Year 1

Question 1-40 are excerpts taken from The Solid Solutions 4-In-One Premium
Series (Use of English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology)
Instruction: Answer all questions in thirty (30) minutes.
The Questions are taken from UTME ’19.
Akintoyean Special
Time limit: As long as it takes for you to come (sorry I meant – to solve)
1. Which of these is not a fundamental unit?
a. Dyne.
b. Erg.
c. Newton.
d. None of the above.
e. All of the above.

2. All but one are units of scalar quantities?

a. Horse-power.
b. Candela.
c. Mole.
d. Rankine.
e. None of the above.

3. The unit of the loudness of sound is?

a. Erg.
b. Dyne.
c. Bel.
d. Radians.
e. Metre/Joules.

4. The dimension of luminous intensity is?

a. I
b. N
c. J
d. ʘ
e. None of the above.
5. The dimensions of a pure number is?
a. M0L0T0I0N0J0ʘ0
b. M1L1T1I1N1J1ʘ1
c. M0L0T0
d. M1L1T1
e. 0

6. Two boxes A and B of equal weights are placed on a plane surface. A has a
base area of 20cm2 and B has a base area of 100 cm2. Which of these is true
about their pressure?
a. A is greater than B.
b. A is lesser than B.
c. A is equal to B.
d. Inconclusive.
e. None of the above.

7. Which of these energy conversions takes place when a rubber catapult is

used to project a stone?
a. The e.p.e of the catapult is converted into the k. e of the stone.
b. The g.p.e of the catapult is converted into the k. e of the stone.
c. The e.p.e of the catapult is converted into the e. p. e of the stone.
d. The inertia of the catapult is converted to the p.e of the stone
e. The inertia of the stone is converted to the e. p. e of the catapult.

8. Which of these statements is the effect of using split – rings in a simple d.c
generator?
a. The direction of rotation of the coil is reversed.
b. The current in the coil flows uni-directionally.
c. The current in the coil becomes alternating.
d. The contact with the voltage source is cut off.
e. The voltage in the mains is tripled.

9. The product PV where P is pressure and V is volume has a unit. Which of

the below listed units is equivalent to y?
a. Newton-second.
b. The Newton.
c. Erg.
 d. Horse-power.
e. None of the above.

10. The electromagnetic radiation with the fastest velocity is?

a, Radio wave.
b. Gamma ray.
c. Visible light.
d. X-ray.
e. All of the above.

11. The coefficient (if applicable) of all but one of the following is
dimensionless. Which is it?
a. Restitution.
b. Force.
c. Solid Friction.
d. Strain.
e. None of the above.

12. The equation 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 is a statement of which law?

a. Kirchoff’s
b. Lami’s
c. Stokes’s
d. Kelvin’s
e. Newton’s

13. The angle subtended by the arc of a circle whose length is equal to the
radius of the same circle is?
a. Reflex.
b. Z- angles.
c. Radian.
d. Dip.
e. Declination.

14. The velocity of sound in air at 16 0C is 340 ms-1. What will be the velocity
when the pressure is doubled and the temperature raised to 127 0C?
a. 8.00 ms-1
b. 20.00 ms-1
 c. 1600.00 ms-1
d. 40.00 ms-1
e. None of the above

15. If a container is filled with ice to the brim, what happens to the level of the
water when the ice completely melts?
a. The level of the water remains unchanged.
b. The level of the water rises.
c. The level of the water drops.
d. Convex meniscus is observed.
e. Concave meniscus is observed.

16. Snow is formed as the result of?

a. The solidification of water.
b. The condensation of water vapour.
c. The deposition of water vapour.
d. The evaporation of water.
e. The freezing of water vapour.

17. Which of the following is used for the correction of astigmatism?

a. Convex lens.
b. Concave lens.
c. Biconvex lens.
d. Cylindrical lenses.
e. Bi-focal lenses.

18. In homes, electrical appliances and lamps (Chillax, I know u are using
candle) are not connected in parallel because (___)?
a. Parallel connection does not heat up the wires.
b. Parallel connection uses high voltage.
c. Using series connection, switching of other appliances does not
affect other appliances.
d. Series connection uses low voltage.
e. None of the above.

19. A body of mass 10 kg travelling at a velocity of 5 ms-1collides with another

body of mass 5 kg travelling at a velocity of 20 ms-1, in the same direction
without coalescing. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.5, calculate the
 velocity of separation?
a. 7.50ms-1.
b. 30.00 ms-1.
c. 12.50 ms-1.
d. 50.00 ms-1.
e. 25.00 ms-1.

20. When a ship sails from salt water into fresh water, the fraction of its
volume below the water surface will?
a. Increase.
b. Decrease.
c. Remain constant.
d. Depend on the pressure of the captain.
e. Be inconclusive.

