Computer Final BackGround Theory

UNIGLOBE SECONDARY SCHOOL
Kamaladi Ganeshthan, Kathmandu
LAB REPORT 5 : C PROGRAMMING
(COMPUTER SCIENCE)
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
NAME: Nish Adhikari
GRADE: XI ‘J1’ Science
DATE : 11th March 2023 (Mr. Sanjog Bhandari)
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
2023
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my subject teacher and lecturer,

Mr. Sanjog Sir, for their immediate assistance, guidance, information, and
encouragement with this project. It gives me great pleasure to present my
project after a long work day. In addition to my efforts, many other people's
assistance and guidance have been noticed. I'd like to express my gratitude to
everyone who helped me complete this project.
I would like to express my gratitude to Uniglobe Secondary School / College for

being a contributor to the creation of this project as well as for providing me
with support, valuable information, resources, and direction to complete it.
I am also indebted to my beloved friends for their uncountable assistance,

encouragement, and support throughout the project, from its inception to its
conclusion—without which it would not have been possible.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, friends,
this college, and anyone else who has assisted me for their guidance and
encouragement.
Nish Adhikari
Objective
Objective is a specific result that a person, a system aims to achieve within a time
frame and with avid able resources. In general, objectives are more specific and
easier to measure than goals. Objectives are basic tools that underlie all
planning and strategic activities. They serve as a basic forecasting policy and
evaluating performance.
The main objectives of the project are as follows;
1. To improve skill in C- programing
2. To improve knowledge in C- programing
3. Too familiar with C- programing
4. To improve skill in making project reports.

Lab Report 5:
C-Programming
Background Theory
Q1. What is Looping? Write different types of looping statements.

- Looping is the process of executing the same program statement or block
of program statements repeatedly for a specified number of times or until
the given condition is satisfied.
There are three types of looping statements in C. They are:
I) ‘for’ loop
II) ‘while’ loop
III)’do while’ loop

Q2. What is ‘for’ loop? Explain with examples.
- ‘for’ loop is the most common type of loop which is used to execute
program statements or block of program statements repeatedly for a
specified number of times. It is a definite loop. Mainly it consists of three
expressions: initialization, condition and increment/decrement.
- Its syntax is:
for(initialization; condition; Increment/decrement)
{
statements;
}
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
/* Program to calculate and display factorial of 5 */
int i, fact=1;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
fact=fact*i;
Printf(“Factorial of 5 is= %d”,fact);

Q3. What is 'while' loop? Explain with examples.
- ‘While’ loop is a looping statement which executes the program

statements repeatedly until the given condition is true. It checks the
condition at first; if it is found true then it executes the statements written
in its body part otherwise it just gets out from the loop structure. It is also
known as entry control or pre-test loop.
- Its syntax is:
initialization;
while(condition)
{
statements;
increment/decrement;
}
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
/* Program to display number from 1 to 10 */
int i=1; //initialization

while(i<=10) //condition
{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
Q4. What is 'do while’ loop? Explain with examples.
- ‘do while’ loop is the looping statement which also executes program
statements repeatedly until the given condition is true. It executes the
program statements once at first then only the condition is checked. If the
condition is found true then it executes the program statements again,
otherwise it gets out from the loop structure. As it checks conditions at
last it is also known as post-test or exit control loop.
- Its syntax is:
initialization;
do
{
statements;
increment/decrement;
}
while(condition);
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
/* program to display multiplication table of 5 */
int i=1; //initialization
int p;
do
{
p=5*i;
printf(“\n6*%d = %d”,I,p);
i++; //increment
} while(i<=10); //condition
}
Q5. What is an array? Explain different types of array.
- An array is a collection of similar types of data items treated as a single
unit. It acts to store related data under the same name with an index, also
known as a subscript which helps to access individual array elements.
- There are two types of arrays which are as follows:
I. One Dimensional Array:

