HTML5 & CSS

8th Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction to the
Internet and Web Design
Chapter Objectives
1. Define the Internet and associated key terms
2. Recognize Internet protocols
3. Discuss web browsers and identify their main features
4. Describe the types and purposes of websites
5. Plan a website for a target audience
6. Define a wireframe and a site map
7. Explain how websites use graphics, navigation tools,
typography, and color
8. Design for accessibility and multiplatform display

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 2

Chapter Objectives
9. Define Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and HTML
elements
10. Recognize HTML versions and web
11. Identify web authoring tools
12. Download and use a web authoring tool
13. Create and view a basic HTML webpage

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 3

Chapter Topics
1. Introduction
2. Project – Create a Basic Webpage
3. Exploring the Internet
4. Planning a Website
5. Understanding the Basics of HTML
6. Understanding the Role of Other Web Programming
Languages
7. Using Web Authoring Tools
8. Creating a Basic Webpage
9. Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 4
3. Exploring the Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of computers linked
together for use by organizations, and individuals using
communications devices and media
• A node is any device, such as a computer, tablet, or
smartphone, connected to a network
• A network is a collection of two or more computers linked
together to share resources and information
• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the ever-growing
number of devices connecting to a network, including
televisions and appliances

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3. Exploring the Internet
• Data lines that connect networks allow data to move from
one computer to another
• The Internet backbone is a collection of high-speed data lines
that connect major computer systems located around the
world
• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that has a
permanent connection to the Internet backbone

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3.1 World Wide Web
• The internet is the infrastructure or the physical networks of
computers
• The World Wide Web, also called the web, is the service that
provides access to information stored on web servers
• The web consists of a collection of linked files known as web
pages
• A web site is a related collection of webpages created and
maintained by a person, company, educational institution, or
other organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 7

3.1 World Wide Web
• A home page (?) is the first document users see when they
access a website
• A hyperlink, commonly called a link, is an element that
connects one webpage to another webpage on the same
server or to any other web server in the world

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 8

3.1 World Wide Web

Source: www.ed.gov

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 9

3.2 Protocols
• A protocol is a set of rules that defines how a client
workstation can communicate with a server
• A server is the host computer that stores resources and files
for websites
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of rules for
exchanging text, graphics, audio, video, and other multimedia
files on the web
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to exchange files from one
computer to another over the Internet
– This protocol does not provide a way to view a webpage

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 10

3.2 Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a
pair of protocols used to transfer data efficiently over the
Internet by properly routing it to its destination
• Transmission Control Protocol oversees the network
connection between the data source and destination and
micromanages the data.
• Internet Protocol (IP) ensures data is sent to the correct
location
• The Domain Name System (DNS) associates an IP address
with a domain name

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 11

3.3 Web Browsers
• A web browser is a program that interprets and displays Web
pages and enables you to view and interact with a Web page
– Microsoft Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, Opera, and Apple Safari
• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a
document or other file accessible on the Internet
– http://www.cengagebrain.com/shop/index.html
• A domain is an area of the Internet a particular organization
or person manages.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 12

3.3 Web Browsers

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 13

3.4 Types of Websites
• An Internet site is another term for a website that is generally
available to anyone with an Internet connection
• An intranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies to share company information among
employees
• An extranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies to share business information with select
corporate partners or key customers

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 14

3.4 Types of Websites
• Many company websites also support electronic commerce
(e-commerce), which is the buying and selling of goods and
services on the Internet
• Educational institutions use a Learning Management System
(LMS) to simplify course management
– An LMS is a web-based software application designed to
facilitate online learning
• Search engines provide access to sites
• Blogs provide an opportunity to become a thought leader

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 15

4. Planning a Website
4.1 Purpose of the website — The purpose of a commercial
business website is related to the goal of selling products or
services
4.2 Target Audience — The people who use the website are
known as the target audience
– Knowing their general demographic (more importantly,
behavioral) background will help to design a website
appropriate for them (Smart)
4.3 Multiplatform Display — A responsive design of a website
must be created that provides an optimal viewing experience
across a range of devices
Therefore, must be smart, personalized, responsive!!!

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 16

4.4 Wireframe
• A wireframe is a simple, visual guide that clearly identifies the
location of main webpage elements
• Incorporate white space
• Active white space is an area on the page that is intentionally
left blank!!
• Passive white space is the space between content areas
– Helps a user focus on one part of the page!!

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 17

4.4 Wireframe

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 18

4.5 Site Map
• A site map is a planning tool that lists or displays all the pages
on a website and indicates how they are related to each other
– It shows the structure of a website

• Several website structures:

– Linear
– Hierarchical
– Webbed

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 19

4.5 Site Map
• A linear website structure connects webpages in a straight
line – appropriate for viewing in a specific order (i.e. Training)

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 20

4.5 Site Map
• In a variation of a linear website structure, each page can
include a link to the home page of the website

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 21

4.5 Site Map
• A hierarchical website connects webpages in a treelike
structure

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 22

4.5 Site Map
• A webbed website structure has no set organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 23

4.6 Graphics
• Graphics add visual appeal to a webpage and enhance the
visitor’s perception of the products and services

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 24

4.7 Navigation
• The navigation of a website should be clear and concise
• Each webpage should have a designated navigation area with
links to other pages in the site
• The navigation area should be prominent and easy to use

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 25

4.8 Typography
• The use of effective typography, or fonts and font styles,
enhances the visual appeal of a website
• Typography also should promote the purpose and goal of the
website