21. A quantity of water at 0 0C is heated to about 10 0C. At each degree rise in

temperature, its density will?
a. Rise steadily.
b. Fall steadily.
c. Fall then rise steadily.
d. Fall intermittently.
e. Rise then fall steadily.

22. I. Coherence II. Same frequency. III. Same wavelengths. IV. Same
intensity. Which of the condition(s) above are necessary to produce
interference fringes?
a. I, II, III.
b. II, III, IV.
c. IV, I, II.
d. I only.
e. II only.

23. An object is placed in front of two plane mirrors which are orthogonal to
each other. The total image(s) formed is?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
 d. 1
e. Inconclusive.

24. The most suitable type of mirror used for the construction of a searchlight
is the?
a. Concave mirror.
b. Convex mirror.
c. Parabolic mirror.
d Bi-focal mirror.
e. Make-up mirror (Lol)

25. The displacement produced in glass block of thickness t, and refractive

index n, when an object is viewed through it is?
a. 𝑡 − 𝑛.
b. 𝑡(1 + 1/𝑛).
c. 𝑡(1 − 1/𝑛).
1
d. 𝑡( − 1).
𝑛
e. None of the afore-listed.

26. The iron core of an induction coil is made from bundles of wires so as to?
a. Minimize Eddy currents.
b. Generate Eddy currents.
c. Prevent sparking at the contact breaker.
d. Get the minimal possible primary voltage.
e. All of the above.

27. The quantitative measure of a body’s inertia is its?

a. Weight.
b. Mass.
c. Matter.
d. Impulse.
e. Restitution.

28. During a ride round a circular track, a rider leans inward so the moment of
her normal reaction, R, counterbalances the moment about his central of
gravity, G, produced by the centripetal force, F, in turn caused by the
frictional force, F, at the ground. This precaution is done to avoid skidding.
 Then what is the condition for skidding?
a tan ∅ < 𝑚𝑔.
b. tan ∅ > 𝑚𝑔.
c. tan ∅ = 𝑚𝑔.
d. None of the above.
e. Inconclusive, because I have never heard of the concept before.

29. In the photoelectric effect, electrons will leave the metal surface when
illuminated by light of appropriate frequency if the photon energy is?
a. Greater than the work function.
b. Less than the work function.
c. Equal to the work function.
d. Equal to the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons.
e. Greater than the maximum potential energy of the electrons.

30. Which of the following devices may be used to step up the voltage in a d.c
circuit?
a. A step-up transformer.
b. A step-down transformer.
c. A d.c generator.
d. A wattmeter.
e. An induction coil.

All questions are UTME standards and are taken from the thoughts and imagination
of the person of Lord A. S. B, and of course from the recommended past questions.
JAMB storms in – like the mistral. Her disdain palpable. After taking her coat,
she harrumphs. With experiences, only those fully prepared will only managed
not to upset her. These categories are the wise. But those who have thought that
they can have their cake and eat it, will only get her peevish mordant and caustic
– a perfectly planned climax. They are akin to the unwise – those that don’t hold
their horses and get their masters’ goats.
Questions not answers creates knowledge.
Answers
1. E 11. B 21. E
2. E 12. C 22. A
3. C 13. C 23. B
4. C 14. E 24. C
5. A 15. C 25. C
6. A 16. C 26. A
7. A 17. D 27. B
8. B 18. E 28. A
9. C 19. A 29. A
10. E 20. A 30. E

All answers are correct.

Notes, Explanations and Remarks
1. E: Units are one essential aspect of physics (or any science in general). A
priori, they play a very crucial role in scientific calculations. No concepts
(or quantities) in science are accepted except it can be expressed in a
mathematical format. This ‘mathematical format’ is of two contexts. One,
the magnitude which is the quantity and two, the units – which is the dire
quality. Fundamental units as such are units of fundamental quantities.
They are the base units (akin to fundamental quantities) – that are
independent of other units, and cannot be derived in terms of other units.
On the other hand, units which are not base, and can be expressed in terms
of the base units are referred to as derived units. They are seven base (or
fundamental units) in science, which are: the kilogramme (for the quantity,
mass), the metre (length), the second (time), the Kelvin (thermodynamic
temperature), mole (amount of substance), the Ampere (electricity), the
Candela (luminous intensity). Derived units include: the Newton (Force),
Kilogramme-metre-per-second (Impulse), Metre-square (Base Area), just
to mention but a few … vide recommended texts.
Nota Bene: When units are named after scientists as an honorific feats, the
article, the, is added before the original name, with the first letter in capital
letter (preference) and in abbreviations (upper case) Exempli gratia, The
Newton (N) as in force and the Celsius (0C) the Kelvin (K), the Rankine
(0R) as in temperature, Isaac Newton, Anders Celsius, Lord Kelvin, William
John Macquorn Rankine respectively. Thus, the correct unit of the
quantity, power is actually The Watt, and not just simply Watt.
Note: Dyne is a unit of force. It is related to the S.I unit, The Newton by
the relation 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 = 1 𝑁.
Note: Erg is a unit of energy. It is related to the S.I unit, The Joule by the
relation 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 1 𝐽.
Note: The Newton (N) is not a base unit. It is dependent on kilogramme,
metre and second. It is given by the relation - 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚𝑠 2 .