An array which has one only subscript is named as one-
dimensional array, a subscript is a number of large brackets in which we
put the size of the array. Like any other variable, we must declare array
before they are used. The general form of one dimensional array
declaration is,
Syntax:
data_type array_name [array_size];
II. Multi Dimensional Array
An array which has more than one subscript is named a multi

dimensional array, subscripts define each dimension of the array. Thus, a
two dimensional array will require two square brackets, one for row size
and the other for column size.
In two dimensional array declaration we write,
Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];
Q6. Write differences between one-dimensional array and two
dimensional array.
-
Q7. What is a string function? Explain the use of strlwr(), strupr(),
strlen(), strcat(), strrev(), strcmp() and strcpy() functions with
appropriate examples.
- The C library supports many string handling functions that can be used to
carry out many of the string manipulation. String is defined as an array of
characters which contains characters, symbols, numbers etc.
The uses of function are:
strlwr()- To convert upper case characters of strings into lower case
characters.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[49];
printf(“Enter a string:”);
gets(str);
printf(“The string in lower-case is: %s”,strlwr(str));
strupr()- To convert lower case characters of strings into upper case characters.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[49];
gets(str);
printf(“The string in lower-case is: %s”,strupr(str));
strlen()- To return the length of a string which takes the string name as an
argument.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[50];
int l;
gets(str);
l=strlen(str);
printf(“The length of the string is: %d”, l);
}
strcat()- To join or concatenate one string into another string. It takes two strings
and the second string is concatenated over the first string.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[50],str2[60];
printf(“Enter first string:”);

gets(str1);
printf(“Enter second string:”);
gets(str2);
strcat(str1,str2);
Printf(“After concatenating the two strings is %s”,str1);

}
strrev()- To reverse the given string
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str;
printf(“Enter the string:”);
gets(str);
strrev(str);
printf(“The reverse of given string is %s, str);
}
strcmp()- To compare two strings, character by character and stops

comparison when there is a difference in the ASCII value or the end of
any one string and returns ASCII value of the characters that is integer
which is either zero, positive value or negative value. If the value os zero
both strings are same. If the value is positive first string is larger than
second one otherwise first string is smaller than second one.
Example: #include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int v;
gets(str1);
printf(“Enter second string:”);
gets(str2);
v=strcmp(str1,str2:
if(v==0)
printf(“Both strings are same.”);
else if(v>0)
printf(“%s comes after %s”,str1,str2);
else
printf(“%s comes before %s”,str1, str2);
}
strcpy()- To copy one string into another string.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
gets(str1);
strcpy(str2,str1);
printf(“After copying the string is %s.”,str2);
}
Q8. Write differences between for loop and while loop
-
Q9. Write differences between while loop and do while loop

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UNIGLOBE SECONDARY SCHOOL

Kamaladi Ganeshthan, Kathmandu

LAB REPORT 5 : C PROGRAMMING

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

NAME: Nish Adhikari

GRADE: XI ‘J1’ Science

DATE : 11th March 2023 (Mr. Sanjog Bhandari)

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my subject teacher and lecturer,

I would like to express my gratitude to Uniglobe Secondary School / College for

I am also indebted to my beloved friends for their uncountable assistance,

The main objectives of the project are as follows;

1. To improve skill in C- programing

2. To improve knowledge in C- programing

3. Too familiar with C- programing

4. To improve skill in making project reports.

Q1. What is Looping? Write different types of looping statements.

II) ‘while’ loop

III)’do while’ loop

/* Program to calculate and display factorial of 5 */

Printf(“Factorial of 5 is= %d”,fact);

- ‘While’ loop is a looping statement which executes the program

/* Program to display number from 1 to 10 */

int i=1; //initialization

I. One Dimensional Array:

data_type array_name [array_size];

II. Multi Dimensional Array

An array which has more than one subscript is named a multi

printf(“Enter first string:”);

Printf(“After concatenating the two strings is %s”,str1);

strcmp()- To compare two strings, character by character and stops

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