CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

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 CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

➢ Saint- Venant’s Principle

➢ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Members
➢ Uniaxial and Multiaxial Loading
➢ Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members
➢ The Force Method of Analysis for Axially Loaded Members
➢ Thermal Stress

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 CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

After discussing this chapter, the student must be able to:

• Determine the deformation on axially loaded members by
integrating the concept of stress on axially loaded structures.
• Develop a method for finding the support reactions of
indeterminate structures using only static equilibrium
• Understand the concept of thermal stress, stress
concentrations and inelastic deformations

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Saint-Venant’s principle CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
• first noticed by the French scientist Barré de Saint-
Venant in 1855.
• When a loading is applied at a point on a body, it
tends to create a stress distribution within the body
that becomes more uniformly distributed at regions
removed from the point of application of the load.
• It has been found that this distance should at least be
equal to the largest dimension of the loaded cross
section.
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Saint-Venant’s principle CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Using Hooke’s law and the definitions of stress and strain, we will now develop an
equation that can be used to determine the elastic displacement of a member
subjected to axial loads.
Generally, the deformation of a member subject to axial load is:

𝐋
𝐏 𝒙 𝐝𝐱
𝛅=න
𝐀 𝒙 𝐄
𝟎
Where:
𝜹 = displacement of one point on the bar relative to the other point
L = original length
𝑷 𝒙 = internal axial force at the section, located a distance x from one end
𝑨 𝒙 = cross-sectional area of the bar, expressed as a function of x
𝑬 =modulus of elasticity of the material

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Constant Load and Constant Cross-Sectional Area
In many cases, the cross-sectional area is constant all throughout. Also, if the
material is homogenous then the E will also be constant. Furthermore, if the external
force applied is constant, then also the external force throughout the length is also
constant.

𝐏𝐋
𝛅=
𝐀𝐄
Where:
𝜹 = displacement of one point on the bar relative to the other point
L = original length
𝑷 = constant internal force
𝑨 = cross-sectional area of the bar
𝑬 =modulus of elasticity of the material

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Sign Convention

For both forces and displacement to be positive, they must tend to

cause tension or elongation, respectively.

For both forces and displacement to be negative, they must tend to

cause compression or contraction, respectively.

Since Hooke’s law has been used in the development of the

displacement equation, it is important that no internal load causes
yielding of the material, and that the material is homogeneous and
behaves in a linear elastic manner.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example
The A-36 steel bar shown in is made from two
segments having cross-sectional areas of 𝐴𝐴𝐵 =
1 𝑖𝑛2 and 𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2 𝑖𝑛2 . Determine the vertical
displacement of end A and the displacement of B
relative to C.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example
The A-36 steel bar shown in is made from two
segments having cross-sectional areas of 𝐴𝐴𝐵 =
1 𝑖𝑛2 and 𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2 𝑖𝑛2 . Determine the vertical
displacement of end A and the displacement of B
relative to C.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example
Rigid beam AB rests on the two
short posts shown is made of steel
and has a diameter of 20 mm, and
BD is made of aluminum and has a
diameter of 40 mm. Determine the
displacement of point F on AB if a
vertical load of 90 kN is applied over
this point.
𝐸𝑠𝑡 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑎𝑙 = 70𝐺𝑃𝑎

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

The 20-mm-diameter A-36

steel rod is subjected
to the axial forces shown.
Determine the displacement of
end C with respect to the fixed
support at A.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

Segments AB and CD of the

assembly are circular rods, and
segment BC is a tube. If the
assembly is made of 6061-T6
aluminum, determine the
displacement of end D with
respect to end A

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar

as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the
largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0
mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the
bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is
suitably braced to prevent buckling.

Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

The rigid bar ABC shown is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod
at B. Determine the largest load P that can be applied at C if the
stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement
of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Example

The rigid bar AB,

attached to two vertical
rods as shown is
horizontal before the
load P is applied.
Determine the vertical
movement of P if its
magnitude is 50kN.

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
a. Uniaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio
- Formulated by a French Scientist Simeon Denis Possoin
- within the elastic range, the lateral and longitudinal deformations
are proportional.
-thus, the ratio of these strains are constant.
-This constant is denoted by Greek letter Nu (𝑣) and called as the
Poisson’s ratio.
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑣=−
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
a. Uniaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑣=−
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

Considerations:
1. Within the elastic range
2. Homogeneous
3. Isotropic

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
a. Uniaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio
Ductility – is the percent elongation reported in tensile test is
define as the maximum elongation of the gage length by original gage
length.
Dilatation, e is the change in volume per unit volume. Also called
the volumetric strain.
∆𝑉
𝑒= = 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 + 𝜖𝑧
𝑉

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
a. Uniaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio
𝜖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑣=−
𝜖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
a. Uniaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio
A bar made of A-36 steel has the
dimensions shown.
If an axial force of is applied to the
bar, determine the following:
1. Change in length
2. Change in width
3. Change in height
4. Change in volume

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
b. Multiaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio

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GENERALIZED CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
HOOK’S LAW
b. Multiaxial Loading; Poisson’s ratio

1
𝜖𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸
1
𝜖𝑦 = (𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 )
𝐸
1
𝜖𝑧 = (𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )
𝐸

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PRINCIPLE OF CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
SUPERPOSITION
states that the resultant stress or displacement at the point can be
determined by algebraically summing the stress or displacement caused
by each load component applied separately to the member.