2. E: Scalar quantities are quantities specified only in terms of magnitude. In

other words, they lack a description in orientation. Examples include;
mass, energy (all forms), power, temperature … Vector quantities on the
other hand have magnitude and directional concepts, id est. they are
completely described. Examples include; acceleration, impulse, force etc.
Horse-power (hp) is a unit of power; candela (cd) is the S.I unit of
 luminous intensity; mole (mol) is the S.I unit of amount of substance;
Rankine is a unit of temperature … Vide recommended texts.

3. C: The Bel is the unit of the loudness of sound. The range of sounds human
can hear is actually measured in decibels (dB), where deci- connotes ‘one-
tenth of’. Other scientific prefixes includes; atto- (1018), femto- (10-15),
yocto- (10-24), exa- (1015) amongst others. We can actually hear sounds with
frequencies of about 40 to 16,000 cycles per second (Hertz). Bats and Dogs
can hear sounds with higher frequency. Thus, a sound that can barely be
held is given a decibel rating of zero; a quiet whisper is like 30 dB and
normal conversations, 60 decibels. Vide metric prefixes, additional texts.

4. C: Dimensions are also crucial in scientific analysis. No theorem, law,

notion or hypothesis in physics is considered correct except its concept(s)
can be expressed plainly in a mathematical equation. Dimensions are such
agents used for consistencies in such an equation. The dimension of any
physical quantity expresses its dependence on the base quantities as a
product of symbols (or powers of symbols). In a Gramma-scientific-tically
context, the dimension of a quantity is its physical nature. (New School
Physics, W.M. Anyakoha, Ph.D).
Nota Bene: A dimensionally correct equation doesn’t automatically means
a correct equation. Dimensions are concerned with the quality of a unit –
not its quantity. Make I no cap too much, see below
Mass (M), Length (L), Time (T), Thermodynamic temperature (ʘ),
Amount of substance (N), Current (I), Luminous intensity (J).

5. A: A pure number is also known as a dimensionless quantity. Its dimension

is written with all the powers equal to 0, so the overall dimension give 1. I
guess you now see why Option C is incorrect.
Note: This concept is often used to confuse junior physicists. The
dimensions of length for instance can be written in two ways. Chioma, I
hope u dey hear. L1 or M0L0T0I0N0J0ʘ0- … Vide additional texts.

6. A: Pressure is directly proportional to Weight and inversely proportional

to the area in contact. Since A and B both have the same weight, the one
with a smaller base area A, would consequently exert a greater pressure,
while B, with a relatively larger base area, would exert a lesser pressure.
So just remember, that provided the weights are equal, the matter with the
smallest base area would exert the greater pressure, and vice versa.
Chumzy check the transcription of ‘vice versa’. OK for the next exam
about pressure.

