Visayas State University

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
VSU, Baybay City 6521, Leyte, Philippines

2015 LECTURE MANUAL

CEng 122: BUILDING DESIGN 03

Plumbing Works and Practices

Course Description: Plumbing system and fixtures; waste water, water supply
distribution; pipe sizing for buildings; plumbing code of the Philippines, its
interpretation and application in building design and construction.

Course Outcomes:
After completing this course, the student must be able to:
a. Understand the different components of the Plumbing System;
b. Determine the different piping system and sizing of the pipes for plumbing
c. Understand and apply the different provisions of the National Plumbing Code
of the Philippines; and
d. Design a complete plumbing system for a simple and complex structure.

Prepared By:

AR. RAFFY ANDREW G. LORETO

ARCHITECT + MASTER PLUMBER
Email Address: [email protected]

2015
 MANUAL CONTENTS
Lesson 01: INTRODUCTION TO PLUMBING ................................................3
Lesson 02: WATER ..........................................................................................19
Lesson 03: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ..........................................................26
Lesson 04: PLUMBING UNIT .........................................................................56
Lesson 05: DRAINAGE, WASTE, and VENT SYSTEM ................................69
Lesson 06: TREATMENT and DISPOSAL .....................................................79
Lesson 07: PLUMBING DESIGN and ESTIMATES ......................................82
APPENDICES ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Notice to the Users

To the users of this manual, the author wishes to inform the user that the
contents of this manual is not absolute and are only the interpretation of the
author of this manual. Variation may occur from other interpretations of the
subjects and contents of this manual.

This manual is designed specifically for the study of the Building Design
Course of the program for the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. This
manual may be used as reference for initial studies but cannot be used as an
official reference for research studies.

The author does not claim any intellectual property on some of the
contents of the manual, but claims the intellectual property of the compilation
and preparation of the following pages. The contents of this manual serves as an
instrument of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 8293)
it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in
part or in whole without the written consent of the one who prepared these notes,
the author.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 2
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 01: INTRODUCTION
TO PLUMBING
 Plumbing

 History of Plumbing
Plumbing Around the World
Philippine Plumbing

 Plumbing Practice
Practitioners
Department Having Jurisdiction
Permits
Inspection

 Plumbing System

 Principles of Plumbing

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 3
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
PLUMBING
The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in buildings for
bringing in the supply, liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them; and such
water, liquid and other carried wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life, property; also the
pipes and fixtures after installation, i.e., the plumbing system.

HISTORY OF PLUMBING
A. Plumbing Around the World
Prior to the Romans
Plumbing was not given great importance by civilizations prior to Roman Empire.
Although, the development of different plumbing components started with civilizations like
the Minoan who had the rudimentary knowledge of a flush toilet, Indus Valley who created
public baths and latrines, or the Egyptian and Spartans who started bathing in cold water.
Others started to build wells, like in India, that were the source of water for a whole tribe.
Then others created marvels and wonders of the world just like the Hanging Gardens of
Babylon which was built by King Nebuchadnezzar.

Roman Empire
Plumbing took a leap when romans stated to create their plumbing system. They build
Aqueducts that convey water from the reservoir to the city which is then conveyed through-
out the city via clay pipes, but later on found out that clay pipes burst when there is too
much pressure from the water. With problems of the bursting of clay pipes, the romans
invented the lead pipes, lead in latin is called “plumbum”, which was worked by the
“plumber” or their plumbers. Another of the roman contribution to plumbing is the public
bath house. The Bath of Caracalla, which can house 1,600 people, and the Bath of
Diocletian, which can house 3,000 people, where the famous among the bath houses. Aside
from water supply system, the romans also made toilets in the form of stone slabs with
holes above running water from the bath house. These toilets were present in the rich
households and in public places. Finally the romans made also sewer systems beneath their
cities, among the sewer systems of Rome, the Cloaca Maxima was the largest and is still
operational as of today.

Europe After the Dark Ages

During the dark ages, after the fall of Rome, plumbing and sanitation was not given
much importance. It was only after the Black Plague that Europe stated to be hygienic. And
with the trend of having good hygiene, the engineers started to develop, standardize, and
implement the plumbing practice from the invention of the first water closet to the present
day plumbing units

B. Philippine Plumbing
The birth of the plumbing profession is traced back to the 17th century in the walled
city, also known as Intramuros. Friar engineers who built government buildings, residential,
and other structures incorporated the European standards in their plumbing installation.

It was during the 18th and 19th century that Filipino Plumbers, taught by the Friars,
were assigned the task to maintain, repair and/or remodel the plumbing system in towns.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 4
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Philippine Plumbing took a great leap upon the arrival of the Americans during the 20th
century. It was then that epidemics like cholera, leprosy, schistosomiasis, were rampant in
the Philippines. Alarmed, Governor General Harrison issued a letter of instruction on
proper waste disposal in all municipalities.

In 1902, Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila
with Master Plumber John F. Haas as the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United
States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila. In 1935, the National
Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and
placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila. In 1954, the Third Congress
approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law
of the Philippines” upon ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay. On January 28, 1959,
the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated
and approved by Malacañang. Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541
otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National
Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text. The Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President Joseph
Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the
Plumbing Law.

PLUMBING PRACTICE
A. Practitioners – One who works or engages in business of installing in buildings the pipes,
fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in water supply and removing liquid and
waterborne wastes.
a.) Apprentice Plumber – A beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3-5 years as a
helper to a journeyman plumber.

b.) Journeyman Plumber – A journeyman plumber is an individual with a working skill

of plumbing systems and can perform a variety of duties, including installation, repair
and maintenance. He usually works under the supervision and guidance of a master
plumber.

c.) Master Plumber – A person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice
the profession of Master Plumbing without limitations on accordance with Republic
Act 1378, having passed the examination conducted by the Professional Regulation
Commission, has received a Certificate of Registration from the Board of Master
Plumbing and possesses the current license to practice.

d.) Plumbing Firm – A sole proprietorship or corporation composed of Registered and

Licensed Master Plumbers together with allied professionals, with the Master Plumbers
composing the majority of the membership, incorporators, directors and/or executive
officers and Licensed Master Plumber only render work and services within the
cognizance of a Registered Master Plumber and members of the allied professions also
only render work and services within the cognizance of their respective professions.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 5
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
B. Department Having Jurisdiction
a.) Administrative Authority – various offices that are involved in the regulation, and
admission of aspiring and existing master plumbers and organization; administration of
the existing codes, laws, rules, and ordinances with regards to plumbing services; and
supporting the various endeavors for furthering the practice of plumbing. The
Administrative Authority includes:
1. Jurisdiction – The Administrative Authority under the Department of Health, the
Department of Public Works & Highways, the Department of Interior and Local
Government, the City Mayors of Chartered Cities, Environmental Management
Bureau (D.E.N.R.) and other government entities that regulate the practice of
Registered and Licensed Master Plumbers

2. Building/Plumbing Official – The Administrative Authority or the officer charged

with the administration and enforcement of the National Plumbing Code, or his
regularly authorized deputy.

3. The Commission – The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). Their job is

to regulate the people who can be allowed to practice plumbing in the Philippines.

4. The Board – The Licensure Board for Master Plumbers.

5. Approved Testing Agency – An organization primarily established for the purpose

of testing to approve standards and approved by the Administrative Authority.

6. Listing Agency –Is an agency accepted by the Administrative Authority in the

business of listing or labeling and which maintains a periodic inspection program
on current production of listed models, and makes available a published report of
such listing where specific information is included that the product has been tested
against approved standards and found safe for use in a specific manner.

b.) Duties of the Administrative Authority

The following are the duties and responsibilities of the various administrative
authorities:
1. Regulate – tasked to regulate the practice and aspirants of being a master plumber
through board exams and enforcement of the plumbing law and other various codes
with respect to plumbing services.

2. Administer and Enforce – tasked to enforce the plumbing law with regards to
implementation of the guidelines and rules for a sanitary design through issuance,
rejection, and revocation of Plumbing Permit, and conducting inspections after the
construction and on various occasion during the use of the facility.
i. Permits – a tool for regulating the design of a plumbing system whether it
conforms to the standards of the plumbing law.
ii. Inspections – a practice of performing an observation and scrutiny of a new or
existing plumbing system whether it conforms to the approved plans and
specifications.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 6
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 3. Authorize and Support – tasked to authorize the duly recognized organization and
support their endeavors for better services through fora, conventions, and seminars
conducted locally and internationally.
4. Prioritize Employment – tasked to provide priority to registered practitioners for
government positions or engaging in their professional services.

