GROUP 3

MENDOZA, Angela
RIVERA, Desiree Louise
Group 3 (2ChEA) - ChE217 SANTOS, Justine
SUGUE, Angelo
VARGAS, Francis Gene

POLYMERS
TYPES & PROCESSING
 REPORT FLOW PART 2:
POLYMER SYNTHESIS&
PROCESSING
PART 1:
POLYMER TYPES
ALL ABOUT POLYMERS
Plastics
Elastomers
Polymerization
Fibers, etc. Polymer Additives
Forming Techniques for Plastics
Fabrication of Elastomers
Infographic and End-of-Discussion Assignment
in the end of the report. Fabrication of Fibers and Films
 YOU KNOW
THAT I LOVE
POLYMERS

CHE 217: POLYMERS

PART 1:
POLYMER TYPES
WHAT ARE POLYMERS?

a substance that has a

molecular structure
consisting chiefly or entirely
of a large number of similar
units bonded together.

PLASTICS
TYPES OF
POLYMERS ELASTIOMERS
FIBERS
 TYPES OF
PLASTICS POLYMERS

a synthetic material made from

PVCs, polyethelyne, nylon, etc.,
which can be molded into
different shapes and forms
when still in its liquid form and
then transformed into a solid or
slightly elastic form.

DID YOU PLASTICS COMES FROM THE GREEK "PLASTIKOS" MEANING "CAPABLE OF
BEING MOLDED
KNOW?
"PLASTOS" MEANING "MOLDED"
 TYPES OF
ELASTOMERS POLYMERS

From its name, they are a

special type of polymer with
both viscous and elastic
properties. It is classified into
three broad groups: diene, non-
diene, and thermoplastic
elastomers.

DID YOU YOUR PHONE CABLES, PLUGS, AND SOCKETS ARE MADE OF
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPE) DUE TO ITS ELECTRICAL AND
KNOW? THERMAL RESISTANCE.
 TYPES OF
FIBERS POLYMERS

Fiber is any material that is

evidently long relative to its width.
Fiber could be produced naturally
like cotton, hair and silk, and it
could also be artificially produced.
Artificial Fibers are divided into
two types: Regenerated and
Synthetic fibers.
EXAMPLES
DID YOU
KNOW? RF: CLOTHING, CARPET, BEDDING, CANVAS (TEXTILE FIBERS)
SF: NYLON, POLYESTER, SPANDEX, ACRYLIC, AND KEVLAR
 O Y R
L M
P
CHE 217: POLYMERS E

PART 2: POLYMER
SYNTHESIS &
PROCESSING
WHAT IS POLYMERIZATION?

Polymerization is a
process through which
a large number of
monomer molecules
react together to form
a polymer.

ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
TYPES OF
POLYMERIZATION CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
WHAT IS POLYMERIZATION?

ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
TYPES OF
POLYMERIZATION CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
 TYPES OF
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION

Addition polymerization (sometimes

called chain reaction polymerization) is a
process by which monomer units are
attached one at a time in chainlike
fashion to form a linear macromolecule.
The composition of the resultant product
molecule is an exact multiple of that of
the original reactant monomer.

STAGES OF
ADDITION (1)INITIATION (2)PROPAGATION (3)TERMINATION
POLYMERIZATION
 TYPES OF
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION

STAGES OF
ADDITION
POLYMERIZATION
 TYPES OF
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION
 TYPES OF
CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION

Condensation (or step

reaction) polymerization
is the formation of
polymers by step-wise
intermolecular chemical
reactions that may
involve more than one
monomer species.

There is usually a small molecular weight by-product such as water that is

eliminated (or condensed).
No reactant species has the chemical formula of the repeat unit, and the
intermolecular reaction occurs every time a repeat unit is formed.
 TYPES OF
CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION
WHAT ARE POLYMER ADDITIVES?
chemicals added to the
base polymer to
improve processability,
prolong life span, and
achieve desired
physicals or chemical
properties in the final
product

STABILIZERS FILLERS
TYPES OF
LUBRICANTS PLASTICIZERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES
FLAME RETARDANTS COLORANTS
 TYPES OF
STABILIZERS POLYMER
ADDITIVES

added to prolong the

useful life of a polymer
through thermal
protection and light-
assisted oxidation.
TYPES OF
A. UV ABSORBERS B.ANTIOXIDANTS C. QUENCHERS
STABILIZERS
 TYPES OF
STABILIZERS STABILIZERS

UV ABSORBERS
The main function of UV absorbers is to
absorb UV radiation in the presence of
a chromophore (Ch) found in the
polymer, the aim is to filter out the UV
light that is harmful to the polymer
before Ch* has had a chance of
forming.
 TYPES OF
STABILIZERS STABILIZERS

ANTIOXIDANTS Typical manifestations of oxidation of

polymers can be change of viscosity
during processing, appearance, and loss
of mechanical properties such as
elongation, impact strength, tensile
strength, and flexibility. Antioxidants
protect polymers against oxidation by
controlling molecular weight changes
that lead to a loss of physical,
mechanical, and optical properties.
 TYPES OF
STABILIZERS STABILIZERS

PRIMARY SECONDARY

A
 TYPES OF
STABILIZERS STABILIZERS

QUENCHERS

Polymer quenchants are water-based

solutions and are used as quenchants
for baths and sprays (mainly with
induction hardening).

