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Student Name: ANUJ GANDHI

Student Id: 2289497
Module Code: CE5606
Modul Name: Advanced Construction Materials and Structural Retrofitting
Technology

Title: Advanced Construction Materials and Structural Retrofitting

Technology

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Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..….3

 Types of Retrofitting Inspection:

1) Preliminary Investigation:

2) Detail Investigation

Arguments of Retrofitting, Problem Proposition, Design Approach……………………………4

Defects and Retrofitting Technology …………………………………………………………...4

Design Of Calculation………………………………………………………………………..….5

Conclusion & References …………………….………………………………………..………..6

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 Introduction:
Advanced building materials gives a range of benefits over conventional materials, such as
improved performance, durability, and environmental sustainability. These materials can include
everything from high-performance insulation and energy-efficient windows to low-carbon concrete
and sustainable wood products. Using these materials can help reduce the environmental impact of
construction projects, improve energy efficiency, and create healthier living and working
environments for occupants. Retrofitting technologies are another important aspect of sustainable
construction, as they allow existing buildings to be updated and improved without the need for
costly and environmentally damaging demolition and reconstruction.

During retrofitting there is 2 types of inspection which is very important things

 Preliminary Investigation:
 Detail Investigation:

1. Preliminary Investigation:
 The first step is to define the objectives of the investigation. This could include identifying the
most suitable materials for a specific construction project or retrofitting application, evaluating
the cost-effectiveness of using advanced materials, or assessing the environmental impact of
these materials.
 The physical and mechanical properties of the selected materials should be evaluated, including
their strength, stiffness, durability, thermal and acoustic insulation, and resistance to
environmental factors such as moisture, corrosion, and fire.
 The cost and availability of the selected materials should be evaluated, including factors such as
procurement, transportation, and labor costs.
 The environmental impact of the selected materials should be evaluated, including their carbon
footprint, energy consumption, and potential for recycling or reuse.
 The selection of advanced materials and retrofitting techniques must comply with relevant
building codes and regulations.
 The selection of retrofitting techniques depends on the specific structural issues that need to be
addressed. These may include seismic retrofitting, strengthening of structural elements, or the
addition of new materials to improve the overall structural integrity of the building.
2. Detail Investigation:
Material Properties:
 When investigating advanced construction materials, it is essential to evaluate their physical
and mechanical properties. These include Strength, Stiffness, Durability, Thermal
insulation, Acoustic insulation, Resistance to environmental factors, Cost and Availability,
Environmental Impact, Building Codes and Regulations and Retrofitting Techniques
 In conclusion, a detailed investigation into advanced construction materials and structural
retrofitting should consider a wide range of factors, including material properties, cost and
availability, environmental impact, building codes and regulations, and retrofitting
techniques. By carefully evaluating these factors, it is possible to identify the most
appropriate materials and techniques for a particular construction project or retrofitting
application.

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 Arguments of Retrofitting:
Retrofitting refers to the process of upgrading or modifying an existing building or structure to
improve its performance, functionality, and safety. There are several arguments in favor of
retrofitting:
 Cost-effectiveness: Retrofitting is often more cost-effective than demolishing and
rebuilding a structure from scratch. By upgrading the existing building or structure, the cost
of construction can be significantly reduced, while also reducing waste and preserving
historical or cultural assets.
 Energy efficiency: Retrofitting can significantly improve the energy efficiency of a
building, reducing energy consumption and associated costs. Upgrades such as insulation,
window replacement, and energy-efficient lighting and appliances can lead to substantial
energy savings and a lower carbon footprint.
 Problem Proposition:
There are several challenges that need to be addressed, including budget constraints, building
codes and regulations, inadequate assessment of existing structures, compatibility with existing
structures, lack of awareness and knowledge, and environmental impact.
 Design Approach:
 The installation of a steel plate and a steel angle brace is our suggested remedy to reinforce
the current beam and improve its load-bearing capability. The steel angle brace will be
fastened to the web of the beam and the steel plate, and the steel plate will be bolted to the
top and bottom flanges of the beam.
 The steel plate will be made to disperse the load evenly throughout the beam's width and
eliminate any potential localised stresses. The plate will also raise the beam's section
modulus, enhancing its resistance to bending and shearing. The steel angle brace will add
more lateral support and stop the beam from buckling.

Defects and Retrofitting Technology:

Figure 1: Steel Yielding-Concrete Crushing Figure 2: Steel Yielding-FRP Fracture

Figure 3: Debonding failure

 Design Of Calculation:

Assumption:

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1) Design calculations are based on the actual Dimension, Internal Reference steel arrangement
and material properties of the existing member being Strengthen.
2) All necessary data to analysis is assumed.