PRESSURE
Pressure can be defined (in solids) as the perpendicular force acting per
unit area on a surface.
It is given by the formula,
P = F/A, where F means Force (Newton) and A means Area (metre
squared)
The Derived unit of Pressure is therefore Newton – per – metre squared
(N.m-2)
The S. I. unit of Pressure is the Pascal, (in honor of the great Physicist,
Pascal), and it has a third unit called bar.
The following relationships exist between the units of Pressure.
1 N.m-2 = 1 Pa
105 N.m-2 (or Pa) = I bar
10-5bar = I N.m- 2 (or Pa)
Pressure is a scalar unit, a priori; it has magnitude but no directional
concept.
Pressure is a derived quantity. It is dependent on length (m), time (sec) and
mass (kg)
Its dimensions are P = F/A = M.L.T-2/L2 = M.L-1.T2.
Pressure can also be experienced in fluids.
NB: A fluid is any substance that can flow e.g. liquids and gases.
Pressure in Liquids
Like solids, pressure can also be experienced in fluids. But unlike solids,
the pressure in liquids exerts in all directions, id est. multi-directional
juxtaposed to the former where it acts only downwardly.
Characteristics of Pressure in Liquids
1. The pressure at all points in a liquid in the same level within a liquid
is the same.
2. The greater the depth of the liquid, the greater the pressure.
Mathematically, this can be expressed in terms of direct variation –
dp/dh = + ve. It follows from the relation, P = hϕg, where ϕ represent
density.
So, p = kh.
3. The pressure in different liquids at the same depth varies with the
density.
Scientifically, the pressure in a fluid is dependent on its density
Formula Palaver
Recall that from Solid-Pressure Formula,
P = F/A, [1] But from pre-existing formulas,
F = m.a, [2] where a can be substituted with g, the earth’s gravitational
field.
So we agree that F = m.g, [3]
But mass is dependent on density, in the eqn – density = mass/volume, [4]
By means of change of formulae or by alternuedo,
mass = volume (V) x density (ϕ) [5],
And also Volume = Area x height, (Geometry), so V = A.h [6]
So substituting parameters in [1]
P = (A.h.g.ϕ)/A, and
P = ϕ.h.g, [Original] which is the Pressure formula [Original]
For fluids (or liquids specifically)
Pressure is the dot (or joint) product of density, height & acc. due to
gravity
Relative density makes use of this formula
h1 / h2 = ϕ2/ϕ1 [Borrowed]
Applications can be seen in the syringe (that pressure exists in liquids)
Pascal’s Principle
The pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout it
i.e. to every portion of the fluid, the surrounding purlieus and the walls of
the containing vessel.
Applications
1. The Hydraulic Press.
2. Motor-Car Foot Brake.
Atmospheric Pressure
This is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It is normal (or no pressure
for us) because our internal system counterbalances it. It is undoubtedly
related to height (or depth as appropriate), increasing downwards (as in a
dug pit or in a well) and vice versa for increasing height (as in on the top
of a skyscraper). It effects are numerous. One interesting one being the fact
that food cooks slower up a skyscraper than on the ground floor due to
pressure.
NB: This is a disadvantage, as water boils faster at low pressure and this
leaves the food uncooked, attracting more attention.
The proofs of atmospheric pressure can be demonstrated with two
effects:
a. Crushing can experiment
b. The Inverted beaker experiment
Its applications include:
i. Lift (or common) pump
ii. Force pump
iii. The Siphon
iv. Bicycle pump
v. The Syringe
Formula Palaver (Advanced)
For gases, pressure is somewhat related to density. The formula relations
are to be taken cognizance.

V = [(ŭ.R.T)/M]1/2

Where, ŭ represents the ratio of the specific heat cap. of the two media
(usually 1.4 for air…), R is the molar (gas) constant (about 8.3 J.m-1.K-1),
 T is the temperature (usually about 293 K) in Kelvin, and M, the molecular
mass of the air (about 32 g.mol-1) and V = velocity in m/s.
Since molecular mass is related to the density (vapour for gases), which is
in turn related to pressure from [Original]
2 V.D = M.M [last]
We can see that the quantity - pressure is “versatilely” important in
Physics; its concepts cut across all areas in the studies.

7. A: As you used to catapult birds then and guys now (don’t blush oo), when
the catapult is stretched, elastic potential energy is stored in it – potential
energy by virtue of elasticity. By the time the stone is released, the stored
potential energy is converted to the kinetic energy of the stone. Id est.
E.P.E catapult = K.E stone
½ ke2 = ½ mv2
or, ke2= mv2
Note: If it is require to find the velocity with which the stone moves off the
catapult, we make v, the subject of the formulae - ke2 = mv2
v = (ke2/m)1/2 (ms-1)
where k = elastic constant (N/m)
e = extension produced (m); and
m = mass of stone (kg)

8. B: The split-rings (or commutator) in a d.c generator ensures that the

current flows in the same direction. To make the current flows in alternate
directions, hence both direction (id est. to convert the d.c generator to an
a.c [alternating current], the split-rings is replaced by a slip-rings.
Oya vide https://whyenodeytireutovide.com See Below oo
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice
versa (i.e. electrical to mechanical) is called a Dynamo. When it changes
mechanical energy into electrical energy, it is ca a Generator. When a
dynamo changes electrical energy into mechanical energy, it is called a
Motor.
Generators:
There are two classes of generators; the Alternating Current (A.C.)
generator, and the Direct Current (D.C.) generator. Structure of the A.C.
generator is as thus:
 a. an armature – a rectangular coil consisting of a large number of
turns of insulated wire round on a laminated soft iron core.
b. A magnetic field created by the curved poles of a horse-shoe magnet
or an electromagnet.
c. Two copper slip rings, to which the ends of the rectangular coil are
connected and which rotate with the armature.
d. Two stationary carbon brushes which are made to press lightly
against the slip rings ... vide recommended text for principle of operation.

