b, sertb
sekgbtbk nbtbdbr` ( sukjurk).
Aumb jbmbr ybkg dbkyb nenpekgbrud` mua`t jbg`bk aubr f`mekba fekgbk aumb jbmbr
superi`s`ba btbu ferbobt 2.J`ab leferb nekejus jejerbpb abp`sbk f`jbwbkyb, dba `k` f`sejut aumb
jbmbr sejbg`bk abp`sbk mua`t aubr btbu ferbobt @@.Xbfb aumb jbmbr ybkg nekgekb` seaurud
abp`sbk mua`t btbu ferbobt @@@, leferb neaubs me seaurud abp`sbk mua`t.

:.2.: Et`cacg`

Aumb jbmbr jbkybm f`sejbjmbk mbrekb subtu dba, f`bktbrbkyb bfb iniabd?

b. Aumb jbmbr sudu t`kgg` (Vdernba Jurk)? gbs, lb`rbk, jbdbk pbfbt

Aumb jbmbr tdernba jurk j`bsbkyb f`sejbjmbk caed b`r pbkbs (slbaf), o`abtbk bp` metujud
(iabsd), mcjbrbk bp` f` tujud (iabn), fbk bm`jbt terpbpbr btbu mcktbm fekgbk cjoem-cjoem pbkbs
ab`kkyb (acgbn pbkbs, fbk ab`k-ab`k) (Ncekbfobt, :885).
 j. Aumb jbmbr jbdbk m`n`b (Lden`lba Jurk)

Aumb jbmbr jbdbk m`n`b j`bsbkyb f`sejbjmbk caed bsbn mubt btbu bamba` ybkg j`bsb

f`gukbmbk fbabn j`fbkg `kfustry n`a`ter btbupuk jbdbk penjers`d ybkg ser`kg f`gukbmbk uktum
meperaubk runbd tbkggb (Ncekbfobt, :885).
l. Aumb jbmbr sekgbtbk a`str`m ( Eaeltr`lba Jurk)

A`str`m nekyejbjmbk merusbmbk ybkg f`sejbjmbk mbrekb brus, bp` fbk aefbmbk. Ba`rbk a`str`m
nekobabr f`sepbkobkg jbg`bk tujud ybkg nen`a`m` res`steks` pba`kg rekfbd.Merusbmbk terutbnb
pbfb penjuaud fbrbd, mdususkyb tuk`mb `kt`nb, sed`kggb nekyejbjmbk gbkggubk s`rmuabs` me
f`stba. \er`kg mba` merusbmbk jerbfb obud fbr` acmbs` mcktbm,jb`m mcktbm fekgbk sunjer brus
nbupuk grcwk (Ncekbfobt, :885).

f. Aumb jbmbr rbf`bs` ( Zbf`bs` @koury)

Aumb jbmbr rbf`bs` f`sejbjmbk mbrekb terpbpbr fekgbk sunjer rbf`cbmt`i.V`pe `koury `k` ser`kg
f`sejbjmbk caed pekggukbbk rbf`c bmt`i uktum meperaubk terbpeut`m fbabn fuk`b mefcmterbk fbk
`kfustry.Bm`jbt terpbpbr s`kbr nbtbdbr` ybkg terabau abnb ougb fbpbt nekyejbjmbk aumb jbmbr
rbf`bs` (Ncekbfobt, :885).

:.2.< Bkbtcn` I`s`cacg` @ktegunek

2.Ep`fern`s

Ep`fern`s ser`kg m`tb sejut sejbgb` mua`t aubr. Mua`t aubr `k` o`mb f`munpuambk bmbk

nekobf` crgbk terjesbr fbr` tujud. Aubs pernumbbkkyb sekf`r` bfbabd sem`tbr 24 neter perseg`.

Ep`fern`s nen`a`m` jejerbpb abp`sbk ybkg nekgbkfukg enpbt oek`s sea, yb`tu ? b. \trbtun mcrkeun.

Abp`sbk `k` terf`r` fbr` jbkybm abp`sbk tbkfum (merbt`kbs`), gepekg, mer`kg, t`fbm jer`kt`,
`kt` seakyb sufbd nbt`, fbk negbkfukg zbt merbt`k.

j. \trbtun aus`fun.

\eakyb p`p`d, jefbkyb fekgbk strbtun grbkuacsun bfbabd sea-sea sufbd jbkybm ybkg
med`abkgbk `kt` fbk jut`r-jut`r sea teabd nekobf` oerk`d semba` fbk tenjus s`kbr.

Abp`sbk `k` dbkyb terfbpbt pbfb teabpbm tbkgbk fbk teabpbm mbm`.Fbabn abp`sbk
tera`dbt sepert` subtu p`pb ybkg jek`kg, jbtbs-jbtbs sea sufbd t`fbm jeg`tu tera`dbt f`sejut strbtun
aus`fun.

l. \trbtun grbkuacsun.
 Abp`sbk `k` terf`r` fbr` :-< abp`s sea p`p`d sepert` munpbrbk fekgbk `kt` f`tekgbd fbk
s`tcpabsnb jer`s` jut`rbk (grbkuab) merbtcd`ba` btbu gbjukgbk merbt`k fekgbk d`ba`k.Abp`sbk `k`
nekgdbabkg` jekfb bs`kg, munbk fbk jbdbk m`n`b nbsum me fbabn tujud.

f. \trbtun \p`kcsun/strbtun Bmbktcsun.

Abp`sbk `k` nerupbmbk abp`sbk ybkg pba`kg tejba fbk fbpbt neklbpb` 8,: nn terf`r` fbr` 5-4
abp`sbk. sea-seakyb f`sejut sp`kcsun mbrekb o`mb f`a`dbt f` jbwbd n`mrcsmcp, seaseakyb terf`r`
fbr` sea ybkg jektumkyb pcaygckba/jbkybm sufut fbr` nenpukyb` tbkfum (sp`kb). Abp`sbk `k`
jeriukgs` uktum nekbdbk gesembk fbk tembkbk fbr` aubr.Jektumkyb tejba fbk terfbpbt f` fberbd
tujud ybkg jbkybm jersektudbk btbu nekbdbk jejbk fbk tembkbk sepert` tun`t fbk pbkgmba
teabpbm mbm`.

F`sejut bmbktcsun sejbj sea-seakyb jerfur`. Verkybtb sp`kb btbu tbkfum tersejut bfb

dujukgbk bktbrb sea ybkg ab`k ybkg f`sejut `kterleauab`r jr`fges btbu oenjbtbk `kterseauabr. e. \

trbtun Jbsba/Gern`kbt`vun.

F`sejut strbtun jbsba mbrekb sea-seakyb teraetbm f`jbg`bk jbsba/jbs`s, strbtun gern`kbt`vun
nekggbkt`mbk sea-sea ybkg f` btbskyb fbk nerupbmbk sea-sea `kfum.

Jektumkyb s`a`kfr`s (tbjukg) fekgbk `kt` ybkg ackockg.F` fbabnkyb terfbpbt jut`r jut`r ybkg
dbaus f`sejut jut`r neabk`k wbrkb.

\ea tersejut f`susuk sepert` pbgbr pbgbr (pba`sbfe) f`jbg`bk jbwbd sea tersejut terfbpbt
subtu nenjrbk f`sejut nenjrbk jbsba`s, sea-sea jbsba`s fekgbk nenjrbk jbsba`s nerupbmbk jbtbs
terjbwbd fbr` pbfb ep`fern`s fekgbk fern`s.

:. Fern`s

Fern`s bfbabd abp`sbk mua`t ybkg jerbfb f` jbwbd ep`fern`s.Xekyusuk utbnb fbr` fern`s bfbabd
mcabgek (prcte`k pekgubt), serbt ret`muaer (serbt prcte`k ybkg jeriukgs` sejbgb` pekycmckg), fbk
serbt eabst`s (prcte`k ybkg jerperbk fbabn eabst`s`tbs mua`t).

Fern`s nerupbmbk abp`sbk mefub fbr` mua`t, jbtbs fekgbk ep`fern`s f`abp`s` caed nenjrbke
jbsba`s fbk f` sejeabd jbwbd jerjbtbsbk fekgbk sujmut`s tbp` jbtbs `k` t`fbm oeabs dbkyb f`bnj`a
sejbgb` pbtcmbk `babd nuab`kyb terfbpbt sea aenbm.

Fern`s terf`r` fbr` : abp`sbk ?

2. Jbg`bk btbs, Xbrs Xbp`abr`s (strbtun pbp`abr).

:. Jbg`bk jbwbd, Zet`muabr`s (strbtun ret`muabr`s).

 Jbtbs bktbrb pbrs pbp`abr`s fekgbk pbrs ret`muabr`s bfbabd jbg`bk jbwbdkyb sbnpb` me

sujmut`s. Jb`m pbrs pbp`abr`s nbupuk pbrs ret`muabr`s terf`r` fbr` serbjut-serbjut yb`tu serbjut

mcabgek, serbjut eabst`s, fbk serbjut ret`muaus.