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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBERS
If the equilibrium equations are sufficient to calculate all the forces (including support
reactions) that act on a body, these forces are said to be statically determinate.

In statically determinate problems, the number of unknown forces is always equal to

the number of independent equilibrium equations.

If the number of unknown forces exceeds the number of independent equilibrium

equations, the problem is said to be statically indeterminate.

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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBERS
Static indeterminacy does not imply that the problem cannot be solved; it simply means
that the solution cannot be obtained from the equilibrium equations alone.

A statically indeterminate problem always has geometric restrictions imposed on its

deformation.

The mathematical expressions of these restrictions, known as the compatibility

equations, provide us with the additional equations needed to solve the problem (the
term compatibility refers to the geometric compatibility between deformation and the
imposed constraints). Because the source of the compatibility equations is deformation,
these equations contain as unknowns either strains or elongations.

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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Procedure for Solving Statically Indeterminate Problems:
1. Draw the required free-body diagrams and derive the
equations of equilibrium.
2. Derive the compatibility equations. To visualize the restrictions
on deformation, it is often helpful to draw a sketch that
exaggerates the magnitudes of the deformations.
3. Use Hooke’s law to express the deformations (strains) in the
compatibility equations in terms of forces (or stresses).
4. Solve the equilibrium and compatibility equations for the
unknown forces.
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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Problem Example
The steel rod shown has a diameter of 10mm. It is fixed to the
wall at A, and before it is loaded, there is a gap of 0.2mm
between the wall at B’ and the rod.
Determine the reactions at A and B’ if the rod is subjected to an
axial for of P = 20kN as shown. Take Est = 200GPa

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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY LOADED
MEMBERS
Problem Example
The aluminum post is reinforced with a
brass core. If this assembly supports an
axial compressive load of P = 9kip, applied
to the rigid cap, determine the average
normal stress in the aluminum and the
brass. Take Eal =10𝑥103 ksi and Ebr
=15𝑥103 ksi
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STATICALLY CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
INDETERMINATE AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBERS
Problem Example
The concrete post is reinforced axially with
four symmetrically placed steel bars, each of
cross – sectional area 900𝑚𝑚2 . Compute the
stress in each material when the 1000kN
axial load is applied. The moduli of elasticity
are 200GPa for steel and 14 GPa for
concrete.

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
The steel pipe is filled with concrete
and subjected to a compressive force of
80 kN. Determine the average
normal stress in the concrete and the
steel due to this loading. The pipe has
an outer diameter of 80 mm and an
inner diameter of 70 mm. Est = 200
GPa, Ec = 24 GPa,.

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

It is well known that changes in temperature cause

dimensional changes in a body:

An increase in temperature results in expansion, whereas a

temperature decrease produces contraction.

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD

This deformation is isotropic (the same in every direction) and

proportional to the temperature change. It follows that the
associated strain, called thermal strain, is
𝜺𝑻 = ∝ (∆𝑻)

∝ = Coefficient of thermal expansion

∆𝑻 = Temperature change

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
If the temperature change is uniform throughout the body, the
thermal strain is also uniform. Consequently, the change in
any dimension L of the body is given by:
𝜹𝑻 = 𝜺𝑻 𝑳 = ∝ ∆𝑻 𝑳
If thermal deformation is permitted to occur freely (by using
expansion joints or roller supports, for example), no internal
forces will be induced in the body—there will be strain, but no
stress. In cases where the deformation of a body is restricted,
either totally or partially, internal forces will develop that
oppose the thermal expansion or contraction. The stresses
caused by these internal forces are known as thermal
stresses. ESci 132 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
Three bars each made of
different materials are connected
together and placed between two
walls when the temperature is
𝑇1 = 12℃. Determine the force
exerted on the supports when the
temperature becomes 𝑇2 =
18℃. The material properties and
cross-sectional area of each bar
are given in the figure.

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
The A-36 steel rod has a diameter of 50mm and is
lightly attached to the rigid supports at A and B when
𝑇1 = 50℃. Determine the force P that must be applied to
the collar at its midpoint so that, when 𝑇2 = 30℃, the
reaction at B is zero.

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
The rigid bar of negligible weight is
supported as shown in the figure. If W
= 80kN, compute the temperature
change of the assembly that will cause
a tensile stress of 50MPa in the steel
rod. Use the following data:

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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
Figure shows a rigid bar that
is supported by a pin at A
and two rods, one made of
steel and the other of
bronze. Neglecting the
weight of the bar, compute
the stress in each rod
caused by the 50kN load,
using the following data:
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THERMAL STRESSES CHAPTER 4: AXIAL LOAD
Problem Example
The 30-mm-diameter A-36 steel rod is subjected
to the loading shown. Determine the displacement
of end A with respect to end C.

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