The structure of D.C. generators is illustrated -

An a.c generator can be made to produce a d.c generator by replacing the
two slip rings with a single split-ring or commutator as in electric motor.
A split-ring commutator is a slip-ring that has been split into two segments
which are insulated from each other. The ends of the coil are connected
one to each split-ring or commutator as shown in recommended text. The
split-ring or commutator is a current reverser. When the armature coil is
rotated, the commutator automatically switches each end of the coil from
one brush to the other each time the coil completes one-half a revolution.
As the current reverses in the coil after each half of the revolution. The
connections between the coil and the brushes are reversed through this
action of the commutator. This reversal occurs at the moment when the coil
is vertical (i.e. when the current is zero). The induced current appears in an
external circuit … vide recommended text FYI.

9. C: The unit of Pressure, P, is Nm-2 and that of Volume, V, is m3. So the

product produces Nm, the unit of work. Equivalent to Joules, J. And from
1, erg is also a unit of work (related to the Joules in the ratio ten million to
one) Mtcheew, you fit no even read am!

10. A: From the famous wave equation, 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆, frequency, f, and wavelength,
𝜆, are inversely proportional id est. an increase in wavelength connotes a
decrease in velocity, and vice versa. Radio waves have the longest
wavelength and as such the lowest velocity. Gamma rays have the highest
frequency and as such the shortest wavelength.
Note: All waves (or radiations as appropriate) in the electromagnetic
spectrum approximately has the same and equal velocity (3 x 10 8 ms-1).
The spectrum is given below:
 Gamma rays – X-rays – Ultraviolet rays – Visible light [Violet – Indigo –
Blue – Green – Yellow – Orange - Red] – Infrared – Microwave – Radio
waves. This order is in increasing wavelength and decreasing frequency.
Infrared rays have a frequency below that of red light and so is called infra-
meaning below. Similarly, UV rays have a frequency above that of Violet
light and so is called ultra- meaning above.
Other things worthy to be taken into cognizance in our study of waves are
… vide recommended texts or even sef make I cap you the wave equation.
2𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐴 sin( ), when the wave is at the origin id est. no horizontal
𝜆
2𝜋
displacement. 𝑌 = 𝐴 sin (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡), when the wave is at a displacement;
𝜆
2𝜋𝑥
and also paraphrased to give - 𝑌 = 𝐴 sin( − 𝜔𝑡).
𝜆
2𝜋
Where 𝑘= , and is known as the wave constant - 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 and is
𝜆
known as the angular speed, Y = vertical displacement of vibrating
particle, P, 𝜆 = wavelength of wave, A = Amplitude of wave, x = horizontal
coordinate of the vibrating particle from the origin, v is the velocity and t
is time taken …

11. B: There is no concept as “the coefficient of force”. Concepts that are

connected to the quantity force are Resolution of forces, Vectors, The
Parallelogram law, Components, just to mention but a few. The coefficient
of solid friction is given by the formula - 𝜇 = 𝐹⁄𝑅, and this is
dimensionless since both Frictional force, F and the Normal reaction, R,
have the same unit – the Newton. Lest you forget, Mercy, the laws of solid
friction are as thus: a. Friction opposes the relative motion between two
surfaces in contact. It acts in a direction opposite to that of the motion; b.
The force of friction increases to the same extent as the force which tends
to start the motion; c. Frictional force depends on the nature of the two
surfaces in contact – the nature of the substance and the conditions of the
surfaces such as rough, smooth, polished, wet, dry, etc; d. It is independent
of the area of the surfaces in contact; and e. It varies directly with the
normal force pressing the surfaces together, i.e. it is proportional to the
normal reaction, R. Static (or limiting) friction is the maximum force that
must be overcome before a body can just start to move over another, while,
Kinetic (or dynamic) friction is the force that must be overcome so that a
body can move with uniform speed over another body … vide
 recommended texts for more information.
Strain (or tensile strain) is also dimensionless, cos, it is given by the
𝑒
relation - ∇ = . It is defined as the ratio of the extension to original length.
𝑙
It has no unit since that of extension, e, and original length, l, is the metre.
Now, in practice, colliding objects do not stick together and kinetic energy
is always lost (as we have been foolishly made to believe in school). If a
ball X moving with velocity u1 collides head-on with a ball Y moving with
a velocity u2 in the same direction, then Y will move faster with a velocity
v1 say and X may then have a reduced velocity v2 in the same direction. The
coefficient of restitution, e, between X and Y is defined as the ratio: velocity
of separation / velocity of approach = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 / 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 .) … vide …