\erbjut `k` sba`kg jerbkybnbk fbk nbs`kg-nbs`kg nenpukyb` tugbs ybkg

jerjefb.\erbjut mcabgek, uktum nenjer`mbk memubtbk mepbfb mua`t, serbjut eabst`l uktum
nenjer`mbk meaekturbk pbfb mua`t, fbk ret`muaus terfbpbt terutbnb f`sem`tbr meaekobr fbk
ica`mea rbnjut fbk nenjer`mbk memubtbk pbfb babt tersejut.

b) Uksur sea fern`s

Uksure utbnb sea fern`s bfbabd i`jrcjabst, nbmrcibg, fbk terfbpbt sea aenbm ybkg
jermeacnpcm.F`sbnp`kg `tu bfb ougb sea obr`kgbk `mbt jerlbjbkg fbk jerp`gnek pbfb a`kgmukgbk
ep`fern`s ybkg jbkybm nekgbkfukg p`gnek n`sbakyb brecab nbnnbe fbk sem`tbr bkus.

j) \erbt ctct

\erbt ctct pcacs f`ounpb` f` fbabn fern`s tersusuk nenjektum jermbs f`dujukgmbk fekgbk ica`mea
rbnjut (nusmuaus ereltcr i`a`) jertejbrbk f`seaurud fern`s fbabn ounabd ybkg lumup jbkybm pbfb
mua`t, put`kg susu, pek`s, smrctun fbk sejbg`bk perek`un.

<. D`pcfern`s

Abp`sbk `k` terutbnb jerupb obr`kgbk bf`pcsb ybkg nenjer`mbk jbktbabk bktbrb abp`sbk mua`t
fekgbk strumtur `kterkba sepert` ctct fbk tuabkg.Verfbpbt penjuaud fbrbd, sbrbi fbk a`nie fekgbk
obr`kgbk pekybnjukg ybkg ter`s` sea aenbm.Obr`kgbk aenbm jemerob sejbgb` pekyembt pbkbs fbk
nekyef`bmbk pekybkggb jbg` abp`sbk mua`t f`btbskyb.

Xenjuaud fbrbd mua`t terf`r` fbr` \ujmut`s terf`r` fbr` munpuabk-munpuabk sea-sea aenbm fbk
f`bktbrb gercnjcabk `k` jerobabk serbjut-serbjut obr`kgbk `mbt fern`s.\ea-sea aenbm `k` jektumkyb
juabt fekgbk `kt`kyb terfesbm me p`kgg`r, sed`kggb nenjektum sepert` l`kl`k.

Abp`sbk aenbm `k` f` sejut per`muaus bf`pcsus, ybkg tejbakyb t`fbm sbnb pbfb t`bpt`bp
tenpbt fbk ougb penjbg`bk bktbrb abm`-abm` fbk perenpubk t`fbm sbnb (jerab`kbk).
Gukb per`muaus bf`pcsus bfbabd sejbgb` \dcm jremer (pegbs) j`ab tembkbk trbunb
nembk`s ybkg nek`npb pbfb mua`t, @scabtcr pbkbs btbu uktum nenpertbdbkmbk sudu,
pek`njuk mbacr`, fbk tbnjbdbk uktum melbkt`mbk tujud.F` jbwbd sujmut`s terfbpbt seabput ctct
menuf`bk jbru terfbpbt ctct.
Obr`kgbk mua`t.

Mua`t f`sejut ougb `ktegunekt btbu mut`s ybkg tunjud fbr` fub nblbn obr`kgbk yb`tu
obr`kgbk ep`tea ybkg nekunjudmbk abp`sbk ep`fern`s fbk obr`kgbk pekg`mbt (pekukobkg)
ybkg nekunjudmbk abp`sbk fern`s (mua`t fbabn).

Meaekobr-meaekobr mua`t

2. Meaekobr sejbseb

Meaekobr `k` jerdujukgbk fekgbk ica`mea rbnjut ybkg jernubrb fbabn sejubd ica`mea

rbnjut.Meaekobr ybkg t`fbm jerdujukgbk fekgbk ica`mea rbnjut jernubrb abkgsukg me pernumbbk

mua`t sepert` ybkg terfbpbt pbfb gabks pek`s, abj`un n`kus, fbk meaekobr tbrsba`b pbfb meacpbm

nbtb.

Meaekobr `k` teraetbm fbabn fern`s fbk t`fbm terfbpbt pbfb mua`t teabpbm mbm` fbk
tbkgbk. Xermenjbkgbk fbk pertunjudbk meaekobr sejbseb terutbnb terobf` seabnb pujertbs f`
jbwbd lcktrca dcrncke, semres` sejun terobf` terus nekerus fbk jernbkibbt uktum penea`dbrbbk
mesedbtbk mua`t.

:.Meaekobr mer`kgbt
 Meaekobr mer`kgbt bfbabd meaekobr tujuabr jergeaukg ybkg t`fbm jerlbjbkg, terfbpbt
pbfb seaurud mua`t meluba` pbfb fbsbr mumu, jbtbs j`j`r, gabks pek`s fbk gekfbkg
tea`kgb.Meaekobr `k` pba`kg jbkybm terfbpbt pbfb teabpbm tbkgbk fbk mbm`. Jbg`bk
semretcr`skyb teraetbm f` fbabn fern`s btbu dypcfern`s fbk jergbjukg nenjektum nbssb tersekf`r`.

Fumtuskyb meaubr nekuou ep`fern`s fbk jerobabk jermeacm-meacm nekybtu fekgbk

ep`fern`s fbk jerobabk sp`rba uktum neklbpb` pernumbbk mua`t. Venpbt jernubrbkyb f`sejut pcr`
mer`kgbt. Verfbpbt : nblbn meaekobr mer`kgbt yb`tu meaekobr mer`kgbt emr`k fbk bpcmr`k.
b.Meaekobr mer`kgbt emr`k.

Versejbr f`seaurud mua`t tujud, meluba` muaup pek`s jbg`bk fbabn fbk tea`kgb aubr,
teabpbm tbkgbk, teabpbm mbm` fbk fbd`.Jbfbk meaekobr terfbpbt f`bktbrb perjbtbsbk mua`t br`
(ep`fern`s) fbk mua`t fern`s.\baurbkkyb jermeacm-meacm meaubr fbk jerbfb pbfb abp`sbk obkgbt
ybkg jerobabk aurus me pcr`-pcr` mer`kgbt.

j.Meaekobr mer`kgbt bpcmr`k.

Meaekobr mer`kgbt ybkg jesbr fbk dbkyb fbpbt f`tenumbk pbfb met`bm, mua`t put`kg susu,
mua`t sem`tbr babt meabn`k fbk fujur. Meaekobr `k` teraetbm aej`d fbabn fbk sbaurbk mefubkyb
jerjeacm-jeacm menuf`bk aurus nekuou ep`fern`s fbk jernubrb pbfb ica`mea rbnjut.

<.Meaekobr pbyufbrb (gabkfuab nbnbe)

Gabkfuab nbnbe ternbsum meaekobr mua`t mbrekb jerbsba fbr` abp`sbk emtcfernba ybkg

selbrb iukgs`ckba ternbsum s`sten reprcfums`.Meaekobr `k` teraetbm f` btbs ibs`b pemtcrba`s
superi`s`a`s ybkg f`dujukgmbk fekgbk perbktbrbbk obr`kgbk `mbt ackggbr fbk obr`kgbk
aenbm.Meaekobr `k` neaembt erbt fekgbk mua`t f`btbskyb. F`sem`tbr putt`kg susu (pbp`ab nbnbe)
terfbpbt ret`luaun mut`s ybkg tunjud fekgbk jb`m fbk f`kbnbmbk a`gbnektun suspekscr`un. Me
fbabn putt`kg susu jernubrb 25-:8 fumtua` abmt`ierus.

F`sem`tbr pbp`aab nbnbe terfbpbt brebab nbnbe ybkg nekgbkfukg meaekobr sejbseb
ncktgcner` (gabkfuab brecab nbnnbe) ybkg jeriukgs` uktum nea`kfukg` fbk nea`l`kmbk
putt`kg susu pbfb wbmtu jby` nekg`sbp. Xbfb wbk`tb ybkg t`fbm dbn`a fbk t`fbm nekyusu`, baveca`
tbnpbm mel`a fbk pbfbt jer`s` sea-sea grbkuabr.

:.2.6 Xbtci`s`cacg` fbk Xbtdwby

:.2.5 Xbtci`s`cacg`

Aumb jbmbr f`sejbjmbk caed perp`kfbdbk ekerg` fbr` sunjer pbkbs me tujud.Xbkbs tersejut
fbpbt f`p`kfbdmbk neabau` mckfums` btbu rbf`bs`
eaemtrcnbgket`m,ferbobtaumbjbmbrybkgjerdujukgbkfekgbkjejerbpbibmtcr pekyejbj,
mckfums` obr`kgbk ybkg termekb fbk abnbkyb mua`t mcktbm fekgbk sunjer pbkbs.Mua`t fekgbk
aumb jbmbr nekgbabn` merusbmbk pbfb ep`fern`s, fern`s nbupuk obr`kgbk sujmutbk tergbktukg
pbfb pekyejbjkyb.Verobf`kyb `ktegr`tbs mua`t nenukgm`kmbk n`mrccrgbk`sne nbsum me fbabn
tujud.
Med`abkgbklb`rbkbmbknenpekgbrud`k`ab`kcrnbalb`rbkfbkeaemtrca`ttujud bm`jbt fbr`
pek`kgmbtbk pbfb pernebj`a`tbs penjuaud fbrbd sed`kggb terobf` perp`kfbdbk lb`rbk fbr`
`ktrbvbsmuaer me emstrb vbsmuaer neabau` mejclcrbk mbp`aer ybkg jerbm`jbt tujud med`abkgbk
kbtr`un, b`r, macr`fb, mba`un fbk prcte`k pabsnb. Menuf`bk terobf` efenb nekyeaurud fbk fbpbt
jerabkoutpbfb sycm d`pcvcaen`m bpbj`ab t`fbm segerb f`tbkgbk`. Nekurukkyb vcaune