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 26

4.9 Color
• The combination of colors contributes to the appeal and
legibility of the website
• Aim to strike a balance among the background color, text
color, and the color that represents a brand
• Colors convey meanings

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 27

4.10 Accessibility
• A web designer should create pages for viewing by a diverse
audience, including people with physical impairments and
global users
– Consider users with visual, auditory, motor, and cognitive disabilities
– www.section508.gov
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops and
maintains web standards, language specifications, and
accessibility recommendations.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 28

4.11 Planning Checklist
• Navigation, typography, color, and accessibility are the basic
web page design criteria to consider when developing a
website
• A sophisticated website requires additional design
considerations and research of the business, its competition,
and a complete business analysis

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 29

4.11 Planning Checklist

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 30

Break

Break

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 31

5. Understanding the Basics of HTML

• Webpages are created using Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML), which is an authoring language used to create
documents for the web
• HTML consists of a set of special instructions called tags to
define the structure and layout of content in a webpage
• The HTML tags define or “mark up” the content on the
webpage, due to which it is considered a markup language
rather than a traditional programming language

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 32

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes
• A webpage is a text file that contains both content and HTML
tags and is saved as an HTML document
• An HTML element consists of everything from the start tag to
the end tag
– <html></html>
– <p></p>
• HTML elements can be enhanced by using attributes, which
define additional characteristics, or properties, of an element
– <img src=“ski.jpg” alt=“Happy Skiers” height=“343”>
• Notepad++
– Tags in blue; attributes in red; values in purple; content in black;

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 33

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 34

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes
• HTML combines tags and descriptive attributes that define
how a document should appear in a web browser
• HTML elements include headings, paragraphs, hyperlinks,
lists, and images
• HTML elements have a start tag and an end tag and follow the
same rules, or syntax

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 35

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes
• HTML elements are called paired tags and use the syntax
<start tag> content </end tag>, which has the following
meaning:
– HTML elements begin with a start tag, or opening tag, such as
<title>
– HTML elements finish with an end tag, or closing tag, such as
</title>
– Content is inserted between the start and end tags

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 36

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes
• Some HTML elements are void of content. They are called
empty, or void, tags
• Examples of empty tags are <br> for a line break and <hr> for
a horizontal line, or rule
• The syntax for empty tags is <tag>
– But not always

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 37

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 38

5.1 HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 39

5.2 Technologies Related to HTML
• XML — The W3C introduced XML (Extensible Markup
Language) in 1998 to exchange and transport data
• XHTML — (Extensible Hypertext Markup language) is a
rewritten version of HTML using XML and was developed in
2000 and is accepted on mobile device platforms
• DHTML — DHTML (Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language) is
a term that refers to a combination of web technologies
– HTML, CSS, Javascript

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 40

5.3 HTML5
• It is the most recent version of HTML
• It introduces several new elements such as header, nav, main,
and footer to better define the areas of a webpage
• They are known as semantic HTML elements because they
provide meaning about the content of the tags
• It provides a more flexible approach to web development

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 41

6. Understanding the Role of Other Web
Programming Languages
6.1 JavaScript — It is a popular client-side scripting language
used to create interactivity within a web browser
– The web pages that contain JavaScript are named with an .htm
or .html extension
– Not to be confused with a file with just JavaScript code with a
.js extension
– Not to be confused with Java – a full function programming
language
6.2 jQuery — It is a library of JavaScript programs designed for
easy integration onto a webpage
– It makes it easy for web developers to add JavaScript to a
webpage

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 42

6. Understanding the Role of Other Web
Programming Languages
6.3 PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) — It is an open-source
server-side scripting language used for common tasks such
as writing to or querying a database located on a central
server
– Pages that contain PHP scripts must have file names that end
with the file extension .php
6.4 ASP (Active Server Pages) — is a server-side scripting
technology
– Pages that contain ASP scripts must have file names that end
with the file extension .aspx

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 43

7. Using Web Authoring Tools
• Webpages can be created using HTML with a simple text
editor, such as Notepad, Notepad++, Sublime, Programmer’s
Notepad, TextEdit, and TextWrangler
• A text editor is a program that allows one to enter, change,
save, and print text, which includes HTML tags
• An HTML editor is a program that provides basic text-editing
functions, and advanced features such as color-coding for
various HTML tags, menus to insert HTML tags, and a spelling
checker
• HTML is platform independent

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 44

7.1 Text Editors
• Notepad++ is a free, open-source text editor. It is used to
create files in several markup, scripting, and programming
languages, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, Java, C#, and
Visual Basic
– http://notepad-plus-plus.org
• Programmer’s Notepad is a free, open-source text editor
used to create webpages, and files in several markup,
scripting, and programming languages as well
• Sublime is a cross-platform text editor
• TextWrangler is a free, open-source text editor. It is used to
create files in many formats, including HTML and CSS
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 45
7.1 Text Editors
• WYSIWYG Editors – Stands for What You See Is What You Get
– These editors provide a graphical user interface to design a
webpage
– It allows to drag HTML elements onto the page while the editor
writes the code
• Adobe Dreamweaver is a popular WYSIWYG editor
• Microsoft Expression Web 4 is a WYSIWYG webpage editor
from Microsoft (no longer supported or marketed)
• Microsoft Visual Studio
• HubSpot COS – Content Optimization System

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 46

8. Creating a Basic Webpage
• Every HTML webpage includes the basic HTML tags

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 47

 HTML
8 th Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction to the
Internet and Web Design