12. C: This is a statement of Stokes’s law. Lemme shock u small. George

Gabriel Stokes, in 1851, describes the relationship between the frictional
force of a sphere moving in a liquid and other quantities (such as particle
radius and velocity of the particle). If a sphere (or body) moves through a
fluid (or viscous fluid, as appropriate), a frictional force must be overcome.
Provided that the Reynolds number, Re, is less than 1(laminar flow),
Stokes’s law applies, 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣,
F = frictional force to be overcome (N)
v = speed of the sphere relative to the liquid or particle (m/s)
r = particle radius [or radius of the sphere] (m)
η = dynamic viscosity (Pa.s = Ns/m2)
F = Fr = Fd = Stokes’s drag or Drag Force
Conditions for the laws to hold are: laminar flow, spherical particles,
homogenous materials, smooth surfaces, non-interference (or particles)
with each other, … vide internet for more information. Abeg, im even dey
JAMB syllabus, but dem no even teach me and Guru, ur physics teacher
wey go just talk am, u don dey hate am. I pity u. U Neva buy Ur past
questions. Make we continue.
Stokes’s law states that the force of viscosity on a small sphere moving
through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the radius of the particle
and its speed relative to the fluid. Fd = k.rv where k = 6πη. Viscosity
is measured with a viscometer, and the standard references are golden
syrup and glycerin. The utmost condition is a temperature of 293 K. a. Fluid
of infinite extent; b. Streamlining not applicable; c. Rigidity (or
smoothness). Relations from Stokes’s law can also give the relationship
between velocity, v, of a moving body and its density, 𝜌.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹𝑑 ; If the force is induced by acceleration, then
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 − 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣; recall from kinetics, that when the rate of change of
velocity is zero, it connotes uniform velocity. Thus if a = 0, Fa = 0;
𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑔 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣; (1) and 𝑣 = ⁄6𝜋𝜂𝑟 (2)
Following from the famous mass-density formula, 𝜌 = 𝑚⁄𝑉; 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
4𝜋𝑟 3
And from the Geometry past masters (I aren’t one though), 𝑉 =
3
Substituting both in (2), we conclude -
2𝑔𝑟 2 𝜌⁄
𝑣 = 9𝜂. Thus when moving through a viscous fluid, (such as
glycerin), the velocity of the moving body, v, is directly proportional to the
square of its radius, r, its density, 𝜌, and inversely proportional to its
dynamic viscosity – Lord A.S.B’S (Lol)
And if you care to know,
Lami’s theorem relates the magnitudes of coplanar, concurrent and non-
collinear forces that maintain an object in static equilibrium.
𝐹𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵 + 𝐹𝐶 = 0,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= =
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾

Lami’s theorem states that when three forces acting at a point are in
equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between
the other two forces.
From the Triangle law of vector addition, we apply the sine rule, we have
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= =
sin(180 − 𝛼) sin(180 − 𝛽) sin(180 − 𝛾)
𝑚𝑔
Caveat: 𝑇= ⁄2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
It is very helpful in determining the unknown forces acting at a point for
an object in equilibrium.
a. Lami’s theorem is about static equilibrium.
b. It is applicable only in the case of coplanar concurrent forces.
c. It is applicable to planes as well as 3Ds objects.
Lord Kelvin from the famous S.I unit the Kelvin. The Kelvin-Planck
statement is: “it is impossible for any device that operates in a cycle to
receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.”

According to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, The voltage around a loop equals

the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and
equals zero. Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop
has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff's law is called
conservation of energy. Courtesy of the German physicist, Gustav
Kirchhoff. This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work
of James Clerk Maxwell.

Newton’s optics formula, 𝑓 2 = 𝑎𝑏 (1)

where f = the focal length, a, is the object distance from a fixed point
(specifically known as the principal focus), and b is the image distance
from that fixed point. Now, from the famous infamously (or rather, the
infamously famous) mirror formula;
1 1 1
+ = ; (2)
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
 where u = object distance from the pole and v is the image distance from
that pole.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 + 𝑓, and 𝑣 = 𝑏 + 𝑓; where all characters denotes their normal
meanings, Substituting these, (2) becomes:
1 1 1
+ =
(𝑎 + 𝑓) (𝑏 + 𝑓) 𝑓
Then by simplification, 𝑓 = √𝑎𝑏; and 𝑓 2 = 𝑎𝑏 …
1
Nota Bene: The power of a lens is calculated by the relation 𝑃 = , and is
𝑓
measured in diopters (D).

13. C: Radian. The radian is defines as the angle subtended by an arc whose
length is equal to the same radius of the same circle. Reflex angles are
angles greater than 1800 but lesser than 3600, e.g., 1810, 2700, 3590, etc. Z-
angles are angles that are supplementary i.e., they add up to 1800. They are
also known as supplementary angles. Angle of Dip is the angle that the
earth’s magnetic N-S axis (meridian) makes with the horizontal. It is 00 at
the equator and 900 at the poles. Angle of Declination (or variation) is the
angle between the geographic and magnetic north poles.