A
 TYPES OF
LUBRICANTS POLYMER
ADDITIVES

Makes the polymer easier to process by

controlling the melt rheology during
thermoplastic molding.

Optimizes the properties of the finished

article to create smooth and unblemished
surfaces and minimize stress fractures.

TYPES OF
A. EXTERNAL B.INTERNAL
LUBRICANTS
 TYPES OF
FLAME RETARDANTS POLYMER
ADDITIVES
Typically chlorinated
organophosphates.

Enhances flammability
resistance of polymers

1. AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE (APP)

EXAMPLES 2. MELAMINE CYANURATE (MC)
3. MELAMINE BORATE
4. MELAMINE (POLY)PHOSPHATE
 TYPES OF
FILLERS POLYMER
ADDITIVES
Reduces production costs
and improves some
specific properties of the
end products.

Many of these mineral

fillers make them easier to
mold and shape while
ensuring the stability of
the compounds

EXAMPLES SAWDUST, TALC, MICA, SILICA GEL, LIMESTONE, ETC.

 TYPES OF
PLASTICIZERS POLYMER
ADDITIVES
Known for their low molecular weight
substances added to a polymer solution
to promote plasticity and flexibility.

Makes the polymer solution more

suitable for the application of film
coating

TYPES OF
A. PHTALATES B.DICARBONATES
PLASTICIZERS C. PHOSPHATES D. FATTY ACID ESTERS
 TYPES OF
COLORANTS POLYMER
ADDITIVES
Formulations of pigments or
dyes and additives used to
internally color plastics

Used to manufacture
thermoplastic colorants and
includes pigments, dyes,
and special effect colors

TYPES OF A. DRY COLOR B.LIQUID COLOR

COLORANTS C. PASTE DISPERSION D. MASTERBATCH
E. COMPOUNDED COLOR
 TYPES OF
COLORANTS COLORANTS

A
FORMING
TECHNIQUES
FOR

PLASTICS
 FACTORS FORMING
TECHNIQUES FOR
whether material is
thermoplastic or thermosetting
PLASTICS
if thermoplastic, the
temperature at which it softens
atmospheric stability of the
material being formed
normally occurs at elevated
geometry and size of the temperatures
finished product
application of pressure
FABRICATION OF POLYMERS

Preparation of a linear polymer Curing

PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING

Liquid plastic
resin is injected
into the empty
cavity of a
forming die to
take the shape
of its interior
surface
PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING

When the resin

has cooled and
solidified, the
forming die pens
and the finished
part is ejected.

Then, the process

is repeated.
2. ROTATIONAL MOLDING

Plastic power is poured into the

cavity of the mold

The mold is placed in an oven

While the mold is being heated,

it is slowly rotated on two axes.

When removed from the oven, it is

cooled slowly to prevent warpage.
3. EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING
Plastic is in the form
of a large droplet,
called PARISON

Parison is extruded

Placed in a two-piece
mold

Cooled, Solidified and

Ejected
4. INJECTION BLOW MOLDING

gas pressure is used to force the molten

resin into a mold cavity

controlled and repeatable

excellent surface quality but not ideal for

thin walls
5. REACTION INJECTION
MOLDING

produces lightweight
parts with rigid skin

requires
thermosetting plastics
where plastics
undergo an
irreversible chemical
reaction
6. VACUUM CASTING

model of any rigid

solid is placed in a
sealed box

filled with flexible

urethane or silicone

Pressure of a vacuum
is used to pull air out
of the mold so no air
bubbles could form.
7. THERMOFORMING
type of vacuum
forming
uses a thin or thick
gauge plastic sheet

stretched over the

surface of the die
while the pressure
from the vacuum pulls
the sheet down to its
final shape
8. COMPRESSION MOLDING

pre-heating a raw
material

Heat and pressure is

applied to make the
plastic cure
FABRICATION
OF
ELASTOMERS
1. EXTRUSION
Raw materials are fed
to an extruder at high
temperatures
Products are pushed
through a die with the
desired shape
The final product is
then post-cured.
2. INJECTION MOLDING
Equal parts of a
chemical catalyst and
liquid silicone rubber
are mixed
Heated after injecting
it into a mold
Cooled before
removing from the
mold
3. COMPRESSION MOLDING
Silicone rubber
through heated mold
Sealed with heated
plunger

Cured then cooled

4. EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING
Put inside a hollow
tube
Mold is closed and air
is introduced in the
system
Cooled; often used for
bottle and container
production
5. DIP MOLDING
Preheated plastic is
put on a material

Wait until plastic has

taken shape of the
mold
Cooled until material
can be separated from
the mold
FABRICATION
OF
FIBERS AND
FILMS
 FABRICATION OF FIBERS MELT SPINNING

The polymer material is

first heated until it forms
a thick, viscous liquid.