C. Permits
a.) Contents

Front Page of the Plumbing Permit Back Page of the Plumbing Permit

1. Scope of Work – identify and describe the plumbing work to be covered by the
permit for which an application is made
i. New Installation – refers to works that starts from scratch or works without
involving existing plumbing systems.

ii. Addition, Repair, and/or Removal

Addition – any new construction which increases the load or capacity of
existing plumbing system.
Repair – remedial work done on any damaged or deteriorated portion/s of the
plumbing system to restore to its original condition.
Removal – any demolition which decreases the load or capacity of existing
plumbing system.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 7
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 2. Occupancy – indicate the use or occupancy for which the proposed building work
is intended.
i. Residential – refers to occupancies, private in nature, which are used for human
habitation with the purpose of housing facilities for sleep, eating, hygiene and
other human needs. Usually, this does not involve commercial occupancies.

ii. Commercial – refers to an occupancy which, by nature, sells or buys items.

iii. Industrial – refers to an occupancy which involves production or

manufacturing of products other than that of agricultural in nature.

iv. Institutional – refers to occupancies intended for educational, health, or

confinement purposes.

v. Agricultural – refers to occupancies that involve the facilities for production

of food from lands or livestock.

vi. Parks, Plazas, Monuments – refers to occupancies that involve large, open
private land designed to cater the need for open spaces. Usually equipped with
toilets.

vii. Recreational – refers to occupancies generally used for exercise, or for fun
activities that involve the active movement of the users.

3. Other Data Needed – as required by the Administrative Authority.

i. Quantity of Fixtures to be Installed – refers to the exact number of plumbing
fixtures to be installed on the system.

ii. Water Supply – refers to the type of source to be used for the water supply

iii. System of Disposal – refers to the type of disposal system to be used.

iv. Project Detail – refers to other various details needed such as number of
storeys, proposed date for start and expected completion of installation, total
area of structure, and total cost of the system.

4. Signature
i. Owner Signature – signed by Owner or permittee – required to submit
evidence to indicate such authority.

ii. Professional for Design – be signed and sealed by the Registered and Licensed
Master Plumber who designed the system.

iii. Professional In-Charge of Installation – be signed and sealed by the

Registered and Licensed Master Plumber who will be in-charge of the
supervision of the installation of the plumbing system.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 8
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 5. Master Plumbers Seal
All Licensed Master Plumbers registered in accordance with the provisions of
Republic Act No. 1378 shall secure for themselves a seal of the standard size and
type as required. The same shall be used on all plumbing applications for permits
and all plumbing plans prepared by Registered and Licensed Mater Plumbers as
well as on all documents required in the practice of their profession. The seal shall
be round in shape and shall be inscribed with the following:

Registered and Licensed Master Plumber

at upper portion of the round seal.
Name of Registered and Licensed
Master Plumber at the upper center.

The registration number shall appear at

the center below the name.

Philippines, appearing at the lower

portion of the round seal.

6. Plans and Specifications

i. Conditions for compliance
All plumbing plans, drawings, diagrams, design analyses/computations as
required, technical specifications, bills of materials and other required
documents for all types of occupancy shall be prepared, signed and sealed by a
Registered and Licensed Master Plumber, without limitations, pursuant to
Republic Act 1378, as amended, and shall be submitted in six (6) sets of the
aforementioned requirements with each application for a permit.

Shall be drawn to scale on tracing paper or cloth and shall be of sufficient

clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed showing
in detail, conformance with the provisions of this Code, relevant laws,
ordinances, rules and regulations.

The technical specifications submitted shall comply with the provisions of

existing standards of the National Building Code and this Code.

ii. Contents
 Vicinity Map – refers to the drawing that shows the major thoroughfares
and landmarks that may be used for reference in order to access the project
site.

 Plumbing Plan – refers to the drawing, plan in nature that presents the
plumbing system to be installed.

 Plumbing Diagram – involves the use of isometric diagrams for the

presentation of the three dimensional design of the system.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 9
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
  Specification – involves the quality of work, materials, and maintenance to
the system prior to and during the construction.

iii. Retention of Plans

One (1) set of approved plans, specifications, computations and related data
shall be retained by the Administrative Authority. Two (2) sets of approved
plans, specifications and data shall be returned to the applicant and Owner, one
(1) set of which shall be kept at the jobsite at all times while the work is in
progress.

b.) Issuance of Permit

1. Conditions
i. The application, plans, technical specifications and other required documents
filed by an applicant for a permit shall be reviewed by the Administrative
Authority. Other concerned departments which verify compliance with other
applicable laws may review such plans. If the Administrative Authority finds
that the work described in an application for permit and the plans, specifications
and other documents filed therewith conform to the requirements of the
Plumbing Code and other pertinent laws and ordinances, and upon payment of
the fees, a permit shall then be issued to the Applicant.

ii. When the Administrative Authority issues the permit he shall endorse in writing
or stamp the plans and specifications as “APPROVED”. Such approved plans
and specifications shall not be changed, modified or altered without
authorization from the Administrative Authority and all works shall be done in
accordance with approved plans and specifications.

2. Partial Permit
The Administrative Authority may issue a Partial Permit for the construction of
a part of a large and/or complicated plumbing system before the entire plans and
specifications for the whole system have been submitted or approved, provided
adequate information and detailed statements have been filed, complying with all
pertinent requirements of this Code. The holder of such partial permit may proceed
at his own risk without assurance that the final permit for the entire building,
structure or plumbing system will be granted.

c.) Validity, Expiration, Suspension, and Revocation

1. Validity of Permit – the issuance of a permit or approval of plans and specifications
shall not be construed as a permit to violate any provisions of the Plumbing Code
or of any other applicable ordinances. The issuance of a permit based on submitted
plans, specifications or other documents shall not prevent the Administrative
Authority from thereafter requiring the correction of errors on said plans,
specifications and other documents and from stopping an on-going plumbing
installations violative of this code or of other pertinent ordinances of this
Jurisdiction.
2. Expiration of Permit – A plumbing permit issued under the provisions of this Code
shall expire and become null and void if the plumbing work authorized therein is
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 10
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 not commenced within one year from the date of such permit or if the plumbing
work so authorized is suspended or abandoned at any time after having been
commenced for a period of 120 days.

In case of renewal of a plumbing permit, a fee equivalent to one-half the amount

of the original fee shall be paid.

3. Suspension or Revocation of Permit – The Administrative Authority may, in

writing, suspend or revoke a permit used under the provisions of this Code
whenever issued in error or on the basis of incorrect information supplied or in
violation of pertinent ordinances, rules and regulations.

D. Inspection
a.) Conditions
1. All plumbing systems for which permits are required by this Code shall be inspected
by the Administrative Authority. No portion of any plumbing system shall be
concealed until inspected and approved. The Administrative Authority or his
representative shall not be liable for expenses incurred in the removal and
replacement of materials require to warrant proper inspection. When the installation
of a plumbing system is complete, an additional and final inspection shall be made.
Plumbing systems regulated by this Code shall not be connected to the water and
energy fuel supplies nor to the sewer system until authorized by the Administrative
Authority and other Agencies concerned.

2. All Administrative Plumbing Personnel, Plumbing Inspector shall be a Registered

and Licensed Master Plumber in accordance with the provision of Republic Act
1378, otherwise known as “Plumbing Law”

3. It shall be the duty of the Registered and Licensed Master Plumber doing the work
authorized by the permit to notify the Administrative Authority that said work is
ready for inspection. Such notification shall be given not less than three (3) days
before the work is inspected.

4. No plumbing or drainage system, building sewer, private sewer disposal system or

part thereof, shall be covered, concealed or put into use until it has been inspected,
tested and approved as prescribed in the Code.

b.) Re-inspection
1. Shall only be conducted if: (1) approved plans are not readily available for the
Inspector; (2) failure to provide access and facility on the date of inspection; and
(3) deviating from plans requiring the approval of Administrative Authority.

2. This provision discourages the practice of calling for inspections before the job is
ready for inspection or re-inspection.