`ktrb vbsmuaer nekyejbjmbk ba`rbk pabsnb me g`koba fbk GIZ (Zbte I`atrbs` Gacneruaus) bmbk
nekuruk sed`kggb dbaubrbk ur`ke nek`kgmbt. O`mb res`tbs` lb`rbk uktum mejutudbk `ktrbvbsmuaer
t`fbm bfemubt j`sb terobf` gbgba g`koba fbk bpbj`ab res`tbs` lb`rbk bfemubt, nbmb lb`rbk
`kterst`s`bafbpbtf`tbr`mmenjba`me`ktrbvbsmuaersed`kggbterobf`ibsef`ures`s.
:.2.9 Xbtdwby
:.2.7 Mabs`i`mbs` Aumb Jbmbr
Aumb jbmbr fbpbt f`mabs`i`mbs`mbk nekurut fbabnkyb obr`kgbk ybkg rusbm fbk f`sejut
sejbgb` aumb jbmbr superi`s`ba pbrt`ba td`lmkess, feep pbrt`ba td`lmkess fbk iuaa
td`lmkess.@st`abd fesmr`pt`i ybkg sesub` bfbabd aumb jbmbr ferbobt-sbtu, -fub, -t`gb.
tersekg bt brus f brbd n erbd), i uk gs ` mua`t,
a`str`m menukgm`kbk d`abk gkyb obr`
terf bpbt aumb tbkg bk btbu
nbsum fbk meaubr emstrek`tbs
(pbf b aumb jbmbr fbpbt terobf`

a`str`m)
:.2.4 Vbkfb fbk Geobab

Mua`t menerbdbk

Zbsb sbm`t f` breb aumb

Aelet

Mua`t nenjekgmbm

Mua`t nekgeaupbs

Mua`t neaepud

Xerujbdbk wbrkb mua`t nekobf` put`d, lcmabt, muk`kg, btbu d`tbn

 Mr`ter`b aumb jbmbr

2. Aumb jbmbr r`kgbk Mr`ter`b

aumb jbmbr r`kgbk?

b. VJ\B ≦25% pbfb fewbsb

j. VJ\B ≦28% pbfb bkbm

l. Aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess fekgbk VJ\B ≦:% pbfb bkbm nbupuk fewbsb tbkpb
nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, tea`kgb, wbobd, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu per`keun.

:. Aumb jbmbr sefbkg Mr`ter`b

aumb jbmbr sefbkg?

b. VJ\B 25“:5% pbfb fewbsb fekgbk mefbabnbk aumb jbmbr iuaa td`lmkess 128%
j. VJ\B 28-:8% pbfb aumb jbmbr pbrt`ba td`lmkess pbfb pbs`ek bkbm f`jbwbd 28 tbduk
fbk fewbsb us`b f`btbs 68 tbduk, btbu aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess 128%

l. VJ\B ≦28% pbfb aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess pbfb bkbm btbu fewbsb tbkpb nbsbabd
mcsnet`m btbu nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, wbobd, tea`kgb, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu
per`keun

<. Aumb jbmbr jerbt Mr`ter`b

aumb jbmbr jerbt?

b. VJ\B ≥:5%

j. VJ\B ≥:8% pbfb bkbm us`b f`jbwbd 28 tbduk fbk fewbsb us`b f`btbs 68 tbduk
 l. VJ\B ≥28% pbfb aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess

f. \enub aumb jbmbr ybkg nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, wbobd, tea`kgb, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu
per`keun ybkg fbpbt nekyejbjmbk gbkggubk iukgs` btbu mcsnet`m.

e. \enub aumb jbmbr a`str`m

i. \enub aumb jbmbr ybkg f`sertb` trbunb jerbt btbu trbunb `kdbabs`

g. \enub pbs`ek aumb jbmbr fekgbk mckf`s` jurum

 \et`bp breb aumb jbmbr nenpukyb` t`gb zckb leferb, yb`tu ?

2. _ckb mcbguabs` ? breb ybkg pba`kg fbabn, f`nbkb terobf` menbt`bk seauaer.
:. _ckb stbt`s ? breb pertekgbdbk, tenpbt terobf`kyb gbkggubk supab` fbrbd,`kiabs`, fbk
leferb obr`kgbk.
<. _ckb d`peren`b ? breb ybkg teraubr, j`bsbkyb jerdujukgbk fekgbk aumb jbmbr ferbobt 2 fbk
sedbruskyb senjud fbabn sen`kggu.


Fbabn neketumbk fbabnkyb aumb jbmbr m`tb dbrus nenperdbt`mbk ibmtcr-ibmtcr
jer`mut ?
2. Z`wbybt terobf`kyb aumb jbmbr
:. Xekyejbj aumb jbmbr
<. \udu bgek ybkg nekyejbjmbk aumb jbmbr
6. Abnbkyb mcktbm fekgbk bgek
5. Vejbakyb mua`t

Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @ (superi`s`ba)

 Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @@ (pbrt`ba-td`lmkess)

Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @@@ (iuaa-td`lmkess)

gbnjbr mabs`i`mbs` aumb jbmbr

:.2.0 Aubs Aumb Jbmbr

Jerjbgb` netcfe fbabn nekektumbk aubs aumb jbmbr ?
b. Zunus \enj`abk ( Zuae ci K`kes)
 Wbaable nenjbg` tujud btbs jbg`bk 0% btbu mea`pbtbk 0 ybkg termekba fekgbk
ruaecik`keyb`tu ?

b. Mepbabfbkaeder ?0%
j. Aekgbk nbs`kg-nbs`kg0% ?24% l. Jbfbk fepbk 24%,
jbfbkjbg`bkjeabmbkg ?<9%
f. Vukgmb`nbs`kg-nbs`kg24 ?<9%
e. Gek`tba`b/per`k`un ?2%

j. Netcfe Aukf bkf Jrcwfer

Netcfe ybkg aej`d tepbt uktum nenperm`rbmbk aubs pernumbbk tujud ybkg terjbmbr

bfbabd netcfe Aukf fbk Jrcwfer ybkg nekgbmu` jbdwb persektbse aubs aumb jbmbr pbfb
jerjbgb` jbg`bk bkbtcn`m, mdususkyb mepbab fbk tukgmb`, bmbk jerujbd nekurut pertunjudbk.
Fekgbk nenjbg` tujud nekobf` fberbd-fberbd ybkg sbkgbt mel`a fbk nenjer`mbk est`nbs` prcpcrs`
aubs pernumbbk tujud uktum jbg`bk-jbg`bk tujud tersejut, m`tb j`sb nenpercaed est`nbs` tektbkg
aubs pernumbbk tujud ybkg terjbmbr.Evbaubs` pekfbduaubk f`jubt met`mb pbs`ek t`jb f` runbd
sbm`t fbk menuf`bk f`rev`s` pbfb dbr` mefub sertb met`gb
pbsmb aumb jbmbr mbrekb gbr`s fenbrmbs` j`bsbkyb jbru tbnpbm oeabs sesufbd per`cfe tersejut.

Netcfe Aukf bkf Jrcwfer

l. Netcfe Veabpbm Vbkgbk

Xbfb jbkybm pbs`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr ybkg nekyejbr, netcfe ybkg f`pbmb` uktum
nenperm`rbmbk persektbse aumb jbmbr bfbabd netcfe teabpbm tbkgbk (pban netdcf).Aejbr
teabpbm tbkgbk pbs`ek murbkg aej`d sejesbr 2% aubs pernumbbk tujudkyb.Aejbr teabpbm tbkgbk
fbpbt f`gukbmbk uktum nek`ab` aubs aumb jbmbr.

:.2.28 Xener`msbbk Xekukobkg


D`tukg fbrbd aekgmbp? Dj (Dencgacj`k) turuk nekukoummbk bfbkyb pekgeaubrbk fbrbd ybkg
jbkybm sefbkgmbk pek`kgmbtbk aej`d fbr` 25% nekg`kf`mbs`mbk bfbkyb leferb, pbfb Dt
(Denbtcmr`t) ybkg nek`kgmbt nekukoummbk bfbkyb med`abkgbk lb`rbk sefbkgmbk Dt turuk
fbpbt terobf` sedujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk ybkg f`bm`jbtmbk caed pbkbs terdbfbp
penjuaud fbrbd.


Aeumcs`t? Aeumcs`tcs`s fbpbt terobf` sedujukgbk fekgbk bfbkyb `kiems` btbu `kabnbs`.
  GFB (Gbs Fbrbd Brter`)? Uktum nekgetbdu` bfbkyb melur`gbbbk leferb `kdbabs`. Xekurukbk
tembkbk cms`gek (XbC:) btbu pek`kgmbtbk tembkbk mbrjck f`cms`fb (XbLC:) nukgm`k
tera`dbt pbfb reteks` mbrjck nckcms`fb.

 Eaemtrca`t \erun? Mba`un fbpbt nek`kgmbt pbfb bwba sedujukgbk fekgbk leferb obr`kgbk
fbk pekurukbk iukgs` g`koba, kbtr`un pbfb bwba nukgm`k nekuruk mbrekb med`abkgbk
lb`rbk, d`pertern` fbpbt terobf` sbbt mckservbs` g`koba fbk d`pcmbaen` fbpbt terobf` j`ab
nuab` f`ures`s.