Next, it is passed through

a plate called spinneret.

The fibers are then

rapidly solidified by air
cooling or through a
water bath.
 FABRICATION OF FIBERS WET SPINNING

It is the oldest spinning

process which makes use
of solvent in the
production of fibers.

The polymer is extruded

directly into the
precipitating liquid which
solidifies the fibers.
 FABRICATION OF FIBERS DRY SPINNING

Similarly, dry spinning

also uses a chemical bath
to treat the polymer
material.

Instead of submerging
the fibers in the solution,
solidification is achieved
by evaporation of the
solution in a stream of air
or inert gas.
 FABRICATION OF FILMS CALENDERING

After the film is extruded

through a thin die slit, it
is passed through pairs
of heated rollers.

This process is done to

achieve the desired
thickness, surface finish,
and texture.
 FABRICATION OF FILMS BIAXIAL DRAWING
PROCESS

Air is blown through the

tubing die in a carefully
controlled gas pressure.
The trapped air expands
the material, resembling a
balloon.

In result, the wall

thickness is continuously
reduced which produces
films that are strong in
both axial directions.
INFROGRAPHIC ABOUT POLYMERS
Wound dressings play a significant role in healing various types of wounds depending on their
biocompatibility and biodegradability. Commonly, cloth and alginates are used as wound
dressing materials, however as observed from their use, they have deficiencies such as having
poor antimicrobial properties, weak mechanical features, poor biodegradability and
biocompatibility, and inability to provide moisture (Nguyen et al., 2023). This may result in the
improper treatment of diabetic wounds, causing amputations. Polymer-based wound dressing
materials with bioactive agents were developed as potential materials for the treatment of
diabetic wounds. Nanofibers, films and membranes, hydrogels, and foams and wafers were
distinguished to make a good alternative for wound dressings with their ideal polymeric
dressings including high porosity and swelling ability, ability to offer moisture and warm
environment, gaseous permeation, high elasticity, and flexibility. The polymers used in the
dressing are composed of biopolymers and synthetic polymers. Biopolymers are known for
their biomedical applications due to its inert biocompatibility. It allows heat to transport to and
from the dressing, however its mobility affects this, thus synthetic polymers are also utilized to
contrast it. These cross-linked polymers, Biopolymer and Synthetic polymers including
polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethanes, polyglycolic acid and polylactide among many others, stored
with bioactive agents like antibiotics and antioxidants are found to have the appropriate
structure to produce a product with properties effective for managing chronic wounds,
promoting vascularization, collagen accumulation and normal physiological functions.
 END OF DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT

Differentiate the three types of polymers.

Differentiate the three spinning processes in the fabrication of

fibers and films in no more than 5 sentences.

Find an example of Polymer in your house. Take a picture of it

and determine what type of Polymer and its chemical
properties are.
 REFERENCES
Admin. (2020). Thermoplastic Polymers - Definition, Properties, Applications & Uses. BYJUS. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/thermoplastic-polymers /

Alven, S., Aderibigbe, B., Mbese, Z, & Peter, S. (2022). Polymer-Based Wound Dressing Materials Loaded with Bioactive Agents: Potential Materials for
the Treatment of Diabetic Wounds. Preparation of Polymer Materials and Their Biological and Agricultural Applications. Retrieved from
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/4/724

Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2018). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction.

Libretexts. (2015). 27.8: Polymers and Polymerization Reactions - Chemistry LibreTexts. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Ch
emistry/Map:_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/2 7:_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds/27.08:_Polymers_ and_Polymerization_Reactions

Le, T., Nguyen, H., and Pham, T. (2023). Biomedical materials for wound dressing recent advances and applications. ASC Advances. Retrieved from
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/ra/d2ra07673j#:~:text=The%20most%20popular%20types%20commonly,alginates%2C%20foams%2C%
20and%20films.

What is Injection Molding: A Detailed Guide on Plastic Injection Molding. Rapid Prototype Manufacturing in China - WayKen.
https://waykenrm.com/blogs/what-is-injection-molding/

Williams, C. (2016). The Plastic Forming & Manufacturing Process: Top 7 Techniques. Star Rapid. Retrieved from https://www.starrapid.com/blog/the-top-
7-ways-of-forming-plastics/
Group 3 (2ChEA) - ChE217

POLYMERS
TYPES & PROCESSING