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Quadratic Equation Short Notes

The document discusses quadratic equations. It defines the general form of a quadratic equation as ax2 + bx + c = 0 and describes how to find the roots of such an equation. It also discusses how the discriminant, D, determines whether the roots are real, complex, or equal. Additional topics covered include the relationship between the roots and coefficients, the graphical shape of quadratic functions, solving quadratic inequalities, and finding maximum/minimum values.

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Lucifer Morningstar
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598 views3 pages

Quadratic Equation Short Notes

The document discusses quadratic equations. It defines the general form of a quadratic equation as ax2 + bx + c = 0 and describes how to find the roots of such an equation. It also discusses how the discriminant, D, determines whether the roots are real, complex, or equal. Additional topics covered include the relationship between the roots and coefficients, the graphical shape of quadratic functions, solving quadratic inequalities, and finding maximum/minimum values.

Uploaded by

Lucifer Morningstar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quadratic Equations

The general form of a quadratic equation in x is , ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a , b , c  R & a  0.


RESULTS :

b  b 2 4ac
1. The solution of the quadratic equation , ax² + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
2
The expression b – 4ac = D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
2. If  &  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, then;
(i) +  = – b/a (ii)  = c/a (iii) –  = D / a .
3. NATURE OF ROOTS:
(A) Consider the quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c  R & a  0 then ;
(i) D > 0  roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0  roots are real & coincident (equal).
(iii) D < 0  roots are imaginary .
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other must be the
conjugate p  i q & vice versa. (p , q  R & i =  1 ).
(B) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c  Q & a  0 then;
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square , then roots are rational & unequal.
(ii) If  = p + q is one root in this case, (where p is rational & q is a surd)
then the other root must be the conjugate of it i.e.  = p  q & vice versa.
4. A quadratic equation whose roots are  &  is (x  )(x  ) = 0 i.e.
x2  (+ ) x +  = 0 i.e. x2  (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
5. Remember that a quadratic equation cannot have three different roots & if it has, it becomes an identity.
6. Consider the quadratic expression , y = ax² + bx + c , a  0 & a , b , c  R then ;
(i) The graph between x , y is always a parabola . If a > 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
(ii)  x  R , y > 0 only if a > 0 & b²  4ac < 0 (figure 3) .
(iii)  x  R , y < 0 only if a < 0 & b²  4ac < 0 (figure 6) .
Carefully go through the 6 different shapes of the parabola given below.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3


y y y

a> 0
a> 0 a> 0 D<0
D>0 D=0

x1 O x2 x O x O x

Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate

Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6


y
y y

O x O x
a< 0
D>0 a< 0
x1 x2 a< 0
D=0 D<0
O x

Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate

Topic Wise Short Notes (1)


7. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES:
ax2 + bx + c > 0 (a  0).
(i) If D > 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two different roots x1 < x2.
Then a > 0  x  (, x1)  (x2, )
a < 0  x  (x1, x2)
(ii) If D = 0, then roots are equal, i.e. x1 = x2.
In that case a > 0  x  (, x1)  (x1, )
a < 0  x 
P (x )
(iii) Inequalities of the form 0 can be quickly solved using the method of intervals.
Q (x )

8. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUE of y = ax² + bx + c occurs at x =  (b/2a) according as ;


 4 ac  b 2   4 ac  b 2 
a < 0 or a > 0 . y   ,  if a > 0 & y     ,  if a < 0 .
 4a   4a 

9. COMMON ROOTS OF 2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS [ONLY ONE COMMON ROOT] :


Let  be the common root of ax² + bx + c = 0 & ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Therefore

a ² + b+ c = 0 ; a² + b + c = 0. By Cramer’s Rule 2  1


 
bc  bc a c  ac ab  a b
ca ca bcbc
Therefore,  =  .
a ba b a cac
So the condition for a common root is (ca  ca)² = (ab ab)(bc bc).
10. The condition that a quadratic function f (x , y) = ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved
into two linear factors is that ;
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af2  bg2  ch2 =0 OR h b f = 0.
g f c
11. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If 1, 2, 3, ......n are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + .... + an-1x + an = 0 where a0, a1, .... an are all real & a0  0 then,
a1 a a a
 1 =  ,  1 2 = + 2 , 1 2 3 =  3 , ....., 1 2 3 ........n = (1)n n
a0 a0 a0 a0
Note : (i) If  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x ) or
(x ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely .
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n 1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots,
it is an identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and  + i is its root, then   i is also
a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational &  +  is one of its roots, then   is
also a root where ,   Q &  is not a perfect square.
(v) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have atleast one real root between 'a' and 'b' .
(vi) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term.

Topic Wise Short Notes (2)


12. LOCATION OF ROOTS :
Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c  R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number ‘d’ are
b2  4ac  0; f (d) > 0 & ( b/2a) > d.
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ‘d’ (in other words
the number ‘d’ lies between the roots of f (x) = 0) is f (d) < 0.
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in the interval (d , e) i.e. d < x < e are
b2  4ac > 0 & f (d) . f (e) < 0.
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers p & q are
(p < q). b2  4ac  0; f (p) > 0; f (q) > 0 & p < ( b/2a) < q.

13. LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES


(i) For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap

Topic Wise Short Notes (3)

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