 Kbtr`un Ur`k? Aej`d jesbr fbr` :8 nEq/A nekg`kf`mbs`mbk meaej`dbk lb`rbk, murbkg fbr` 28
nEqBA nekfugb met`fbmbfemubtbk lb`rbk.

 Bamba` Icsibt? Xek`kgmbtbk Bamba` Icsibt sedujukgbk fekgbk perp`kfbdbk lb`rbk

`kterst`s`ba btbu gbkggubk pcnpb, kbtr`un.

 Gaumcsb \erun? Xek`kgg`bk Gaumcsb \erun nekukoummbk respck stress.


Bajun`k \erun? Uktum nekgetbdu` bfbkyb med`abkgbk prcte`k pbfb efenb lb`rbk.


JUK btbu Mrebt`k`k? Xek`kgg`bk nekukoummbk pekurukbk perius` btbu iukgs` g`koba, tetbp`
mrebt`k`k fbpbt nek`kgmbt mbrekb leferb obr`kgbk.


Accp ba`rbk vcaune? Nenjer`mbk pekgmbo`bk kck-`kvbs`i terdbfbp eiem btbu aubskyb
leferb.

 EMG? Uktum nekgetbdu` bfbkyb tbkfb `smen`b n`cmbrf`ba btbu f`str`tn`b.

:.2.22Xekbtbabmsbkbbk Lcnjuts`c/Aumb Jbmbr

b. Xre Dcsp`tba
\ecrbkg ybkg sefbkg terjbmbr bmbk nerbsb pbk`m, fbk bmbk jeabr` uktum neklbr` b`r. Dba `k`
bmbk sejba`mkyb bmbk nenperjesbr mcjbrbk bp` mbrekb tert`up caed bkg`k. Caed mbrekb `tu,
segerbabd dekt`mbk (stcp), obtudmbk (frcp), fbk gua`kgmbk (rcaa) crbkg `tu bgbr bp` segerb
pbfbn. J`ab nen`a`m` mbrukg jbsbd, segerb gukbmbk b`r btbu jbdbk mb`k jbsbd uktum
nenbfbnmbk bp`kyb. \efbkguktum mbsus aumb jbmbr mbrekb jbdbk m`n`b btbu jekfb f`kg`k,

segerb jbsud fbk obudmbk jbdbk m`n`b btbu jekfb f`kg`k. Nbt`mbk sunjer a`str`m fbk jbwb crbkg
ybkg nekgbabn` aumb jbmbr fekgbk nekggukbmbk sea`nut jbsbd pbfb fberbd aumb jbmbr.Obkgbk
nenjbwb crbkg fekgbkaumb jbmbr fbabn mebfbbk terjumb mbrekb fbpbt nekyejbjmbk evbpcrbs`
lb`rbk tujud ybkg teremspcse ufbrb aubr fbk nekyejbjmbk fed`frbs`.
Crbkg fekgbk aumb jbmbr j`bsbkyb f`jer`mbk cjbt-cjbtbk pekbdbk rbsb sbm`t oek`s bkbaget`m ?
Bktbag`k, bsp`r`k, bsbn neiekbnbt sbnbpb` pekggukbbk ncri`k caed tekbgb nef`s.
j. Dcsp`tba

2) Zesus`tbs` B, J, L.
\et`bp pbs`ek aumb jbmbr dbrus f`bkggbp sejbgb` pbs`ek trbunb, mbrekbkyb dbrus f`lem
B`rwby, jrebtd`kg fbk l`rluabt`ck-kyb teraej`d fbduau.
b) B`rwby - bpbj`ab terfbpbt melur`gbbk bfbkyb trbunb `kdbabs`, nbmb segerb
pbsbkg Ekfctrbldeba Vuje (EV). Vbkfb-tbkfb bfbkyb trbunb `kdbabs` bktbrb ab`k
bfbabd? r`wbybt termurukg fbabn bp`, aumb jbmbr pbfb wbobd, juau d`fukg ybkg
terjbmbr, fbk sputun ybkg d`tbn.
j) Jrebtd`kg - esldbr ybkg nea`kgmbr` fbfb fbpbt nekgdbnjbt gerbmbk fbfb uktum
jerkbpbs, segerb abmumbk esldbrctcn`. Xer`msb ougb bpbmbd bfb trbunbtrbunb ab`k
ybkg fbpbt nekgdbnjbt gerbmbk perkbpbsbk, n`sbakyb pkeunctdcrbx, denbtctdcrbx, fbk
irbmtur lcstbe
l) L`rluabt`ck - aumb jbmbr nek`njuambk merusbmbk obr`kgbk sed`kggb nek`njuambk
efenb. pbfb aumb jbmbr ybkg aubs fbpbt terobf` sycm d`pcvcaun`m mbrekb mejclcrbk
pabsnb ybkg aubs. Nbkboenek lb`rbk pbfb pbs`ek aumb jbmbr, bfb
: lbrb ybkg abz`n fbpbt f`jer`mbk yb`tu fekgbk Icrnuab Jbxter fbk Evbks
:) Zesus`tbs` Lb`rbk
Fub lbrb ybkg abz`n f`gukbmbk uktum nekgd`tukg mejutudbk lb`rbk pbfb pekfer`tb

aumb jbmbr yb`tu ?

b) lbrb Evbks
Uktum nekgd`tukg mejutudbk pbfb dbr` pertbnb d`tukgabd ?
· Jerbt jbfbk (mg) T % aumb jbmbr T 2ll Kbla
· Jerbt jbfbk (mg) T % aumb jbmbr T 2ll abrutbk mcac`f
· <.:888ll gaumcsb 5%

\epbrud fbr` ounabd (2). (:), (<) f`jer`mbk fbabn 4 obn pertbnb. \`sbkyb f`jer`mbk fbabn
29 obn jer`mutkyb. Xbfb dbr` mefub f`jer`mbk setekgbd ounabd lb`rk dbr`
pertbnb. Xbfb dbr` met`gb f`jer`mbk setekgbd ounabd lb`rbk ybkg f`jer`mbk dbr`
mefub. \ejbgb` nck`tcr`kg penjer`bk abmumbk pekgd`tukgbk f`ures`s.
:.2.2: Xerbwbtbk Aumb Jbmbr
 Xerbwbtbk aumb jbmbr dbrus f`reklbkbmbk nekurut aubs fbk fbabnkyb aumb jbmbr=menuf`bk
perbwbtbkkyb f`abmumbk neabau` t`gb ibse aumb jbmbr, yb`tu? ibsefbrurbt/resus`tbs`, ibse bmut
btbu `kternef`et, fbk ibse redbj`a`tbs`.

 Ibse Zesus`tbt`i

Ibse resus`tbt`i leferb aumb jbmbr terf`r` btbs wbmtu bktbrb leferb bwba sbnpb` <9 d`kggb 64
obn seteabd leferb. Ibse `k` jerbmd`r met`mb resus`tbs` lb`rbk seaesb`.\eabnb ibse `k`, nbsbabd
sbaurbk kbpbs fbk perkbpbsbk ybkg nekgbklbn kybwb bfbabd perdbt`bk utbnb.Ibse `k` ougb f`tbkfb`
fekgbk terobf`kyb dypcvcaen`b, ybkg nekyejbjmbk mejclcrbk lb`rbk mbp`aer fbr` rubkg
`ktrbvbsmuaer me rubkg `kterst`s`ba, nekyejbjmbk efenb.Wbabupuk lb`rbk tetbp jerbfb fbabn
tujud, lb`rbk tersejut t`fbm nukgm`k jerperbk fbabn nekobgb s`rmuabs` ybkg nenbfb`, mbrekb t`fbm
jerbfb f` rubkg vbsmuaer abg`.

 Ibse Bmut

Ibse penua`dbk bmut seteabd aumb jbmbr nbycr f`nuab` met`mb dencf`kbn`m ma`ek sufbd
stbj`a, `ktegr`tbs mbp`aer sufbd menjba`, fbk f`ures`s sufbd nuab` nuklua. Wbmtu tersejut
f`nuab` m`rb-m`rb pbfb 64 d`kggb 7: obn seteabd wbmtu leferb. Uktum ma`ek
jb`m fekgbk aumb jbmbr ncferbt btbu n`kcr, ibse bmut pbfb fbsbrkyb f`nuab` pbfb wbmtu
leferb.Ibse bmut jerabkout d`kggb pekutupbk aumb terlbpb`.