14. E: None of the above. Don’t stammer jare! First, we write the equations
for the speed of sound in different media.
Speed of sound in an ideal gas -
𝜆𝑅𝑇
𝑣= √ , 𝜆 = 1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑀
where v = speed of sound (m/s)
𝜆 = ratio of specific heats = Cp / Cv
R = Molar Gas constant = 8.3 Jmol-1K-1
T = Temperature in Kelvin
M = Molecular mass of the gas.
If other quantities are held constant, then we can establish that
𝑣1 𝑇1
𝑣 𝛼 √𝑇 𝑖. 𝑒. = √
𝑣2 𝑇2
Note: From the relation, it is crystal clear that velocity is independent of
pressure.
Using v1 as 340 m/s; T1 as 289 K; T2 as 400 K, then
 v2 would be 400.00 m/s.
Speed of sound in solid -
𝐸
𝑣 = √ where E = Young Modulus of Solid and rho is the density
𝜌

similarly, Speed of sound in liquid,

𝐵
𝑣 = √ where B = Young Modulus of Liquid and rho is the density …
𝜌

vide recommended past questions …

15. C: The level of the water drops. Ice, the solid form of water is less dense
than liquid water, thus, ice (density 0.9 kgm-3) floats on water (1 kgm-3).
This is consequent to their chemical structures. The hydrogen bonds in ice
molecules form an open lattice structure and are not as crowded as in water
molecules. From the general principle, any other liquid which of course is
less dense than its counterpart solid, will remain constant after the solid
form is removed, obeying the rule – when submerged in a liquid, solids
take up the volume they contain, however, the ice-water scenario is an
exception to this rule. Generally, substances expand when heated and
contract when cooled. An exception to this rule is water. Water contracts
when heated between 00 C and 40 C and expand beyond this temperature,
it expands when cooled and contract when ice melts on heating. Due to the
anomalous expansion of water, when ice completely melts, the level of
water will drop due to contraction.

16. C: The deposition of water vapour. The transition of matter from the liquid
to the solid state is called freezing (or solidification); the change from solid
to liquid is called melting. The transit from the liquid to gaseous state is
known as vapourization, Evaporation is a special case of vapourization.
And vice versa – from the gaseous state to the liquid state is called
condensation (or liquefaction). The changing of solids to their gaseous
state is known as sublimation; and vice versa – deposition (change from
gaseous state to solid state).
Note: The concept - deposition - explains two important phenomena. The
former explains how snows are formed and the latter – the formation of
ice. Since water vapour are always present in the atmosphere and never
found in the freezer, snows are formed in the freezer. Similarly, water is
kept in the freezer and not present in the atmosphere, a priori, ice is never
 formed in the atmosphere.
Caveat: Deposition and sublimation are two opposite but complement
processes. Akin also are raining and drying.

17. D: Some Eye Defects, characteristics and correction are given below:
Short-sightedness (myopia)
- The eye cannot see distant objects clearly but near objects can be
seen.
- Image formed on the retina is blurred because the eyeball is too long
(short focal length) which makes the focusing or the refracting ability of
the lens too short (since power = 1 / focal length), so with a short focal
length, the power is large and vice versa.
- Image of distant object is formed in front of the retina.
- The defect is corrected by the use of a suitable diverging (or
concave) lens.

Long-sightedness (hypermetropia)
- Distant objects are seen clearly but for near object (i.e. unable to see
near objects).
- Images of near objects are formed behind the retina because the
eyeball is too short (or the focal length of the eyeball being too long) such
that the refracting power of the lens is low.
- This defect is corrected by the use of a convex (or converging) lens.

Astigmatism
- The cornea has uneven curvature i.e. not being equally curved in all
directions.
- The eye cannot focus lines in some directions clearly as other lines.
- Only vertical lines are clear but horizontal lines are blurred.
- It is corrected by using spectacles with cylindrical lenses.
- It is present in all eyes to some extent.

Presbyopia
- It is otherwise known as loss of accommodation and it is due to old
age.
- It is corrected by using bi-focal lens.
Note: Accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus objects at various
 distances. From the discussion above, Chioma you are long-sighted, so
hurry up and get any pizzazz convex lens. Or are u suffering from the
combination of all, Miss Blind? In that case, Optician A.S.B recommends
bi-foconcavo-convex cylindrical lenses. A combination of all the four Lol!

18. E: U and ur character, Miss Guesser. Yes, none of the above is the answer.
This question is an obvious trap, one that reverses the true concept behind
the answer. In practice, home appliances and lamps are connected in
parallel because – series connections uses high voltage (consequent to an
increased resistance), but in parallel connection, the voltage across each of
the appliances equals the supply voltage and; the voltage across the
appliances is not affected by switching off other appliances. Just change
your character. Ur heaven far oo.

19. A: As you learned (and not ‘learnt’) from 11, restitution is defined as the
ratio between the velocity of separation and that of approach. By err-free
calculation, the correct option is 7.50 ms-1.

