Dielectric Materials
Dielectric Materials
Dielectric Materials
Chapter Five
Dielectric Materials
Dielectric Materials
Outline:
Introduction
Basic Terminologies in Dielectrics
Dielectric Polarization
Mechanisms of Dielectric Polarization
Dielectric Strength
Ferroelectricity and Paraelectricity
Classification of Dielectric Materials
Application Dielectric Materials
i. Electric Field
The region around the charge within which its effect is felt
or experienced is known as electric field.
D E 0 r E
Its SI unit is Coulomb/square meter (C/m2).
iv. Permittivity
Vacuum permittivity :
10 9
0 8.85 *10 12 F / m
36
Relative permittivity :
0 r r
0
v. Electric susceptibility
The electric susceptibility χe of a dielectric material is a
measure of how easily it polarizes in response to an electric
field.
It is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates
the degree of polarization of a dielectric material in
response to an applied electric field.
The greater the electric susceptibility, the greater the
ability of a material to polarize in response to the field, and
thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material.
Sem. I, 2017/18 Chapter 5- Dielectric Materials 12
Dielectric Polarization
D 0 E P, but D 0 r E
0 r E 0 E P P 0 E 0 r E
P 0 ( r 1) E
e r 1 r 1 e
r 1
So, in the case of a free space (vacuum), the electric
susceptibility will be:
e 0
Example-1:
b. polarization
Solution:
10 9
a. D 0 r E D * 2.55 * 10 4
36
D 225.4 nC / m 2
10 9
b. P e 0 E P * 1.55 * 10 4
36
P 137 nC / m 2
c. V Ed V 10 4 * 1.5 * 10 3
V 15 V
Example-2:
c. polarization
Solution:
Q 36 * 2 * 10 12
a.. E E
4 0 r r 2 4 * 10 9 * 5.7 * 10 2
E 0.3158 V / m
5.7 * 0.3158 * 10 9
b. D 0 r E D
36
D 15.924 pC / m 2
4.7 * 0.3158 * 10 9
c. P 0 e E P , e r 1 4.7
36
P 13.13 pC / m 2
Example-3:
a. χe
b. εr
c. E
d. D
Solution:
a. P 0 e E Px 0 e E x
Px
e
0 Ex
36 * 3 * 10 9 36 * 3
e
10 * 5 * 10 9
50
e 2.16
b. e r 1 r e 1 2.16 1
r 3.16
P
c. P 0 e E E
0e
36 * 10 9
E 3i j 4k *10 9
10 * 2.16
E 5i 1.67 j 6.67 k V / m
10 9 * 3.16
d . D 0 r E D 5i 1.67 j 6.67k
36
D 139.7i 46.6 j 186.3k
i. Electronic Polarization
Cl Na x2 x1
Example:
Solution:
a. Using the above table, the dielectric constant of paper is , r 3.7
( 20 x 10 12 F)( 16 x 10 3 V)
Qmax 0.32 C
(0.32 x10 6 ) 2
2
Qmax
W
2C 2 x 20 x 10 12
W 2.56 x 10 3 J
Piezoelectricity:
Pyroelectricity:
Polar materials:
e i
Dipolar materials:
e i o
Materials, whose molecules posses a permanent dipole
moment, belong to this class include water & methyl
alcohol.
Example:
Solution:
For the initial condition, we have :
0 A 0A
C1 2 pF
d1 d1
0 r A r
4 pF 2 pF
2d 1 2
r 4
iii. Transformers
Mineral oil is used extensively inside electrical transformers
as a fluid dielectric to assist in cooling.
Transformer oil is a highly refined mineral oil that is stable
at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating
properties.
To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-
filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil
circulates by natural convection.
c. polarization
Sem. I, 2017/18 Chapter 5- Dielectric Materials 60
Exercise……