3. If portion of plumbing work called for inspection is not complete, a fee will be
charged for each inspection or re-inspection.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 11
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
E. Laws that Govern the Practice
Code No. Year
I. Department of Health
1. The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines with Implementing P.D. No. 856 1976
Rules & Regulations
2. Manual on Hospital Waste Management 1993
3. Philippines National Standards for Drinking Water 1993
II. Malacañang Palace
Implementing Sanitation Requirements, Rules & Regulation for
P.D. No. 522 1974
the Protection and Convenience of the Travelling Public
III. National Water Resources Council
Philippine Water Code & the Implementing Rules & Regulations 1979
IV. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
Environment Management Bureau (EMB Absorbed Functions of
National Pollution Control Commission)
1. Rules and Regulation of NPCC, As Amended 1978
2. DENR Administrative Order 34 : Revised Water Usage and Mar. 20,
Classification 1990
3. DENR Administrative Order 35 : Revised Efficient Mar. 20,
Regulations of 1990 1990
V. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Amended Rules and Standards for Economic and Socialized
Housing Projects to Implement Mar. 25,
BP No. 220
"BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 220" 1982
(Exceptions from Provisions of: PD's 957, 1216 & 1185)
VI. PD No. 1594 and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations as
Revised (Licensing and Accreditation of Philippine Contractors) PD No. 1594
Construction Industry of the Philippines
VII. National Building Code of the Philippines and its Implementing PD No. 1096 (2004)
Rules and Regulations (DPWH)
VIII. National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, as Amended
IX. Sanitary Engineering Code of the Philippines
X. Applicable Provisions of Charter: MWSS, LWUA, DILG,
N.H.C
PD No. 1185
XI. The Fire Code of the Philippines & Regulations
(RA No. 9514)
XII. Board of Master Plumbing Regulations
XIII. Creation of Professional Regulation Commission PD No. 223
XIV. Plumbing Law RA No. 1378 (1999)
XV. Protection of Professionals in the Philippines L.O.I. 1000

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 12
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
A. Water Supply System
Water supply system of a building or
premises consists of the water service
pipe, water supply line, water
distributing pipe and the necessary
branch pipes, fittings, valves, and all
appurtenances required for the supply
of potable water.

a.) Building Supply is the pipe

carrying potable water from the
water meter or other sources of
water supply to a building or other
point of use or distribution on the
lot. Building supply shall also
mean water service connection.

B. Plumbing Units – A minimum

standard quality of plumbing fixtures
that discharge wastes into a plumbing
installation including: one (1) water
meter, one (1) water closet, one (1)
lavatory, one (1) shower head and
drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one
(1) kitchen sink, one (1) laundry tray
and three (3) floor drains and four (4)
faucets/hose bibb.

a.) Plumbing Fixtures are approved-type installed receptacles, devices or appliances

supplied with water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharge such wastes
into the drainage system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected.
Industrial or commercial tanks, vats and similar processing equipment are not plumbing
fixtures, but may be connected to or discharged into approved traps or plumbing
fixtures as provided for in this Code.

b.) Plumbing Appliance is any one of a special class of device or equipment intended to
perform a special plumbing function. Its operation and/or control may be dependent
upon one or more energized components, such as motors, controls, heating elements
and pressure-temperature-sensing elements. Such device or equipment may operate
automatically through one or more of the following actions: a time cycle, a temperature
range, a pressure range, a measured volume or weight; or the device or equipment may
be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 13
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 c.) Plumbing Appurtenance is a manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or an
on-the-job assembly of component parts, and serves as adjunct to the basic piping
system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance demands no additional water supply
nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or the drainage system. It performs some
useful functions in the operation, maintenance, servicing, economy or safety of the
plumbing system

C. Drainage, Waste, and Vent

a.) Drainage and Waste System includes all the piping within public or private premises
which convey sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal but does not
include the mains of a public sewer system or a public sewage treatment or disposal
plant.

b.) Vent System includes pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system
or to provide a circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage
system.

D. Sewerage System – Sewerage works is a comprehensive term, including all constructions

for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment, and final disposition of sewage.

E. Rainwater System – a system of gutters, pipes, and reservoir for the purpose of collecting
and using rainwater.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 14
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 15
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
Principle Number 1 [Water Supply – Unlawful Connection]
All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor
subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.

Principle Number 2 [Water Supply – Pressure]

Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and at pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without undue
noise under all normal conditions of use.

Principle Number 3 [Water Supply – Quantity]

Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use minimum quantity of water consistent
with proper performance and cleaning.

Principle Number 4 [Water Supply – Hot Water Devices]

Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent
dangers from explosion through overheating.

Principle Number 5 [Sewer – Public Sewer]

Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation,
occupancy, or use on premises abutting on a street, alley, or easement where there is a
public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.

Principle Number 6 [Plumbing Unit]

Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage-
disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. Further, a
lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.

Principle Number 7 [Plumbing Fixtures – Materials]

Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed
fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

Principle Number 8 [DWV – Maintenance]

The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to safeguard
against fouling, deposits of solids, clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that
the pipes may be readily cleaned.

Principle Number 9 [General – Piping]

All piping of plumbing system shall be of durable [NAMPAP-APPROVED] materials,
free from defective workmanship, designed, and constructed by Registered Master
Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 16
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Principle Number 10 [DWV – Trap Seal]
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-
sealed trap.

Principle Number 11 [DWV – Venting System]

The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free
from siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

Principle Number 12 [DWV – Vent Terminals]

Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.

Principle Number 13 [General – Testing]

Plumbing systems shall be subject to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.

Principle Number 14 [General – Damage To System]

No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes
or their joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.

Principle Number 15 [Sewage – Backflow Prevention]

Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile
goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or
appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle Number 16 [General – Light And Vent]
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which in not properly lighted
and ventilated.

Principle Number 17 [Sewage – Private Treatment]

If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no
sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as septic
tank.

Principle Number 18 [DWV – Overflow Prevention]

Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.

Principle Number 19 [General – Maintenance]

Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master
Plumber.

Principle Number 20 [Plumbing Fixtures – Fixture Layout]

All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 17
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Principle Number 21 [General – Structure Preservation]
Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls
and other surfaces through fixture usage.

Principle Number 22 [Sewage – Industrial Waste]

Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or
sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines of 1999
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering

Web References:

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 18
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 02: WATER
 Water

 Science of Water
States of Water
Properties of Water
Hydraulics of Water

 Water Around the World

 Hydrologic Cycle
Processes Involved
Cycles or Loops in the Hydrologic Cycle

 Water Quality
Types According to Salinity
Types According to Mineral Content
Types According to Potability
Characteristics of Water
Common Water Problems
Potable and Palatable Water

 Water Quantity
Human Needs for Water
Water Demand by Building Type

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
WATER
In general, water is a chemical compound of two Hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
that covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface. It is transparent, tasteless, odorless, and is
virtually incompressible. It is important for human survival.

SCIENCE OF WATER
A. States of Water
a.) Solid in the form of ice that is achieved when water is cooled below 0.00° Celsius.

b.) Liquid as its normal state in between freezing and boiling points.

c.) Gas in the form of vapor that is achieved through heating at temperature above 100.00°
Celsius.

B. Properties of Water
a.) Water Level
Water, as a liquid, always takes the shape of the container. Water also find its level
such that when water is in a single container with a constant pressure, the water level
at one point is equal all throughout.

b.) Mass – Refers to the amount of matter, or in this case is water, in a body which remains
constant regard less of the location. Water, at 4° Celsius, has a mass of 1 kilogram per
liter volume.

c.) Pressure – The normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or gas, per unit of area
on the wall of the container, which is transmitted equally in all direction and is
undiminishing. It is dependent on the vertical depth of water.

Types of Pressure:
1. Static – The pressure existing without any flow motion.

2. Dynamic – The pressure applied with a certain flow or direction.

3. Residual – The pressure available at the fixture or water outlet, allowance is made
for pressure drop due to friction loss, head, meter and other losses in the system
during maximum demand period.

d.) Head of Water – Measured vertically from the free surface of the liquid to the point at
which pressure is being calculated. It is also the determining factor for intensity of
pressure.

e.) Capillary Action – The spontaneous movement of water up or down narrow openings
due to imbalanced molecular attraction at the boundary.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 20
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. Hydraulics of Water – Science of conveyance of liquid.
– Concerned with utilizing the properties of water, particularly, the flow and
transmission of pressure and its application to the plumbing system.

Categories of Hydraulics of Water:

a.) Hydrostatic – deals with the science of water at rest.

b.) Hydrokinetics – deals with the science of water in motion.

c.) Hydrodynamics – deals with the force exerted by water in motion.