 Ibse Zedbj`a`tbs`

Ibse redbj`a`tbs` fbabn penua`dbk newbm`a` ibse terbmd`r fbabn penua`dbk aumb jbmbr fbk
neklbmup wbmtu seobm pekutupbk aumb sbnpb` penuabkgbk fbk seteabdkyb.Fbabn rbkgmb
neklbpb` dbs`a terjb`m, penjer` perbwbtbk dbrus nekgert` mcksemueks` leferb aumb jbmbr, fbk
pekbkgbkbk redbj`a`tbs` dbrus f`nuab` seobm dbr` sbbt leferb terobf`.Xbfb bmd`rkyb, prcgrbn
redbj`a`tbs` aumb jbmbr f`rbklbkg uktum penua`dbk iukgs`ckba fbk encs`ckba nbms`nba.Lbrb-lbrb
uktum nek`kgmbtmbk pekyenjudbk aumb, neklegbd fbk nen`k`nbambk feicrn`tbs fbk pbrut
d`pertrci`m, nek`kgmbtmbk iukgs` fbk memubtbk i`s`m, nek`kgmbtmbk fumukgbk encs`ckba, sertb
nenjer`mbk pekgbobrbk bfbabd jbg`bk fbr` ibse redbj`a`tbs` ybkg jerabkgsukg.
2. Lurt`kg Ualer /Femuj`tus

:. \eps`s

<. Xkeunck`b

6. Gbgba G`kobaBmut

5. Feicrn`tbs

9. Mcktrbmtur fbk D`pertrci` Obr`kgbkpbrut

Mcnpa`mbs` ybkg aej`d obrbkg terobf` bfbabd efenb pbru bm`jbt s`kfrcn gbwbt pbkbs bmut

(BZF\, blute resp`rbtcry f`sters sykfrcne) ybkg nekyerbkg seps`s grbn kegbt`i.
\`kfrcn `k` f`bm`jbtmbk caed merusbmbk mbp`aer pbru fbk mejclcrbk lb`rbk mefbabn rubkg
`kterst`s`ba pbru. Med`abkgbk menbnpubk nekgenjbkg fbk gbkggubk cms`gek nerupbmbk
bm`jbt fbr` `ksui`s`eks` pbru fbabn dujukgbkkyb fekgbk s`eps`s s`sten`m (wckg, :884).
:.: Mcksep Vecr` Bsudbk Meperbwbtbk
:.:.2 Xekgmbo`bk
2. @fekt`tbs pbs`ek
Zes`mc aumb jbmbr set`bp unur jerjefb ? bkbm f`jbwbd : tbduk fbk f`btbs 98 tbduk nenpukyb`
bkgmb menbt`bk aej`d t`kgg`, pbfb unur : tbduk aejud rektbk termekb `kiems`.
:. Z`wbybt mesedbtbk sembrbkg
b.\unjer meleabmbbk
j. \unjer pbkbs btbu pekyejbj ybkg jerjbdbyb
l.Gbnjbrbk ybkg nekfbabn jbgb`nbkb aumb jbmbr terobf`
f.Ibmtcr ybkg nukgm`k jerpekgbrud sepert` bamcdca, cjbt-cjbtbk
e.Mebfbbk i`s`m f`sem`tbr aumb jbmbr
i. Xer`st`wb ybkg terobf` sbbt aumb sbnpb` nbsum me Z\
<. Z`wbybt mesedbtbk fbduau
Xekt`kg uktum nekektumbk bpbmbd pbs`ek nenpukyb` pekybm`t ybkg nerujbd menbnpubk
uktum nenekud` mese`njbkgbk lb`rbk fbk fbyb pertbdbkbk terdbfbp
`kiems` (sepert` FN,gbgba obktukg, s`rcs`s depbt`s, gbkggubk perkbibsbk)
Xener`msbbk I`s`m fbk ps`mcscs`ba
2.Bmt`i`tbs / `st`rbdbt ?
Vbkfb ? pekurukbk memubtbk, tbdbkbk, meterjbtbsbk rektbkg gerbm pbfb breb ybkg sbm`t
gbkggubk nbsb ctct, perujbdbk tckus :.\`rmuabs` ?
Vbkfb (fekgbk leferb aumb jbmbr aej`d fbr` :8% BXVV) ? d`pcteks` (sycm)= pekurukbk kbf`
per`ier f`stba pbfb emstren`tbs ybkg leferb= vbscmcktr`ms` per`ier unun fekgbk
med`abkgbk kbf`, mua`t put`d fbk f`kg`k (sycm a`str`m)= tbm`mbrf`b (sycm/bks`etbs/kyer`)=
f`sr`tn`b (sycm a`str`m)= penjektumbk cefenb obr`kgbk (senub aumb jbmbr) <.@ktegr`tbs
egc ?
Geobab ? nbsbabd tektbkg meaubrgb, pemerobbk, meubkgbk, melblbtbk. Vbkfb ? bks`etbs,
nekbkg`s, metergbktukgbk, nekybkgmba, nekbr`m f`r`, nbrbd
6.Ea`n`kbs`
Vbkfb ? dbaubrbk ur`ke nekuruk= wbrkb nukgm`k d`tbn menerbdbk j`ab terobf` n`cgacj`k,
nekg`fekt`i`mbs`mbk merusbmbk ctct fbabn= f`ures`s, pekurukbk j`s`kg usus
5.Nbmbkbk / lb`rbk ?
Vbkfb ? cefenb obr`kgbk unun, bkcrems`b, nuba / nuktbd

9. Keurcsekscr` ?
Geobab ? breb jbtbs, mesenutbk
Vbkfb ? perujbdbk cr`ektbs`, biem, per`abmu= pekurukbk reiaems tekfck fbabn (ZVF)
pbfb leferb emstren`tbs= bmt`i`tbs meobkg
 7.Kyer` / mebnbkbk ?
Geobab ? jerjbg` kyer`= lcktcd aumb jbmbr ferbobt pertbnb selbrb emsterek seks`t`i uktum
f`sektud= f`tembk= gerbmbk ufbrb fbk perujbdbk sudu= aumb jbmbr metejbabk sefbkg
ferbobt mefub sbkgbt kyer`= respck terdbfbp aumb jbmbr metejbabk ferbobt mefub
tergbktukg pbfb meutudbk uoukg sbrbi= aumb jbmbr ferbobt t`gb t`fbm kyer`

4.Xerkbibsbk
Geobab ? termurukg fbabn rubkg tertutup= terpbobk abnb
Vbkfb ? serbm= jbtum nekg`= pbrt`mea mbrjck fbabn sputun= met`fbmnbnpubk nekeabk
semres` crba fbk s`bkcs`s= `kf`mbs` leferb `kdbabs`
0.Xener`msbbk f`bgkcst`m ?
b.AEF nekgmbo` dencmcksektrbs`
j.GFB fbk s`kbr T fbfb nekgmbo` iukgs` puanckba, mdususkyb pbfb leferb `kdbabs`
bsbp
l.JUK fbk mrebt`k`k nekgmbo` iukgs` g`koba

f.Ur`kba`s`s nekukoummbk n`cgacj`k fbk dencmrcncgek nekbkfbmbk merusbmbk ctct

pbfb aumb jbmbr metejbabk pekud aubs
e. Jrckmcsmcp` nenjbktu nenbst`mbk leferb `kdbabs` bsbp
i. Mcbguabs` nener`msb ibmtcr-ibmtcr penjemubk ybkg fbpbt nekuruk pbfb aumb
jbmbr nbs`i
g.Mbfbr mbrjck nckcms`fb serun nek`kgmbt pbfb leferb `kdbabs` bsbp

:.:.: F`bgkcsb Meperbwbtbk

2) Gbkggubk pertumbrbk gbs jerdujukgbk fekgbkmerblukbk

mbrjcknckcms`fb,cjstrums` trbmecjrckm`ba, meterjbtbsbk pekgenjbkgbk fbfb
:) Fei`s`t vcaune lb`rbk jerdujukgbk fekgbk pek`kgmbtbk mejclcrbk mbp`aer fbk perp`kfbdbk
lb`rbk fbr` `ktrbvbsmuaer me rubkg @kterst`s`ba
<) Fei`s`t vcaune lb`rbk jerdujukgbk fekgbk pek`kgmbtbk mejclcrbk mbp`aer fbk
perp`kfbdbk lb`rbk fbr` `ktrbvbsmuaer me rubkg @kterst`s`ba
6) Xerujbdbk kutr`s` murbkg fbr` mejutudbk jerdujukgbk fekgbkstbtus

d`pernetbjc`m, mbtbjca`sne prcte`k

5) Gbkggubk rbsb kybnbk ? kyer` jerdujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk mua`t/obr`kgbk,
penjektumbk efenb
9) Gbkggubk @ktegr`tbs mua`t jerdujukgbk fekgbk trbunb merusbmbk pernumbbk mua`t
7) Z`s`mc t`kgg` `kiems` jerdujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk jbr`er mua`t, merusbmbk respcks
`nuk, prcsefur `kvbs`ve
 4) Gbkggubk ncj`a`tbs i`s`m jerdujukgbk fekgbk efenb, kyer`, mcktrbmtur

:.:.< @kterveks`

2) Gbkggubk pertumbrbk gbs jerdujukgbk fekgbk merblukbk mbrjck nckcms`fb,cjstrums`

trbmecjrckm`ba, meterjbtbsbk pekgenjbkgbk fbfb

Vuoubk ? Xenea`dbrbbk cms`gekbs` obr`kgbk bfemubt @kterveks` ?

b. Bwbs` iremueks`, `rbnb, mefbabnbk kbpbs

j. Jer`mbk terbp` C: sesub` pesbkbk fcmter
l. Jer`mbk pbs`ek fbabn pcs`s` sen` icwaer j`ab nukgm`k
f. Xbktbu BGF, mbfbr mbrjcks`dencgacj`k
e. Fcrckgbk jbtum btbu abt`dbk kbibs fbabn fbk perujbdbk pcs`s`

:) Fei`s`t vcaune lb`rbk jerdujukgbk fekgbk pek`kgmbtbk mejclcrbk mbp`aer fbk

perp`kfbdbk lb`rbk fbr` `ktrbvbsmuaer me rubkg @kterst`t`ea

Vuoubk ? Xenua`dbk lb`rbk cpt`nba fbk mese`njbkgbk eaemtrca`t sertb perius` crgbk v`tba

@kterveks`
b. Xbktbu tbkfb-tbkfb v`tba
j. Xbktbu fbk lbtbt nbsumbk fbk dbaubrbk lb`rbk
l. Jer`mbk pekggbkt` lb`rbk `ktrbvekb fbk eaemtrca`t (mcabjcrbs`)
f. V`njbkg jerbt jbfbk set`bp dbr`

e. Bwbs` pener`msbbk abjcrbtcr`un (Dencgacj`k, Denbtcmr`t,Eaemtrca`t).