20. A: Increase. OK, let’s just get the concept once and for all.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1⁄𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ; 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ;
𝑣𝑜𝑙.𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 < 𝑣𝑜𝑙.𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 .

Thus, for a constant mass between the two media, the volume of sea water
is less than that of fresh water.
Note: The density of salt water is about 1020 kgm-3 is slightly greater than
that of fresh water (1000 kgm-3). Now, in both fluids, the ship floats since
its density is less than that of sea water and fresh water respectively.
For the floating ship, let Vt be the total volume of the ship, Va be the volume
above the fluid and the Vb, the volume below the fluid, such that 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑎 +
𝑉𝑏 , we seek the ratio Vb, which is the fraction of ship below the fluid. By
Archimedes’ principle, volume of object = volume of fluid displayed, and
volume of fluid displaced is the volume of ship below the fluid.
From the density-volume palaver, moving from a high density (low
volume) medium (salt water) to a lower density (higher volume) medium,
the fraction of the ship below the fluid will increase and decrease if vice
versa (from fresh water to salt water). Similarly, the fraction of the ship
above the fluid will decrease (since a higher volume below the surface will
 correspond to an automatic lower volume below the surface of the fluid)
when the ship moves from salt- to fresh water, and will increase if
otherwise, id est. if it is moving from fresh water to salt water …

21. E: Due to the anomalous expansion of water vide 16. A temperature

increase from 00 C o 40 C will correspond – due to contraction – to a
decrease in volume (and an automatic increase or rise in density) and from
40 C to 100 C, due to expansion, there will be an increase in volume and a
consequent decrease or fall in density. Thus there will be an overall rise
and then steady fall in the density-plotting.

22. A: The conditions necessary for interference fringes are: same

wavelengths, coherence (same instant and place) and same frequency. Vide
internet for more clarification.

23. B: 3. Due to duplicate reflection, the no. of images formed through multiple
mirrors differs from the no. of mirrors. The formula is as thus:
0
𝑛 = 360 ⁄𝜃 − 1; where n = no. of images formed; 𝜃 = angle between the
mirrors. Now, two mirrors orthogonal to each other have right angle (i.e.
900) between them. English palaver. Thus, the number of images formed is
three (3).

24. C: Parabolic mirror. Spherical mirrors (concave, convex, concavo-

convex, etc.) are not suitable – due to their spherical nature and wide
aperture - for constructing search light because they will not reflect to a
single-point focus all rays parallel to its principal axis. This is called
spherical aberration. Parabolic mirrors are capable of doing this. Make-up
mirror ko, make-up kit ni.

25. C: Refractive index is also given by the formula – real depth / apparent
depth. That is, 𝜂 = 𝑡⁄𝑎 ; 𝑎 = 𝑡 − 𝑑; 𝜂 = 𝑡⁄(𝑡 − 𝑑) ; 𝜂(𝑡 − 𝑑) = 𝑡;
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡 − 𝑑 = 𝑡⁄𝑛 ; 𝑑 = 𝑡 − ; 𝑑 = 𝑡 (1 − ).
𝑛 𝑛

26. A: To minimize Eddy currents. Vide recommended texts.

27. B: Mass. This quantity is defined as the amount (or quantity) of matter (or
‘stuff’) contained in a body. It can also be defined as the quantitative
measure of a body’s inertia. Inertia is the reluctance of a moving to start
moving (if at rest) or to stop (if already moving) when acted upon by
external forces. It is a direct measure of the body’s mass. The more the
mass, the more its inertia, and vice versa.

28. A: vide recommended texts. I know sey u neva hear am before. I know.

29. A: Greater than the work function. Vide recommended past questions jare,
I don tire abeg. Or OK -
𝑒𝑉𝑠 = 𝐾. 𝐸 = 1⁄2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑊 − 𝑊0 = ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓0 …

30. E: Induction coil. Vide recommended past questions and even sef the texts.
E dey there. Permission to fall out.
All notes and explanations are excerpts culled from the works of Anyakoha,
Parker and Nelkon. For more additional information, vide all recommendations.
Recommended texts – New School Physics, W. M. Anyakoha, Ph.D,
Advanced Level Physics, M. Nelkon, Parker, etal.

All that glitters – glitters (irrespective of the materials)

Keep it low and simple, don’t expect much, sought for and only for elusive peace. – T. S.
Eliot.

A truth is a plain lie – factual ones at that.

Don’t be confused and convinced. Trust is a dishonorable virtue – dispossess it if you can.
It makes the mind lazy.

Chioma, beware of the enemy who has something to gain and from that friend, who has
something to lose;

What will happen will happen! Let’s all sit still and wait without hope – for hope would be
hope for the wrong thing. – T. S. Eliot.

Akintoye Sulaimon Babatunde

The plainly simple guy