Hydraulic Data:
1 cu. meter = 1 Liter or 264 gal. 1 pound/ sq.in. (psi) = 6.90 kilopascal
= 9.81 kilopascal (kPa) (kPa)
1 Liters/sec (Lps) = 15.85 gal/min (gpm) 1 wsfu = 1-1.5 gpm
1 dfu = 0.5 gpm

WATER AROUND THE WORLD

Approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. 97.5% of which is found in
seas and oceans and is classified as salt water (not usable for human consumption). The
remaining 2.5% are found in ground water, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and ice caps which are
classified as fresh water (for human consumption). 69% of these fresh water are on the state of
ice.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
A. Processes Involved
a.) Condensation is the process by which water vapor is converted back to liquid water.

b.) Precipitation is the process by which liquid water accumulates enough weight to be
pulled back to earth by gravity in the form of rain.

c.) Infiltration is where water seeps in to the soil either to be filtered and make its way to
the water table or be consumed by plants.

d.) Surface Run-off is when human impermeable pavements are present, the soil does not
permit infiltration, or the soil has reach its capacity for water seepage and it forces water
to flow in the surface towards an area of lower elevation.

Surface Water - portion of rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over the
surface of the ground.

e.) Evapotranspiration is the process where water transpired from plant and other
biological life is evaporated to back to the atmosphere.

B. Cycles or Loops in the Hydrologic Cycle

a.) Surface Run-off Loop – water runs across the ground surface and becomes part of the
surface water system.

b.) Evapotranspiration Loop – water enters the soil, held as capillary water and returns
to the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration – loss of water vapor from plants.

c.) Ground Water Loop – water enters and moves through the earth, exiting through
springs and wells and rejoins the surface water or joins directly to a body of water.

WATER QUALITY
The degree to which water is pure enough to fulfill the requirements of various demands or
uses.

A. Types According to Salinity

a.) Fresh Water - water with a salt content below 0.01% of the total volume of water.

b.) Brackish Water - water that is the mixture between fresh and salt water or water that
has a salt content of greater than 0.01% but lower than 3.00% of the total volume of
water.

c.) Salt Water - water with at least 3.00% salt of the total volume of water.

B. Types According to Mineral Content

a.) Soft Water - water that is relatively free of minerals that cause soap to lather.

b.) Hard Water - water that contains significant amount of minerals that causes soap to
lather less, and when heated causes scaling or scum buildups.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. Types According to Potability
a.) Purified Water - water where pollutants are removed or has been neutralized. (See
Water Purification for More Details)

b.) Polluted Water - water that contains one or more impurities that makes the water
unsuitable for its desired use.

Pollution - an impairment of the quality of the water to a degree which creates hazard
to the public health and adversely affects the aesthetic and potable qualities of
water for domestic use. “Low Hazard”

Contamination - an impairment of the quality of the potable water which creates an

actual hazard to public health through poisoning or spread of disease by sewage,
industrial fluids or waste. “High Hazard”

c.) Storm Water - that portion of the rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over the
earth surface after a storm.

d.) Grey Water - the discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in connection
with a plumbing system which does not receive fecal matter. Also known as “Liquid
Waste”

e.) Black Water - waste water that conveys solid wastes and water-borne waste. Usually,
it the water that drains from toilet bowls and urinals.

D. Characteristics of Water
a.) Physical – Turbidity, Color, Taste, Odor, Temperature

b.) Chemical – Hardness, Alkalinity and Acidity, Carbon Dioxide, Dissolved Oxygen,
Organic Nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Iron and Manganese, Toxic
Substances, Phenolic Substances

c.) Biological and Radiological – Presence of Coliform Bacteria, Pathogenic Bacteria,

Radioactive Materials

E. Common Water Problems

PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION
Turbidity
degree of cloudiness or Silt or suspended matters Discoloration and bad Filtration
muddiness picked-up in the surface taste; Has little
or surface flow. detrimental effects on
health
Color
measured through visual Presence of iron and Discoloration of Precipitation by
comparison of sample to manganese. fixtures and laundry; filtration through
distilled water. Has little detrimental oxidizing filter.
effects on health

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 23
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION
Taste
pure water is tasteless Presence of algae, Bad taste Water treatment
decomposing organic process.
matter, dissolved gases
and pathogenic substances
Odor
pure water is odorless. Existence of contaminants Bad odor Water treatment
in water. process.
Hardness
Presence of calcium and Clogging of pipes; Boiling; Chemical
magnesium carbonates Impaired laundering precipitation using
and bicarbonates, sulfates and food prep; lime and sodium
and chloride. Scaling resulting to carbonate; Use of
thermal efficiency water softeners.
and restriction of
flow; Laxative
Pollution
Contamination by organic Disease Chlorination
matter or sewage
(pathogenic bacteria)

F. Potable and Palatable Water Constituents or

a.) Potable Water - Water Maximum Level (mg/L)
Characteristics
satisfactory for drinking,
Taste - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Unobjectable
culinary and domestic Odor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Unobjectable
purposes and meets the Color - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 True Color Unit (TCU)
requirements of the Philippine Turbidity - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Nephelomatric Turbidity Unit
National Standards for (NTU)
Aluminum - - - - - - - - - - 0.20
Drinking Water. It is the
Chloride - - - - - - - - - - - 250
classification of water where Copper - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
there no pathogens and Harness - - - - - - - - - - - - 300 (as CaCO3)
harmful bacteria. Hydrogen Sulfuride - - - - 0.05
Iron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Manganese - - - - - - - - - - 0.5
b.) Palatable Water - it is the
PH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.5-8.5
classification of water in terms Sodium - - - - - - - - - - - - 200
of taste and odor. Sulfate - - - - - - - - - - - - - 250
Total Dissolved Solids - - 500
Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Quality

(from Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water)

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
WATER QUANTITY
The amount of water available to meet desired needs for survival.

A. Human Needs for Water

PURPOSE/
USE QTY CHARACTERISTIC
EXAMPLES
Drinking 11 L/P/D Pure, sterilized and protected from
Nourishment
Cooking contamination.
Bathing 80 L/P/D
Cleaning and Clean, wholesome and with provision for
Laundry 53 L/P/D
Hygiene hot and cold soft water.
Dishwashing 53 L/P/D
Farming
Livelihood Office 57 L/P/S
Factory 57 L/P/S
Fire protection 1,892 L/min*
Protective High pressure
(Wet Standpipe) 190 L/min**
0.32 L/sec
Ornamental Lawn Sprinkler Free from silt
(5 GPM)

Ceremonial Religious Rites Clean and wholesome

* - Minimum requirement as per Fire Code of the Philippines.

** - Minimum requirement as per National Building Code of the Philippines – revised 2005
L/P/D – Liters per Person per Day L/P/S – Liters per Person per Shift
L/min – Liters per Minute L/sec – Liters per Second

B. Water Demand by Building Type

DEMAND DEMAND
BUILDING TYPES (Liters/Capita/ BUILDING TYPES (Liters/Capita/
Day) Day)
Airports /passenger 11 – 19 Restaurants:
Apartments /resident 151 w/ Toilet /person 26 – 38
Auditorium /seat 19 w/o Toilet /person 9 – 11
Boarding House /boarder 150 – 189 w/ Bar/Cocktail (add’l) 8
Residential House /resident 189 – 284 School /student:
Factory /person/shift 57 – 132 w/ Gym, Canteen, Sho. 95
Hotels w/ T & B (twin sharing) 227 w/ Canteen 75
Hotels w/o T & B /person 189 w/o Gym, Canteen, Sho. 57
Hospitals /bed 946 – 1514 Stores /toilet 1514
Institutional /person 284 – 473 Office /person/shift 57

Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines of 1999
Uniform Plumbing Code of 2009
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

Web References:

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 25
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 03:
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Sources of Water
Surface Water
Ground Water

 Supplying Water
Public Water Supply
Private Water Supply

 Water Distribution
Principle Number 01
Materials for Water Distribution
Distribution System
Storage Tanks/Reservoir
Water Pump System
Hot Water Supply System

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 26
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
SOURCES OF WATER
A. Surface Water – are rainwater surface run-offs that accumulate at water basins and flows
to an area lower than the contact surface of the rain. Surface water are contaminated with
garbage, animal fecal matter, or even animal carcass that are carried by the water during
rain.

B. Ground Water – water that seeps

into the soil upon which it is
filtered by layers and layers of
natural filtering soil. The extent of
filtering of the water depends on
amount of organic matter in water
and in the ground, kind of ground,
and distance to which water
travels through the ground.
Ground water may still be
contaminated by organic matters,
waste waters from leaking
culverts and other contaminant
present on the water table.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 27
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Ground Water Outlets
a.) Wells – a natural or man-made excavation created to access underground aquifer.
1. Deep well – when water harvested in
a well that passes through one or more
impermeable layer of soil.