Data of BEAM as Below:

- Height of Beam (ℎ): 420 mm

- Width of Beam (𝑏): 240 mm
- Young Modules of Steel (Es) = 220000 Mpa
- Yield Strength Steel (fy) = 460 mpa
- Concrete Cover Top (d’) : 30 mm
- Effective depth of beam (d) : 350 mm
- AsT (Area of steel) = 800 mm2
- AsC (Area of Concrete) = 130 𝑚𝑚2
- FRP Terminated @Support (a) : 100mm
- FRP Plate Thickness ( TP ) : 0.30 mm
- FRP Plate width (bf ) : 240 mm
- FRP Young Modules (Ef) = 230 Gpa
- FRP Rupture Strain (Efu)= 0.0148
- Fck = 30 Mpa
-
-

Step :1
Calculation:
First, we assume that the initial strain when FRP is bonded 𝜺𝒇e = 0.00355
fy 420 ,f 30
εy = = = 0.00191 c
cu=¿
f
¿ = = 37.5
Es 220000 0.8 0.8
ε cu 0.00350
Xb = *d= * 350 = 226.43 = 226 mm
ε cu + ε y 0.00350+0.00191
As per balanced plate ratio: ε cu: Xb = ε ' s : ( Xb – d’)
( Xb – d ’ )∗ε cu ( 226−30 )∗0.00350
ε 's = = = 0.00303 ¿ ε y = 0.00191
Xb 226
Hence, ε ' s ¿ ε y ………………………Compression steel has yield ρ ' Es ' E s replace by ρ . ε y
0.405 f cu∗Xb
+ 0.95(ρ ' Es ' E s−ρ . ε y)
ρf. b = d
E f εf

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( h− Xb )∗ε cu ( 420−226 )∗0.00350

εf = – ε f 0= = 0.00300 < 𝜺𝒇e = 0.003554 ¿Here
Xb 226
ε f 0=0 ¿

Hence, so we take
As 800 A' s 130
ρ= = = 0.00952 , ρ ' = = = 0.0015
b . d 240∗350 b.d 240∗350
0.405 f cu∗Xb
+ 0.95(ρ ' Es ' E s−ρ . ε y)
ρf. b = d
E f εf
0.405∗37.5∗226
+ 0.95 ( 0.0015−0.00952 )∗460
= 350 = 0.0091
230000∗0.00300

Af 0.30∗240
ρf = = = 0.000857 ¿ ¿ < ρ f . b)
b . d 240∗350
In design ρ f should be less than ρ f . b, to ensure yielding of steel before crushing of concrete.
 Balance plate Ratio: FRP Bonding + Concrete Crushing
: ¿ + ε fe + ε f 0 ¿ * h = ( ε cu - ε ' s ¿ * d’
30 d’
0.00299 = )0.003554 + 0.0035 ( - 0.0035 = ε f 0 ¿ + ε fe + ¿ - ε cu = ε ' s ‫؞‬
420 h
ε cu 0.0035
Xbb = *h= * 420 = 208.39 = 208 mm
( ε cu +ε fe +ε f 0 ) (0.0035+ 0.003554)
0.405 f cu∗Xbb
+ 0.95(ρ ' Es ' E s−ρ . ε y)
ρf. b = d
E f εf
0.405∗37.5∗208
+ 0.95 ( 0.0015−0.0091 )∗460
= 350 = 0.00962
230000∗0.00303
ρ f = 0.000857 (As we know the value of ρ f )

The plate ratio‫ < ¿ ¿ ؞‬ρ f . b) is Failure mode FRP rapture / debonding.
Critical Plate ratio:
ε y ∗h+ ( ε fe + ε f 0 )∗d ’ 0.0019∗420+ ( 0.0035+0 )∗30
Xcy = = =150.5 = 150 mm
(ε y + ε fe + ε f 0 ) ( 0.0025+ 0.0035+0)
0.405∗f cu∗Xcy
+0.95( ρ' −ρ)fy
ρ f . Cy = d
E f εf e

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0.405∗37.5∗150
+0.95 ( 0.0015−0.0091 )∗460
= 350 = 0.00485
230000∗0.0035
Hence,¿ ¿ < ρf cy ) compression steel does not yield at ultimate load.

Conclusion:
According to various case study, we can increase load carrying capacity of the beam /column by
FRP. However above analysis of the existing FRP beam to find out whether it is required
maintenance or in good condition.

References:
https://brightspace.brunel.ac.uk/d2l/le/lessons/10161/topics/1133039
https://brightspace.brunel.ac.uk/d2l/le/lessons/10161/topics/1153949