<) Xerujbdbk perius` obr`kgbk per`ier jerdujukgbk fekgbk d`pcvcaen`,
pekurukbk ba`rbk fbrbd brter` (Fcekges, :888) Vuoubk ?
Xerius` obr`kgbk per`ier bfemubt @kterveks` ?
b. Mbo` wbrkb, seksbs`, gerbmbk fbk kbf` per`ier
j. V`kgg`mbk emstren`tbs ybkg sbm`t fekgbk tepbt

l. Jer`mbk fcrckgbk uktum neabmumbk ZCN bmt`i

f. D`kfbr` nenpaester sem`tbr ybkg terjbmbr
e. Mcabjcrbs` = pertbdbkmbk pekggbkt`bk lb`rbk perprctcmca
6) Xerujbdbk kutr`s` murbkgfbr` mejutudbk jerdujukgbk fekgbk
stbtus d`pernetbjc`m, mbtbjca`sne prcte`k
Vuoubk ? nbsumbk kutr`s` bfemubt @kterveks` ?
b. Xertbdbkmbk ounabd mbacr` metbt
j. Jer`mbk nbmbkbk sef`m`t tbp` ser`kg
l. V`njbkg jerbt jbfbk set`bp dbr`
 f. Fcrckg crbkg terfembt uktum nekenbk` sbbt nbmbk
e. Jer`mbk f`et t`kgg` prcte`k fbk mbacr`
i. Mcabjcrbs` fekgbk bda` g`z`
5) Gbkggubk rbsb kybnbk ? kyer` jerdujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk mua`t/obr`kgbk,
penjektumbk efenb
Vuoubk ? kyer` jermurbkg/termcktrca, emspres` wbobd r`aems @kterveks` ?
b. Mbo` terdbfbp meaudbk kyer` acmbs`, mbrbmter`st`m, fbk `kteks`tbs (smbab
8- 28)
j. Bkourbk temk`m reabmsbs`

l. Xertbdbkbk sudu a`kgmukgbk ybkg kybnbk

f. Oeabsmbk set`bp prcsefur t`kfbmbk pbfb pbs`ek
e. Mcabjcrbs` penjer`bk bkbaget`m
9) Z`s`mc t`kgg` `kiems` jerdujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk jbr`er mua`t, merusbmbk respcks
`nuk, prcsefur `kvbs`i
b. Mbo` bfbkyb tbkfb-tbkfb `kiems`
j. Verbpmbk temk`m bsept`m bkt`sept`m fbabn perbwbtbk aumb
l. Xertbdbkmbk persckba d`g`eke pbs`ek
f. Gbkt` jbautbk fbk jers`dmbk breba aumb jbmbr t`bp dbr`

e. Mbo` tbkfb-tbkfb v`tba fbk ounabd aeumcs`t

i. Mcabjcrbs` penjer`bk bkt`j`ct`m
7) Gbkggubk @ktegr`tbs mua`t jerdujukgbk fekgbk trbunb merusbmbk pernumbbk
mua`t.
Vuoubk ? Nekukoummbk regres` obr`kgbk, neklbpb` pekyenjudbk tepbt wbmtu.
@kterveks` ?
b. Mbo` btbu lbtbt umurbk, wbrkb, mefbabnbk aumb terdbfbp `smen`m

j. Jer`mbk perbwbtbk aumb ybkg tepbt

l. Xertbdbkmbk tenpbt t`fur jers`d, mer`kg
f. Xertbdbkmbk nbsumbk lb`rbk :588-<888 na/Dr
e. Fcrckg meaubrgb uktum nenjbktu fbabn perbwbtbk f`r`
 4)
Gbkggubk ncj`a`tbs i`s`m jerdujukgbk fekgbk efenb, kyer`, mcktrbmtur
Vuoubk ? Nenpertbdbkmbk pcs`s` iukgs`, nek`kgmbtmbk memubtbk fbk iukgs` ybkg
sbm`t. @kterveks` ?
b. Mbo` ZCN fbk memubtbk ctct pbfb breb aumb jbmbr

j. Xertbdbkmbk breb aumb jbmbr fbabn pcs`s` iukgs` i`s`cacg`s

l. Jer` fcrckgbk uktum neabmumbk ZCN bmt`i t`bp :-6 obn
f. Oeabsmbk pekt`kgkyb perujbdbk pcs`s` fbk gerbmbk pbfb pbs`ek
Mcabjcrbs` fekgbk bda` i`s`cterbp` fbabn redbj`a`tbs`

:.:.6
@npaenektbs`
@npaenektbs` meperbwbtbk fbpbt f`sesub`mbk fekgbk `kterveks` meperbwbtbk ybkg
teabd f`susuk

:.:.5 Evbaubs`
Evbaubs` meperbwbtbk bfbabd t`kfbmbk `kteaemtuba uktum nekgbwbs` prcses
meperbwbtbk ybkg nekbkfbmbk sejerbpb obud f`bgkcsb meperbwbtbk, reklbkb t`kfbmbk
fbk peabmsbkbbkkyb sufbd jerdbs`a f`lbpb`.

JBJ @@@
B\UDBK MEXEZBWBVBK AUMB JBMBZ
B. Bkbnkesb
Kbnb ? Vk. \
Oek`s meabn`k ? Abm`-Abm`
Vbkggba nbsum ? <2 Nbret :8:8
Us`b ? : 7 tb duk
\tbtus permbw`kbk ? Nek`mbd
\umu jbkgsb ? Obwb/@kfckes`b
Babnbt ? \ urbjbyb
Bgbnb ? @s abn
Xemerobbk ? Xegbwb` swbstb
Xekf`f`mbk ? V bnbt \NX
Meaudbk Utbnb ? Ma`ek ner`kt`d mesbm`tbk fbk sesbm kbpbs mbrekb aumb jbmbr <
 obn
sejeaun NZ\.

Z`wbybt Xekybm`t \embrbkg ? < obn sejeaun nbsum Z\UB, Vk. \ nekfer`tb aumb jbmbr
mbrekb termekb aefbmbk tbjukg gbs eap`o`. Mesbfbrbk lcnpcsnekt`s, VF? 288/78 nnDg,
Kbf`? 228x/nkt, \? <7,9c L, ZZ? :0x/nek`t, VJ? 295 ln, JJ? 98 mg pbs`ek nekgeaud sesbm fbk kyer` f`
fberbd ybkg terjbmbr.

Z`wbybt Xekybm`t Fbduau ? Vk.\ nekgbtbmbk jeaun perkbd nenpukyb` r`wbybt nbsum runbd
sbm`t/cperbs` f` Z\ sejeaunkyb. Z`wbybt F`bjetes Nea`tus t`fbm bfb fbk D`perteks` t`fbm bfb.

Z`wbybt Xekybm`t Meaubrgb? V`fbm bfb r`wbybt FN, d`perteks`, bsnb, VJL

Xcab bmt`v`tbs fbk abt`dbk ? sejeaun sbm`t pbs`ek fbpbt neabmumbk bmt`v`tbs sedbr` “ bdr`
sepert` nbmbk ,n`kun, tc`aet`kg, jerpbmb`kb fbk jemerob selbrb nbkf`r`. \efbkgmbk seabnb sbm`t
bmt`v`tbs sepert` nbmbk btbu n`kun, tc`aet`kg fbk ncj`a`sbs` f`jbktu caed meaubrgb btbu perbwbt.

Xcab `st`rbdbt t`fur ? sejeaun sbm`t pbs`ek nekgbtbmbk set`bp dbr` t`fur seabnb 9-7 obn, fbk
obrbkg t`fur s`bkg mbrekb jemerob. \efbkgmbk seabnb sbm`t, pbs`ek nekgbtbmbk t`fur 5-9 obn
f`nbabn dbr` fbk 2-: obn f`s`bkg dbr`.

Xcab mcgk`t`i preseps` ? pbs`ek nekgbtbmbk t`fbm nekgbabn` gbkggubk pekga`dbtbk btbu

pekfekgbrbk ougb pekl`unbk ougb iukgs`kyb. \eabnb sbm`t pbs`ek nekgbtbmbk nekgbabn`
gbkggubk kyer` pbfb fberbd aeder, perut fbk pukggukg sed`kggb sua`t jerbt`i`tbs.
Mbrbmter`st`m kyer` ybkg f`rbsbmbk sejbgb` jer`mut?
 X? kyer` bm`jbt trbunb aumb jbmbr

 R ? kyer` terbsb pbkbs

 Z ? rbsb kyer` terbsb f`fberbd aeder, fbfb fbk pukggukg.

 \ ? \mbab kyer` 7 fbr` 28

 V? D`abkg t`njua fbk nek`kgmbt o`mb fbkyb bmt`v`tbs, fbk sbbt tertembk abnb uktum fberbd
pukggukg.
Xbs`ek ougb nekgbtbmbk nbs`d nerbsb sesbm sbbt jerkbpbs.

b. Xener`msbbk I`s`m?