2. Shallow Well – when water that is

harvested from a well that only taps
only subsoil water and that does not
pass through an impermeable layer of
the soil.

3. Artesian Well – a well (usually a

driven metal pipe) that penetrates the
impermeable layer of the soil where
water rises through the upper layers
of the ground and even ground
surface level.

b.) Springs – in most cases, springs are

shallow wells with water tables that are
only a few meters from the ground
surface.
1. Continuous – where water flowing
from the spring continuously flows
regardless of season.

2. Intermittent – in which supply of

water depends on the amount of
rainfall where water may not flow
during dry seasons.

SUPPLYING WATER
A. Public Water Supply – public supply are
water supplied by companies that has been
authorized to gather, treat, and distribute to
the general public.

a.) Water Storage

Depending on the volume of water needed to be supplied to the users, Water for public
water supply are usually stored in huge structures such as dams, and water sheds.
Sometimes, water are stored in huge water cisterns made with materials that are strong
enough to hold down water pressure.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 28
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b.) Water Purification Process

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
B. Private Water Supply – private sources are financed, owned, and maintained by
individuals or groups for the purpose of their own consumption and not for distribution to
other locations.
a.) Thru Wells
1. Dug Wells – a well that is 600
millimeters or more in diameter through
the upper soft soils. The construction of
the sides may be of masonry or concrete
to prevent from caving-in. It is necessary
that the well should be impervious to a
depth of at least 3 meters.

2. Bored Wells – a well that is constructed

using either hand or power driven earth
auger. A well casing is lowered to the
bottom of the hole. After the boring is
complete, cement grout is poured to fill
the gap between the bored hole and the
well casing to prevent contamination.

Dug Well

Bored Well
3. Driven Wells – A well that is
constructed by forcing a long piece of
perforated steel tube (600 – 900
millimeter) attached to a pointed
screen called a “drive point” into the
earth. The depth varies from 3 – 12
Driven Well meters with a diameter between 30 –
100 millimeters.
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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 4. Drilled Wells - A drilling rig is used to drill the well hole and then a casing or
tubular pipe is forced down the hole to prevent it from caving-in. When a water-
bearing stratum of sufficient capacity is found, a well screen is set in place to permit
the water to flow into the casing and to hold back the fine materials. The depth of
this well is limited only by the distance one must dog to obtain an adequate supply
of fresh water, even up to 450 meters.

Methods of Well Drilling:

i. Thru Jetting
Jetting is the process by which water is used as a medium for drilling. Water
is stored in a container or a cistern which is then pressurized by a high pressure
pump. Then, the pressurized water flows through a water hose which is attached
to a drive shoe which is then released through a nozzle or a jetting point. A
casing is then lowered to the drilled hole. The drilled hole usually measure from
75 mm to 200 mm in diameter while it varies from a depth of 15 Meters to 450
Meters.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 ii. Thru Percussion Rig
Also known as Cable Tool Rigs, Percussion Rig operates by repeatedly
lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling tools into the borehole. First, the
casing is partially hammered to the ground to locate the borehole. The casing is
fitted with a drive shoe at the bottom and a drive cap at the top to protect the
casing when being driven. Then, the drill bits are used to remove the materials
inside the casing by crushing rocks into smaller pieces or loosen soil materials.
Water is then introduced, either via the driller or is naturally present in the soil,
to produce a slurry mixture of water and the loose materials. This slurry is then
removed at a certain amount of volume, after which, the drill bit is reinserted to
the borehole, and the process is repeated. The depth and diameter of the well
depends on soil.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 32
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 iii. Thru Truck Mounted Drilling
Machine
One of the famous truck mounted
drilling machines is the Rotary
Drilling machine. The concept of the
Rotary Drilling is to rotate a drill bit
together with a downward pressure to
crush the rocks and soil materials.
Drilling fluids are then used to clear
the drill off of cuttings and bits of the
soil.

Table 2-05: Well Construction Table 2-06: Location of Well

DEPTH DIAMETER MINIMUM HORIZONTAL
TYPE TYPE OF SYSTEM
(M) (M) CLEAR DISTANCE
Dug 3 -12 0.90 – 6.00 Building Sewer 15.20 M*
Bored 7 – 20 0.05 – 0.80 Septic Tank 15.20 M
Driven** 3 – 12 0.03 – 0.10 Disposal Field 30.50 M
Drilled 15 – 450 0.075 – 0.20 Seepage Pit/Cesspool 45.70 M
** - used only in porous soils or where * - distance may be reduced to not less than 7.60 M when the
water bearing strata of loose materials drainage is constructed of materials approved for use within a
exists in tight soils. building

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b.) Thru Springs
In most conditions, springs are shallow wells with water supply just a few meters
from the ground surface. If used for domestic water supply, careful attention must be
given to yield and purity. The flow may stop during dry season or surface water may
get contaminated.

Spring water can be developed

so as to secure maximum protection
from contamination by excavating
sufficiently to locate the true spring
openings and to insure a secure
foundation for the encasing
structure known as Spring Box,
which serves as a collector for
spring water. Water collected from
the spring box flows to a larger
storage tank and then to a
distribution pipes.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 To determine the yield of a spring, the following steps can be followed:
1. Channel the flow of the spring into a collection basin. Make sure that the basin
collets all available flow.

2. Place an overflow pipe through dam so that the collected water flows freely through
the pipe. There should be no leaking around the pipe.

3. Put a bucket of a known volume under the overflow pipe to catch the flow.

4. With a watch, measure the amount of time it takes to fill the bucket. At this instance,
the rate of flow can be determined.

5. Check the rate of flow per day if it is sufficient to supply the daily water demand of
the occupants.

c.) Thru Rainwater

Rainwater is an attractive alternative as resource conservation. Rainwater is soft and is
near to the purest state in the hydrologic cycle. However, pollution can cause rainwater
to be acidic which in turn can corrode non-ferrous pipes and cause rusting and clogging
of steel pipes

Despite aforementioned
conditions, rainwater
collection system remains
a viable water source
alternative. This system
typically employs the use
of a cistern or covered
reservoir tanks to store
water collected from roofs
or other relatively clean
impervious surface.

The water collected and

stored on tanks can be
used, but not limited, for
the following purposes:
Flushing Water Closets or
Urinals; Landscaping
purposes; and other
purposes not requiring the
use of potable water.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 35
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Parts of the Rainwater Collection System
1. Roof – an external covering of a building where the rain is collected.

2. Roof Gutter – a channel that conveys the water to the downspout or rain leader.

3. Downspout – A vertical pipe to convey rain water. At the end of the downspout,
where it terminates to the collection box, a screen must be provided.

4. Collection Box – is where water from the roof is collected from the downspouts.
Since this is a preliminary collection, water contains particles from the roof
accumulated during dry times. The collection box is separated by a divider, usually
150 mm high, with the bottom sloping towards the location of its drainage pipe.
Also serves as a Roof Washer.
i. Drain Pipe – pipe for draining the settled particles at the bottom of the
collection box. Usually fitted with a faucet.

ii. Weep Pipes – pipes for conveying water between the two chambers.

iii. Intake Pipe – pipe for transferring the water from the collection box to the
storage tank. The inlet side (collection box) must have a screen, and at the outlet
side (storage tank), must have 12mm ø perforations until at a height of 600 mm
from the bottom of pipe.

iv. Manhole – the top slab of the collection box must have a square manhole for
servicing with a dimension of 600 mm tapering to 700 mm at the top.

5. Storage Tank – is the final storage of rainwater collected prior to use. Usually a
minimum of 3.00 cu. m. tank with two chambers separated by a divider, usually 550
mm high, with the bottom sloping towards the full drain pipes. An air space of 200
mm high is provided above the maximum water height.
i. Outlet Pipe – pipe used to drain the tank or use the water inside the tank.
Usually fitted with faucet.

ii. Weep Pipes – pipes for conveying water between the two chambers.

iii. Overflow Pipes – pipe that drains excess water upon reaching maximum water
height.

iv. Drain Pipes – usually fitted with a floor drain at inlet side and a gate valve at
the outlet end which drains to storm drain system.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
WATER DISTRIBUTION
The system that conveys water from the source, whether public or private water supply
main lines, to the different fixture branches. Each plumbing fixture must be provided with
an adequate supply of potable running water.

