21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM Director: instructs actors on how to portray

THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD characters.

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The Theater Elements of Plot

*DRAMA and THEATER  Exposition – introduces the characters, setting and
A building where a play is performed containing the
basic situation.
stage and seating area for the audience.
People’s life stories are rich and diverse. Every  Rising action – presents the central conflict,
person has unique experiences, adventures, and AREAS OF THE STAGE complications, suspense and crisis.
dreams. But there is one thing common to all---  Climax – the point of greatest tension.
They differ in format
everyone experiences joy, sorrow, and pain. These are  Falling action – subsiding intensity.
Stories Plays
spices of life. These experiences make a person  Denouement – the resolution which ties up loose
Consist entirely of
become wiser. A prose narrative characters’ words and ends and concludes the action.
actions.
Drama Theme
The playwright may
- prose or verse telling a story intended for describe the characters and - reveals the meaning behind a play
representation by actors through dialogue or action Narrator describes - It is the main idea or lesson learned from watching
settings in the script, but
characters, actions, settings the play, which could either be understood obviously
A HISTORY OF DRAMA the audience never hears
these stage directions. or subtly.
Drama began in ancient Greece dating back to
The characters’ words are The audience sees and
543 B.C. It started as choral performances of dancing Characters
marked by “quotation hears only the actors’
and singing honoring the Greek god, Dionysus, the marks” interpretations of them. - people, animals, or ideas dramatized by the actors or
god of wine. actresses in the play
The Greeks held their dramas in outdoor - They are those who move the action or the plot
theaters called amphitheaters, the largest seating Aristotle’s Six Elements of Drama
forward within the drama.
14,000 people.  Plot
In Greek drama, the actors all wore masks to  Theme Dialogue
help the audience recognize the character they were  Characters - the words written by the playwright and spoken by
playing.  Dialogue the characters
 Music / Rhythm - It is in the dialogue that the action of the play moves
 Spectacle
The Play for the viewers to follow the story.
…………………………………………………………
Playwright: person who writes plays.
Plot Music / Rhythm
Script: printed copy of a play.
Acts: the major sections of a play. - Explains the series of actions that happen in the play - refers to the rhythm of the actors’ voices as they
Scene: small section or portion of a play. - This is where the storyline is given emphasis. Plot is deliver their lines
focused on causality.
The People - The overall storyline and sequence of events is
Spectacle
Actor: male performer known as the plot. - comprises the visual elements of a play, including
Actress: female performer the set, costume, special effects, and others, which the
PLOT DIAGRAM audience see as they watch the play
Cast: all performers selected to portray characters.
 d.) EMPATHY – the capacity to relate to the feelings
of another.
Modern Elements of Drama Other performance elements include speaking,
TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF DRAMA…………. breathing control, vocal expression, inflection,
 CONVENTION - the technique and method projection, speaking style and diction, and nonverbal
employed by the director and the playwright to 1. SCENERY or SET – includes the theatrical expressions like facial expressions and gestures.
create the intended stylistic effects equipment, such as curtains, flats, backdrops, or
 GENRE - the type of play, like comedy, tragedy, platforms denoting dramatic production to
mystery, and historical play communicate the type of environment.
 AUDIENCE - the group of people who watch the 2. COSTUMES – clothing and other accessories
play. It is considered the most important element worn to portray the character and period.
of drama because all the efforts in writing and
producing are for the satisfaction of the audience. 3. PROPS – part of a dramatic production. It can be
any movable object that appears on stage during a
DRAMA performance.
 Literary Elements
 Technical Elements 4. LIGHTS – help communicate environment, mood,
 Performance Elements or feeling according to their placement, intensity,
and color.

LITERARY ELEMENTS OF 5. SOUNDS – the effects an audience hears during

DRAMA……………. the performance to communicate character,
context, or environment.
The plot structure of a drama has six stages.
The first is the initial incident, which is the 6. MAKEUP – includes the costume, body paint, and
event that “gets the story going.” wig used to transform a performer into a character.
This is followed by the preliminary event,
which takes place before the action and is directly PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS…………………….
related to the play.
a.) ACTING – the use of face, body, and voice to
The rising action is the series of events
portray a character.
following the initial incident and moving towards the
dramatic climax. b.) CHARACTER MOTIVATION – explains why
Then comes the climax, which serves as the a character behaves this way or that way. In other
turning point of a story. words, it explains the reason behind a character’s
Next is the falling action and, finally, the behavior.
denouement or conclusion of the drama. c.) CHARACTER ANALYSIS – the process of
responding to dramatic art and examining how the
elements of drama are used.