Xr`nbry survey
B`rwby ? t`fbm tbnpbm bfbkyb sunjbtbk obabk kbpbs , fbrbd (-), nuktbdbk (-), subrb kbpbs t`fbm
kgcrcm.
Jrebtd`kg ? ? mefub f`kf`kg tdcrbm tbnpbm kcrnba, kbpbs spctbk, rcld` (-), wdezd`kg (-).
Kbpbs lepbt fbkgmba , `rreguaer, ZZ :0x/nek`t.
L`rluabs` ? pbs`ek t`fbm tbnpbm pulbt, s`bkcs`s (-), DZ 228x/nek`t reguaer.
F`sbj`a`ty ? GL\ ? eye 6 verjba 5 ncvenekt 9 > 25
Expcsure ? pbmb`bk pbs`ek segerb f`evbmubs` gukb nekgurbkg` pbobkbk jermeabkoutbk sertb
nek`ab` aubs fbk ferbobt aumb jbmbr.

\elckfbry survey
\tbtus Gekerba`s
MebfbbkUnun ? Vbnpbm sbm`t
jerbt
Mesbfbrbk ?Lcnpcs nekt`s
Vembkbk fbrbd ?288/78 nnDg
Kbf` ?228x/nkt, reguaer
\udu ? < 7,4cL
Xerkbpbsbk ? :0x/nek`t
V`kgg` jbfbk ? 295 ln
Jerbt j bfbk ?98mg
Meaekobr Getbd Jek`kg
\ujnbkf`juab ? t`fbm terbjb
Aeder ? t `fbm t erbjb

\uprbmabv`muab ? t`fbm terbjb

Met`bm ? t `fbm t erbjb
A`pbt pbdb ? t`fbm terbjb

Mepbab
Emspres` wbobd ? nekyer`kgb`, nekbdbk sbm`t
Zbnjut ? d `tbn
\`netr` numb ? s`netr`s t`fbm bfb aejbn.
Nbtb
Abpbkg pbkfbkg kcrnba.
Xup`a ? `scmcr
\maerb ?t`fbm `mter`m
Mckoukgt`vb ?t`fbm bken`s
Meacpbm nbtb ? t`fbm ufenb.
Zeiaem ? lbdbyb abkgsukg +/+
Vea`kgb
V`fbm tbnpbm meab`kbk.
Nuaut
Jektum ? kcrnba
Numcsb j`j`r ? mer`kg
Aeder
Vbnpbm aumb jbmbr pbfb aeder sejeabd m`r` fekgbk umurbk 28x: ln wbrkb mua`t nerbd pulbt.
Vembkbk vekb Ouguabr`s (OYX) ? :-5 lnD:C
Meaekobr V `rc`f ? t `fbm t erbjb nenjesbr
Meaekobr A `nie ? t `fbm t brbjb n enjesbr

Fbfb
Jektum ? s `netr`s
Xenjuaud fbrbd ? t`fbm tbnpbm
Zetrbms` seab @gb ? (+)
Xbru “ pbru
@kspems` ? pergerbmbk pbru s`netr`s, tbnpbm retbms` f`kf`kg fbfb r`kgbk. Xbs`ek tbnpbm sesbm.
Xbapbs` ? jektum kcrnba. Vugcr mua`t nekuruk ≥ : fet`m
Xermus` ? sckcr

Busmuatbs` ? rckld` (-) wdezd`kg (-) Obktukg

@kspems` ? t`fbm tbnpbm `mtus mcrf`s
Busmuatbs` ? JO @-@@ reguabr , nurnur (-) , gbaacp (-)
Ab`k “ ab`k kcrnba.
Xerut
@kspems` ? fbtbr, t`fbm bfb bsl`tes, tbnpbm aumb jbmbr jbg`bk jbwbd nenbkobkg umurbk 25x< ln (
ferbobt < )
Xbapbs` ? supea, dbt` t`fbm nenjesbr

Xermus` ? sd`it`kg fuaakess (-)

Busmuatbs` ? j`s`kg usus (+)kcrnba.
Xukggukg
Verfbpbt aumb jbmbr nekyeaurud pbfb jbg`bk pukggukg (24%). Wbrkbkyb nerbd, mebjubjubk,
sef`m`t tbnpbm lb`rbk.
Dbs`a abjcrbtcr`un DJ ?
26,5g/fa
Aemcs`t = :0.988/nn<

Vrcnjcs`t ? :2<.888/nn<

Dt ? <8%
Ureun ? <0ng/fa
Mret`k`k ? 2,<ngfa
Kb ? 2<< nnca/A
M ? <,94nnca/A
La ? 22: nnca/A

\tbtus aumb jbmbr ?

 tbnpbm aumb jbmbr f` perut jbg`bk jbwbd nenbkobkg umurbk 25x< ln ( ferbobt < ) >

0% ferbobt :
 Verfbpbt aumb jbmbr nekyeaurud pbfb jbg`bk pukggukg . Wbrkbkyb nerbd, mebjubjubk,
sef`m`t tbnpbm lb`rbk. > 24% ferbobt <
 Vbnpbm aumb jbmbr pbfb aeder sejeabd m`r` fekgbk umurbk 28x: ln wbrkb mua`t nerbd
pulbt. > 6,5% ferbobt :
Aubs aumb jbmbr > <2,5% fekgbk ferbobt mefbabnbk :-<

Xekbtbabmsbkbbk nef`s

 Zunus jbxter ? (% aumb jbmbr)x (JJ)x(6ll)

<2,5%x98x 6> 7598/:6obn
4 obn pertbnb ? <748 ll
4 obn mefub ? 2408ll
4 obn me < ? 2408
 Nekfbpbt C: :a`ter pernek`t kbsba mbkua

 Vderbpy cjbt ?
:. @ko. Leictbx`k 2gr/2: obn ? bkt` `kiems`
<. @ko. Metercabl 2gr/4obn ? bkt` kyer` 6.
Vbj. trbnbfca 58ng/4obn ? bkt` kyer`
5. Nejc sbaep.
9. \uprbtua
J. Bkba`sb Fbtb
 ↜
Gbkggubk pertumbrbk
gbs

< F \ ? ma`ek n ekgeaud pbkbs f bk Aumb j bmbr Merusbmbk mua`t/

sbm`t obr`kgbk fbk efenb

FC? ↜

VVY? VF 288/78n n D g, Kyer` bmut
Kbf`? 228x/nkt,
\? <7,4ᵚL,
ZZ? :0x/nek`t

Xbs`ek kbnpbm ner`kg`s
mesbm`tbk sbnj`a
nenegbkg fbfb ybkg

sbm`t.

X? trbunb aumb jbmbr

R ? terbsb pbkbs

Z ? s`s` trbunb/l`ferb
ybkg sbm`t

\ ? \mbab kyer` 7

V? D`abkg t`njua fbk
nek`kgmbt o`mb bfbkyb
bmt`v`tbs

Nekfbpbtmbk bkt` kyer`?
- @ko. Metercabl
2gr/4obn ? bkt` kyer`.
-Vbj . trbnbfca
58ng/4obn ? bkt` kyer`

6 F \? pbs`ek n ekgeaud per`d, Aumb j bmbr Merusbmbk mua`t/

sbm`t obr`kgbk
FC? ↜

Mua`t menerbdbk d`kggb @kiabnbs`, Aes`
kemrcs`s Merusbmbk `ktegr`tbs
 
Aubs aumb jbmbr > mua`t
<2,5% fekgbk ferbobt ↜
mefbabnbk :-<. Gbkggubk `ktegr`tbs

Mua`t t`fbm utud mua`t

Bmrba f`kg`k, aenjbj

\udu <7,4¿L

Xek`kgmbtbk aeumcs`t
<
(:9.088 nn )

L. F`bgkcsb Meperbwbtbk?
 Fei`s`t vcaune lb`rbk j.f jbkybmkyb pekgubpbk/lb`rbk tujud ybkg meaubr

 Gbkggubk pertumbrbk gbs/cms`gek j.f merusbmbk obabk kbibs

 Kyer` bmut j.f merusbmbk mua`t fbk obr`kgbk

 Gbkggubk `ktegr`tbs mua`t j.f merusbmbk mua`t fbk obr`kgbk ybkg termekb aumb jbmbr

F. @kterveks` Meperbwbtbk

Kc F `bgkcsb Mr`ter`b D bs`a @

kterveks`
Meperbwbtbk
2 Fei`s`t vcaune 
JX 288-268/98-08 
Nck`tcr fbk lbtbt `ktbme, cutput
lb`rbk j.f nnDg (ur`ke 8,5 “ 2 ll/mg.jj/obn )
jbkybmkyb 
Xrcfums` ur`ke ;<8 
Jer` lb`rbk `kius ybkg
pekgubpbk/lb`rbk na/obn (n`k`nba 2 nekgbkfukg eaemtrca`t (pbfb :6
tujud ybkg meaubr na/mg JJ/obn) obn me @), sesub` fekgbk runus
(\eteabd f`abmumbk 
Dt <7-6< % icrnuab ybkg f`pbmb`
t`kfbmbk 
Vurgcr eabst`l 
Nck`tcr v`tba s`gk
meperbwbtbk fbabn 
Nulcsb aenjbj 
Nck`tcr mbfbr Dj, Dt,
wbmtu : x :6 obn eaemtrca`t, n`k`nba set`bp 2:

Bmrba dbkgbt
penua`dbk lb`rbk obn.