A. Principle Number 01
a.) Types of Unlawful Connections
1. Potable Water Supply being mixed with used,
unclean, polluted or contaminated water, mixtures,
or substances through back-siphonage, suction, or
other causes during normal use and operation.

Backflow - the flow of water or other liquids,

mixtures or substances into the distribution pipes
of a potable supply of water from any source
other than from its intended source.

Back-Siphonage or Back-Siphon - the flowing back

of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel in a water supply pipe
due to a negative pressure in such a pipe.

2. Unless provided with backflow preventer,

connection between pipes carrying domestic water
from private or public waters and pipes carrying; (1)
water from other sources; (2) water used for different
purpose; or (3) chemical, liquids, gases, or any other
substances.

3. Unless provided with an indirect connection or

backflow preventer, fixture supply that may provide
a possibility of polluting the water supply or may
produce a cross-connection.

Cross Connection - any connection or arrangement, physical or otherwise, between

a potable water supply system and any plumbing fixture of any tank, receptacle,
equipment or device, through which enables non-potable, used, unclean,
polluted, contaminated water or other substances to enter into any part of such
potable water system under any conditions.

4. Any pipes carrying private water supply interconnected to an approved public water
supply without the approval of the Administrative Authority.

5. Direct Connection between potable water supply pipes and sewer-connected

wastes.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b.) Controlling Unlawful Connections – General Requirements
1. All pipes and fixture, which may cause backflow, back-siphonage, or cross-
connection, must be equipped with a backflow prevention devices, or assemblies,
or methods.

Backflow Preventer - device or means to prevent flow of liquid from returning to

the source of supply. “Vacuum Breaker”

2. All assemblies shall conform to listed standards and acceptable to the

Administrative Authority. Such assemblies must be tested, during installation,
repair, relocation, and at least on an annual schedule, by a Certified Backflow
Assembly Tester.

Certified Backflow Assembly Tester - a person who has shown competence to test
and maintain backflow assemblies to the satisfaction of the Administrative
Authority having Jurisdiction.

3. Access and clearance must be provided for testing, maintenance, and repairs, with
a minimum of 305 mm space between the lowest portion of the assembly and the
grade. Installations elevated more than 1.52 Meters above floor or grade shall be
provided with a permanent platform, able to support a tester or maintenance
personnel.

4. Fixtures, appliances or appurtenances, with integral backflow preventers or integral

airgaps, shall be installed in accordance with their listed requirements.

5. Backflow preventers must not be located in area containing toxic, poisonous, and/or
corrosive fumes.

6. In the event where it is impractical to correct an individual cross-connection, the

line shall be considered a non-potable water line. Whenever possible, all portions
of the non-potable water line should be exposed and all exposed portions must be
properly identified. Outlets of the non-potable water lines shall be labeled,
“DANGER-UNSAFE WATER.”

c.) Assembly, Devices and Methods for Backflow Prevention

1. Airgap - assemblies are applicable to reduce back-siphonage and/or cross-
connection in low and high hazard and not for back pressure.
a. For Water Distribution - An
unobstructed vertical distance
through the free atmosphere
between the lowest openings
from any pipe or faucet
conveying potable water to
the flood-level rim of any
tank, vat, or fixture.

Flood Level Rim - is the top edge of a receptacle from where water overflows.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b. For Drainage - The unobstructed
vertical distance through the free
atmosphere between the lowest
openings from the pipe, plumbing
fixture, appliance or appurtenance
conveying waste to the flood level
rim of the receptor.

Airbreak - a physical separation, which may be a low inlet into indirect waste
receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected.

Where potable water is discharged to a drainage system, an airgap of two (2)

pipe diameters from the supply outlet to the top surface of the drainage inlet may
be used, but in no case shall the gap be less than 25 mm. Connections may be done
in the inlet side of the trap of the fixture if an approve atmospheric vacuum breaker
installed not less than 152 mm above the floor level rim.

Minimum Airgaps for Water Distribution

When Not Affected When Affected by
Fixtures
by Side Walls (mm) Side Walls (mm)
1. Lavatories and other fixtures with
effective openings not greater than 25 38
13 mm in diameter.
2. Sinks, laundry trays/tubs,
gooseneck bath faucets and other
38 57
fixtures with effective openings not
greater than 19 mm in diameter.
3. Over rim bath fillers and other
fixtures with effective openings not 51 76
greater than 25 mm in diameter.
Three (3) times
4. Effective openings not greater than Two (2) times diameter
diameter of effective
25 mm in diameter. of effective opening
opening

Note:
1. Effective Opening shall be the minimum cross-sectional area at the seat of the control valve
of the supply pipe or tubing which feeds the device or outlet. It two (2) or more line supply
one (1) outlet, the effective opening shall be the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the
individual supply lines or the area of the single outlet, whichever is smaller.
2. Side walls, ribs, or similar obstructions do not affect airgaps when spaced from the inside
edge of the spout opening a distance greater than three (3) times the diameter of the effective
opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four (4) times the effective opening for
two (2) intersecting walls.
3. Vertical walls, ribs, or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the
horizontal plane or the spout opening other than specified in note 2, affect airgaps. If the
effect of three (3) or more such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined, the airgap
shall be measured from the top of the wall.
4. Airgaps less than 25 mm shall only be approved as a permanent part of a listed assembly that
has been tested under actual back flow conditions with vacuums from 0 to 63.5 cm. of
mercury.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 2. Devices for Backflow Prevention
DEGREE OF HAZARD
DEVICE ASSEMBLY Pollution Contamination INSTALLATION
AND DESCRIPTION Back Back Back Back
Siphon Pressure Siphon Pressure
Atmospheric Vacuum Upright position. No
Breaker (AVB) valves downstream.
Minimum of 150 mm, or
Consists of a body, a
checking member, and an X X listed distance, above all
downstream piping and
atmospheric opening.
flood level rim of
receptor.
Pressure Vacuum Upright position.
May have valves
Breaker (PVB)
downstream. Minimum
Consists of a loaded air inlet
of 30.5 cm above all
valve, an internally loaded X X downstream piping and
check valve, two (2)
flood level rim receptor.
properly located test cocks
May discharge water.
and two (2) isolation gate
valves.
Upright position
minute of six of 152 mm,
Spill-Proof Pressure
X X or listed distance, above
Vacuum Breaker all downstream piping
and receptor.
Double Check Valve Horizontal, unless
otherwise listed.
(DC)
Requires 30.5 cm
Consists of two (2)
minimum clearance at
independently acting,
X X bottom for maintenance.
internally or externally,
May need
check valves, four (4)
platform/ladder for test
properly located test cocks
and repair. Does not
with connectors and two (2)
discharge water.
isolation gate valves.
Reduced Pressure Horizontal, unless
otherwise listed. Require
Principle (RP)
30.5 cm minimum
Consists of two (2)
clearance at bottom for
independently acting
maintenance. May need
internally loaded check X X X X platform/ladder for test
valves, a differential
and repair. May
pressure relief valve, four
discharge water.
(4) properly loaded test
cocks, and two (2) isolation
gate valves.

Note:
1. Installations refer to general and specific requirements for installation. Installation in pit or
vault requires previous approval by Administrative Authority.
2. Devices are not to be subjected to operating pressure for more than 12 hours in any 24 hour
period.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Atmospheric
Vacuum Breaker

Double Check
Valve

Pressure Vacuum
Breaker

Reduced Pressure
Principle
3. Fixtures and their Respective Backflow Devices
DEVICE TO
FIXTURE INSTALLATION
INSTALL
Tanks, Vats, Sumps, AVB On the discharged side of the last
Swimming Pool, Or if not, airgap or other valve with a critical level of not
backflow preventing less than 152 mm, or in
and the likes accordance with its listing,
devices may be used
above the flood level rim of such
equipment and all downstream
pipes
Lawn Sprinklers AVB On the discharge side of the last
Or if not, other backflow shut-off valve
devices may be used
Potable Water Outlet Non-removable For AVB, located at the discharge
(with Hose Attachment, Hosebibb-Type side of the last valve at a height
other than water heater of at least 152 mm from the
Backflow highest point of usage
or clothes washer)
Preventer
Or if not, AVB may be
used
Cooled Compressors, Backflow Preventer With accordance to NPC 1999
Degreasers, or any if water-cooled
water-cooled equipment equipment produces
Back Pressure,
provide an
appropriate
protection.

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 Water Supplied Inlet, AVB For AVB, mounted at least 152 mm
Aspirators Outlet, Airgap above the aspirator.

For Airgap, if discharge is received

by a tailpiece, location of airgap
will be above the flood level rim
of the fixture
Carbonators Backflow Preventer With accordance to NPC 1999

B. Materials for Water Distribution

a.) Water Supply Pipes - A cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the
particular dimensions commonly known as "pipe size" and is denoted by its interior
diameter or I.D.

Types of Pipes:
1. Iron Pipes
Sizes (I.D.)
Galvanized Iron (G.I.) – zinc
in mm
coated iron; Suitable for
mildly acidic water. Also, ½ 13
used for firefighting ¾ 19
pipelines. 1 25
1¼ 32
Specifications: Schedule 40, 1½ 38
6.00 M Length 2 51
2½ 64
Joints and Connections: Threaded, Flange

Sizes (O.D) THK.

2. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) –
in mm (max)
lightweight plastic pipes; low
½ 20 2.18
pipe friction due to surface;
HOUSE PIPE
¾ 25 2.29
corrosion resistant. Also, used for
1 32 2.40
public water mains. May be
1¼ 40 2.73
Unplasticized (uPVC), rigid pipe,
1½ 50 3.39
or Chlorinated (CPVC), used for
2 63 4.16
hot water supply.
2½ 75 4.30
WATER MAIN

3 90 5.10
Specifications: PN 65; 3.00 M (for House Pipes) or
4 110 6.30
6.00 M (for Water Main);
6 160 9.10
8 225 12.80
Joints and Connections: Solvent Cement (for small
10 280 16.00
diameters), Rubber Ring Connection (for large
12 315 18.00
diameters), Threaded Connection

3. Polypropylene Random (PPR) - lightweight plastic pipes; low pipe friction due
to surface; corrosion resistant. Also used for hot water supply. For cold water, white
in color. For cold and hot water, white with red markings.

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 Specifications: PN 10 (for Sizes (O.D) THK.
Cold Water), Working in mm PN 10 PN 20
pressure of 145 psi; PN ½ 20 1.9 3.4
20 (for Hot and Cold ¾ 25 2.3 4.2
Water), Working 1 32 2.9 5.4
Pressure of 290 psi. 1¼ 40 3.7 6.7
1½ 50 4.6 8.3
Joints and Connections: Heat Fusion 2 63 5.8 10.5
2½ 75 6.8 12.5
4. Polyethylene (PE) – tube made of plastic 3 90 8.2 15
material and colored black. The cross- 4 110 10 18.3
sectional shape is circular and is denoted by
its outside diameter or O.D. Maybe of HDPE
(High Density) or PEX (Crosslinked).

5. Polybutylene (PB) – tube made of plastic

material and colored black. The cross-
sectional shape is normally oval and is
denoted by its outside diameter or O.D.
Normally used as water service connection
from main to meter.

6. Copper Tubing – must not be used to convey

chemical or industrial wastes.

Copper tubing are classified into:

i. Type K, used for underground services, color
coded Green;

ii. Type L, used for water supply system, color coded Blue;

iii. Type M, thinnest wall, used for water supply above ground with low pressure
water, color coded Red; and,

iv. Type DWV, used for drainage, waste, and vent piping, color coded Yellow.

Joints and Connections: Brazing

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Pipe Connections
There are different methods in connecting pipes. Connection of pipes depend on
what types of end a pipe has.

Types of Pipe Connections:

1. Threaded Connection – a connection by which a continuous grooving is made in
the materials to be connected.

Male Threads – the threads located on the outside of the material to be inserted.

Female Threads –the threads located inside/through a material where a

corresponding male thread is to be inserted.

Thread Engagement – the length of the thread to be inserted on the receiving

thread.

2. Slip Joint Connection – an adjustable tubing connection, consisting of a

compression nut, a friction ring, and a compression washer, designed to fit a
threaded adapter fitting or a standard taper pipe thread.

3. Solvent Cement Connection – a connection used by plastic materials. A chemical

is used to partially liquefy the part of the pipe to be connected.

4. Shielded Coupling Connection – an approved elastomeric sealing gasket with an

approved outer shield and a tightening mechanism.

5. Soldered, Brazed, and Welded Joints – a connection obtained by heating the

metal or other metals to fuse or join two materials.

Soldered Joint – a pipe joint obtained by joining metal parts with metallic mixtures
or alloys which melt at a temperature below 427 degrees centigrade and above 149
degrees centigrade.

Brazed Joint – any joint obtained by joining metal parts with alloys which melt at
temperatures higher than 449˚C (or 842˚F), but lower than the melting temperature
of the parts to be joined.

Welded Joint – any join or seam obtained by the joining of metal parts in a plastic
molten state.

6. Heat Fusion – a connection by which two pipes of the same thermoplastic material
is simultaneously heated then pressed together to for a seamless connection.
Sometimes called “Heat Welding”

7. Caulking – the plugging of an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are
pounded into the annular space. Also, the material pounded into pipe end.

Oakum – hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil or tar to make it waterproof.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 8. Flanged Connection – a type of pipe connection where flanges are used to
connect two pipes.

Blank – a pipe flange that is not drilled for bolt holes.

Blind – a flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage
of liquid or gas.

Threaded Connection Slip Joint Connection

Solvent Cement
Connection

Shielded Coupling
Connection Caulking

b.) Water Supply Fittings – a variety of fittings are used in installing the piping system.
Fittings are accessories used for joining two or more pipes together. Some of which
are used to change to change the direction of the flow of water.
1. Nipple – a short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside (male thread) at both ends.
Used to join couplings or other fittings.

Close Nipple

Short Nipple Long Nipple

2. Elbow – a pipe fitting having a bend and make an angle (90˚ or 45˚) between
adjacent pipes for a change in direction. ‘Ell’ or ‘Straight Elbow’

i. Street Elbow - an elbow having a 45˚ or 90˚ bend with an inside thread on one
end and an outside thread on the other. ‘Service Ell’ or ‘Street Ell’

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 ii. Reducing Elbow - Joins two pipes of different diameters at a right angle of
each other.

Reducing Elbow
90° Elbow

45° Elbow Street Elbow

3. Reducer – a pipe coupling with inside threads having one end a

smaller diameter than the other end with both openings having
the same centerline. Used for connecting pipes of different size.

4. Coupling - a short internally threaded (female Reducer

thread) at both ends and used to connect two
pipes in a straight line.

5. Plug - used to close an opening in a fitting.

Coupling Plug
6. Cap - used to close the end of a pipe.

7. Bushing - a pipe fitting which is threaded on both

the inside and the outside. Used to reduce the size
of pipe opening to receive a pipe or fitting of a
different size. Cap Bushing

8. Tee – a T-shaped pipe fitting that joins 3 or 4 pipes at a perpendicular direction.

Straight Tee Reducing Tee Straight Cross Tee Reducing Cross Tee

9. Union – a three piece pipe fitting, (a) Thread

Piece; (b) Center Piece; and (c) Shoulder Piece,
used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of
which can be turned.

c.) Valves and Controls -Valves are used to control

water flow inside a supply system. The location of
valves must be located such that repairs to the
system, fixtures, and equipment being served will be
simplified. Valves are usually seen in risers, Union
branches, and pipes to individual fixtures and/or
equipment.
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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Types of Valves and Controls
1. Gate Valve – flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk fitted against a
machine-smoothed faces at right angles to the direction of the flow.

2. Globe Valve – flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk that fits against
the horizontal valve seat.

Gate Valve Globe Valve

3. Angle Valve – globe type device
where in the inlet and outlet are
at a right angle.

4. Ball Valve – is a valve that shuts

off water using a spherical disc
with a whole.

5. Butterfly Valve – a valve with a Angle Valve Ball Valve

disk rotating at an axis across the
diameter of the pipe.

6. Diaphragm Valve – a valve that

is operated by applying pressure
to a diaphragm.

7. Check Valves – automatically

closes to prevent the flow of
liquid or gas go in a reverse Butterfly Valve Diaphragm Valve
direction.

Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve Spring-Loaded Valve

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. Distribution System

a.) Building or House Service –The water connection from water main, pipe controlled
by public authority (water district), to supply water to a site, building, or other structures
needing water supply.

Parts of the Building or House Service:

1. Street Water Main – main water line that conveys water to be distributed to
different sites.

2. Corporation Cock – a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house
service connection.

3. Gooseneck Connection – the part of a pipe curve like the neck of a goose. The
flexible tubing connection between a service pipe and a water main.