Zbsb dbus t`fbm
cpt`nba fbk
bfb
mese`njbkgbk
eaemtrca`t sertb
 perius` crgbk v`tba
terlbpb`)
: Gbkggubk 
V`fbm bfb tbkfb- 
Nekgmbo` tbkfb-tbkfb f`stress
pertumbrbk tbkfb s`bkcs`s kbibs, juky`, iremueks`, `rbnb,
gbs/cms`gek j.f 
Iremueks`kbibs 2: mefbabnbk kbibs.

merusbmbk obabk - :6 x/nkt Nck`tcr tbkfb-tbkfb dypcx`b
kbibs (\eteabd 
\X C: ; 05 (bg`ts`,tbmd`pkeb,
f`abmumbk t`kfbmbk stupcr,s`bkcs`s)
meperbwbtbk fbabn 
Nck`tcr dbs`a abjcrbtcr`un,
wbmtu : x :6 obn BGF, mbfbr cms`dencgacj`k,
cms`gekbs` obr`kgbk dbs`a cx`netr` kbf`.
bfemubt) 
Mcabjcrbs` fekgbk t`n nef`s
uktum penbsbkgbk ekfctrbldeba
tuje btbu trbldecstcn` tuje j`ab

f`peraumbk.

Mcabjcabrbs` fekgbk t`n nef`s
uktum penbsbkgbk vekt`abtcr
j`ab f`peraumbk.

Mcabjcrbs` fekgbk t`n nef`s
uktu`m penjer`bk `kdbabs` terbp`
j`ab f`peraumbk
< Kyer` bmut j.f 
\mbab 2-: 
Mbo` rbsb kyer` ybkg f`rbsbmbk
merusbmbk mua`t fbk 
Expres` wbobd ma`ek

obr`kgbk (\eteabd tekbkg Btur pcs`s` t`fur fekgbk
f`abmumbk t`kfbmbk 
Kbf` 98-288x/nkt kybnbk
meperbwbtbk fbabn 
Ma`ek t`fbm gea`sbd

Bkourmbk ma`ek uktum temk`m
seabnb nbsb reabmsbs`
perbwbtbk kyer` 
Abmumbk prcsefur peklul`bk
jermurbkg) aumb fekgbk dbt`-dbt`

Bkourmbk ma`ek uktum
nekgemspres`mbk rbsb kyer`
ybkg f`rbsbmbk

Jer` tbdu ma`ek tektbkg
pekyejbj rbsb sbm`t pbfb aumb
 jbmbr

Mcabjcrbs` fekgbk t`kn nef`s
uktu`m penjer`bk bkbages`m
6 Gbk ggubk `ktegr`tbs 
Aumb senjud 
Mbo` aumb pbfb ibse bmut
mua`t j.f merusbmbk sesub` fekgbk ibse ( perujbdbk wbrkb mua`t
)
 
mua`t fbk obr`kgbk pekyenjudbk aumb Legbd bfbkyb gesembk pbfb
ybkg termekb aumb mua`t ybkg terfbpbt aumb
jbmbr (\eteabd 
Abmumbk perbwbtbk pbfb aumb
f`abmumbk t`kfbmbk jbmbr
meperbwbtbk seabnb
nbsb pekyenjudbk
aumb jbmbr senjud
fekgbk jb`m fbk
`ktegr`tbs mua`t)

E. Evbaubs`
Fx2
\ ? Ma`ek nerbsb t`fbm aenbs
C ? Vurgcr mua`t jb`m, numcsb aenjbj, mbfbr Mba`un> 6.8 nEq/A fbk mbfbr Kbtr`un>
2<5 nEq/A, `ktbme fbk cutput se`njbkg
B ? Nbsbabd terbtbs` X ? @kterveks` f`dekt`mbk

Fx :
\ ? Ma`ek nekgbtbmbk sesbm jermurbkg
C ? Ma`ek mbfbkg-mbfbkg nbs`d tera`dbt jerkbibs lepbt,
ZZ? :5 mba`/nek`t, \bC: > 05 %
B ? Nbsbabd terbtbs` sejbg`bk
X ? @kterveks` f`abkoutmbk

Fx<
\ ? Ma`ek nekgbtbmbk kyer` jermurbkg fekgbk smbab kyer` 6
C ? Ma`ek t`fbm ner`kg`s fbk kbf` 05 mba`/ fet`m
B ? Nbsbabd terbtbs` sejbg`bk
X ? @kterveks` f`abkoutmbk
Fx6
\ ? Ma`ek nbs`d nekgeaudmbk per`d pbfb aumb
C ? Nbs`d bfb aumb terjumb

B ? Nbsbabd jeaun terbtbs`

X ? @kterveks` f`abkoutmb

JBJ @Y

XEKUVUX

6.2 Mes`npuabk

Aumb jbmbr bfbabd merusbmbk btbu med`abkgbk obr`kgbk ybkg f`sejbjmbk mcktbm

fekgbk sunjer pbkbs sepert` bp`, b`r pbkbs, jbdbk m`n`b, a`str`m fbk rbf`bs`.
Aumb jbmbr fbpbt teobf` pbfb set`bp crbkg fekgbk jerjbgb` ibmtcr pekyejbj sepert` ?pbkbs,
sekgbtbk a`str`m, zbt m`n`b, nbupuk rbf`bs`. Xekfer`tb aumb jbmbr neneraubmk pekbkgbkbk ybkg
ser`us selbrb dca`st`m/ nekyeaurud fbr` jerjbgb` bspem fbk f`s`pa`k `anu.Xbfb pekfer`tb aumb jbmbr
ybkg aubs fbk fbabn neneraubmk perbwbtbk aumb jbmbr ybkg abnb fbk nbdba sertb nenpukyb`
eiem res`mc menbt`bk ybkg t`kgg`.

Fbnpbm aumb jbmbr jbg` pekfer`tb fbpbt nek`njuambk jerjbgb` nbsbabd i`s`m, ps`m`s fbk scs`ba
jbg` pbs`ek fbk ougb meaubrgbkyb.Xerbwbt sejbgb` t`n ybkg pba`kg jbkyba jerdujukgbk fekgbk
bs`ek f`tuktut uktum terus nek`kgmbtmbk pekgetbdubk fbk meterbnp`abkkyb sed`kggb nbnpu
nerbwbt pbs`ek aumb jbmbr selbrb mcnpredeks`i fbk cpt`nba.

Xr`ks`p-pr`ks`p pekbkgbkbk pbs`ek aumb jbmbr seabnb perbwbtbk f`runbd sbm`t ternbsum ?

2. Xenjer`bk terbp` lb`rbk fbk kutr`s` ybkg bfemubt

:. Xeklegbdbk `kiems`

<. Xekbkgbkbk/pekyenjubdk aumb

6. Xeklegbdbk mcktrbmtur/ feicrn`tbs

5. Zedbj`a`tbs` abkout

V`kgmbt mejerdbs`abk perbwbtbk pekfer`tb aumb jbmbr sbkbgt f`pekgbrud` caed lbrb
pekbkgbkbk, merobsbnb fbk melembtbk t`n mesedbtbk ybkg nerbwbt f`sbnp`kg ibmtcr-ibmtcr ab`k
(us`b pekfer`tb, r`wbybt mesedbtbk, pekyejbj aumb jbmbr,leferb ab`k ybkg nekyertb` fbk mej`bsbbk
d`fup). Fekgbk nbm`k jermenjbkgkyb `anu pekgetbdubk fbk tedkcacg` nbmb nbm`k jermenjbkg
puab tedk`m/ lbrb pekbkgbkbk aumb jbmbr sed`kggb nbm`k nek`kgmbtmbk mesenpbtbk uktum
senjud jbg` pekfer`tb aumb jbmbr.

FBIVBZ XU\VBMB

NEKME\. :820. Xefcnbk Kbs`ckba Xeabybkbk MefcmterbkVbtb Abmsbkb Aumb Jbmbr. Menektr`bk
Mesbdbtbk Zepuja`m @kfckes`b, Obmbrtb. 2:9 dba.

Ctbk Aefcd. :820. -Bsudbk Meperbwbtbk Xbfb Vk B.K Fekgbk Lcnjut`c F`rubkg Bscmb
Zsuf Xrci Fr W._ Pcdbkes Mupbkg„, smr`ps`. Ibmuatbs Meperbwbtbk ? Mupbkg
Xbsmba`s Dbae. :820. -Bsudbk Meperbwbtbk Xbfb Bk. P.K Fekgbk Aumb Jbmbr Grbfe @@ F`
Zubkgbk @kstbabs` Gbwbt Fbrurbt Zsuf. Xrci. Fr. W._ Ocdbkkes Mupbkg „, smr`ps`. Ibmuatbs
Meperbwbtbk ? Mupbkg

Few`, Pua`b Zbtkb \`kt`b. :82<. Aumb Jbmbr ? Mcksep Unun fbk @kvest`gbs` Jerjbs`s Ma`k`s Aumb
Bktencrten fbk Xcstncrten. Ibmuatbs Mefcmterbk Uk`vers`tbs Ufbybkb.

KBKFB. :829. F`bgkcs`s Meperbwbtbk Fei`k`s` fbk Mabs`i`mbs` :825-:827 Ef`s` 28. Obmbrtb
? EGL

Nusa`db, :828. Meperbwbtbk Gbwbt fbrurbt. Pcgybmbrtb ? Kudb Nef`mb

Z \obnsud`fbobt, W`n Fe Ockg, :887. Jumu Bobr @anu Jefbd Xekerj`t Jumu Mefcmterbk.
EGL