4. Curb Stop (Optional) – a control valve for the water supply of a building, usually
places between the sidewalk and curb; used to shut-off the water supply in-case of
an emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b.) Water Meter Connection – Water meter connection is an assembly where supply of
water from the water main can be measured.
Parts of Water Meter Connection:
1. Meter Stop – a valve placed at
the street side of the water meter
and serves as a controlling device
for building installation.
Controlled by water district.

2. Water Meter – a mechanical

device used to measure the
volume of water passing through
a pipe.

3. Gate Valve – a valve placed at the building side of the water meter which serves
as a shut-off control for water supply. Controlled by the owner.

c.) Main Distribution Lines – Distribution lines are set of pipes, fittings, and may also
include equipment used to distribute water to the different fixtures.

Types of Distribution Lines:

1. Distribution Main – pipes that convey the water supply from the water meter
connection towards the different fixture branches or towards storage tanks.

2. Upfeed/Riser Pipe – pipes that convey water from a lower point to a higher point.

3. Downfeed Pipe – pipes that convey water form a higher point, or overhead tank, to
a lower point, or towards fixture branches lower than the point of inlet.

Methods of Distribution:
1. Direct Upfeed Distribution – generally used for structures where water pressure
from the main supply is able to distribute water to all points of use.

2. Pneumatic Upfeed Distribution – used for structures where water pressure from
the main supply is not able to distribute water with a sufficient pressure at fixture
points. This system is aided by a Hydropneumatic Pressure Boosting System.

3. Downfeed (Overhead) Distribution – a complex combination of upfeed and

downfeed pipe system aided by different pump systems. This system is used
generally for structures with more than three (3) storeys.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Direct Upfeed Distribution

Pneumatic Upfeed +
Pneumatic Upfeed Distribution Downfeed (Overhead)
Distribution

d.) Fixture Branches – it is the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the
water distribution pipe.

e.) Fixture Supply Assembly – fixture branches refer to the different fixtures or points
of use of water located on the plumbing system.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
E. Storage Tanks/Reservoir
Storage tanks are used for storing water in a plumbing system, maybe located overhead
or on ground.

Types of Storage Tanks:

a.) Gravity Tank– tank located overhead at a certain
height where working pressure of a fixture supply
may be achieved. Generally used for Downfeed
Distribution

b.) Cistern Tank – tank located below the c.) Rainwater Tank – used for
natural grade line or ground floor line. collecting rainwater to be used
Usually used for storing water from the for different purposes. (See
water main to be used for the structure. Rainwater Harvesting)
Generally used for Pneumatic Upfeed
Distribution and Downfeed Distribution.
d.) Pressure Tank – storage tanks generally used for pressurizing water up to a certain
level. The size of the pressure tank has an important bearing on the efficiency of the
Hydro-pneumatic system. A common household size is 180 to 270 liters but all of his
space is not available for water storage. Part of the space is occupied by air, so the tank
is only partly filled with water. In general, the working capacity of the tank is only 25%
of its total capacity but about 50% can be drawn off if the pump fails to start before the
pressure falls to zero. Under high pressure the air in the tank tend to dissolve into the
water, and the system will become waterlogged unless there is some means of
replenishment of the air.

Pressure vessels employ two methods in separating air and Water

1. Separate air cushion cylinder – in which water is totally confined in an elastic
rubber bag. When water is pumped the bag expands, compressing the air in the
cylinder until the pressure switch reaches its setting and shuts off the motor. When
a tap is opened, the compressed air forces the water out and the pressure drops until
the switch again starts the motor. The air is never in contact with the water so it
cannot be absorbed.

2. Elastic sock pressure vessel – uses a very strong rubber “sock” which will be
stretched by the water pressure and then forces the water out when a faucet is
opened. The capacity of this type is much less than the air cushion and therefore the
water will turn on more often causing faster wear and increases maintenance.
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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
F. Water Pumping System
The system for water supply by which water is transported from one point to another
with the aid of a pump.

Principle No. 2
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and at pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without
undue noise under all normal conditions of use.

Water Pressure
a.) Inadequate Pressure – whenever the water pressure in the main or other source of
supply will not provide a water pressure of at least 103 kPa, after allowing friction and
other pressure losses, a hydro-pneumatic pressure tank or an elevated tank and booster
pump will provide said 103 kPa pressure.

b.) Excessive Pressure – Where the local water pressure is in excess of 551 kPa, an
approved-type pressure regulator preceded by an adequately sized strainer shall be
installed to reduce the pressure on the building side of the regulator to the required
supply pressure.

Parts of the Water Pumping System

a.) Pump – mechanical device for providing the force to move water from one location to
another location, usually on a higher elevation
Types of Pumps for Water Supply Systems
1. Transfer Pump – used to transfer water from a lower point to a higher point.

2. Hydro-Pneumatic Pressure Boosting System – used to increase water pressure to

a desirable amount. A system that includes a water pump and a pressure tank.

3. Circulating Pump – used to circulate water within and around the system.
(See Plumbing Unit for Types of Pumps According to Make)
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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b.) Control Valves – valves used to allow or disallow the flow of water to the pump. Useful
for the maintenance of the pumps.

c.) Storage Tanks – usually a cistern tank is placed on the suction side of the pump such
that every time the pump turns on, there is water to be transferred.

d.) Piping – a system of pipes produced for high water pressure.

1. Horizontal Pipes – horizontally laid pipes of the supply system.

2. Supply Riser – vertically laid pipes which usually produces pressure loss due to
gravity.

Vertical Water Pumping Terminologies

a.) Gravity Head – that resulting from the
vertical height of a column of water, or
the weight of water exerted as a result
of the force of gravity.

b.) Delivery
1. Static Delivery Head – the vertical
distance in meters from the center
line of the pump to the point of free
discharge (free surface of the
discharged liquid). If the pipe enters
a tank below the liquid level, then
this point of free discharge is the
highest water level required in the
tank.

2. Total Delivery Head – the static

delivery head plus the friction head
in all of the delivery pipe and
fittings.

c.) Suction
1. Suction Lift – the term used when
the source of supply is below the
center line of the pump.
a. Static Suction Lift – the
vertical distance (in meters)
from the liquid level to the
center line of the pump.

b. Total Suction Lift – the static

suction lift plus friction head in
the entire suction pipe and
fittings
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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 2. Suction Head – the term used when the source of supply is above the center line
of the pump to the level of the liquid being pumped.
a. Static Suction Head – the vertical distance (in meters) from the center line of
the pump to the level of the liquid being pumped.

b. Total Suction Head – the static suction head minus the friction head in the
entire suction pipe and fittings.

d.) Velocity Head – the head required to accelerate the water in the delivery pipe. It should
be included in the total pump head but is so nominal that it is usually ignored.

e.) Friction Head – the head necessary to overcome resistance to flow of the liquid.
Friction head must not exceed the total delivery head.

f.) Total Pump Head – the total suction lift plus total delivery head plus the velocity head.

Types of Water Pumping System

a.) Positive Suction System
1. Positive Suction Head – exists
when the pump is below the liquid
to be pumped and is the vertical
distance from the center line of
the pump to the free surface of the
liquid.

2. Total Positive Suction Head –

the static suction head minus the
friction head and velocity head in
the inlet pipe system.

b.) Negative Suction System

1. Negative Suction Lift – exists
when the pump is above the liquid
to be pumped and is the vertical
distance from the center line of
the pump down to the free surface
of the liquid.

2. Total Negative Suction Lift – the

static suction lift plus the friction
head and velocity head in the
suction pipe system.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 54
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
B. Hot Water Supply System
The system that includes water heaters and distribution pipes that supplies hot water to
the fixtures. The supply of hot water for domestic use is based on the need for personal
hygiene and washing in order to remain healthy and safe.

a.) Personal Hygiene – through science, people became aware that dirt harbors disease, to
keep away from this condition people attend to constantly maintain their bodies clean.
To achieve this, a regular supply of hot water is required to break down and dissolve
oil and dirt. Soap lather much better in hot water than cold. Hot water is friendlier to
our skin temperature since we are warm blooded animals. Hot water also helps to open
skin pores, letting the soap get down into the tissue to lift out the oil and dirt.

b.) Washing – certain substances, such as fatty foods on a plate, require a temperature of
60° centigrade to lift them.

Parts of the Hot Water Supply System:

a.) Water Heater (See Plumbing Unit)

b.) Hot Water Supply Pipes – water pipes with thicker walls that is designed to contain
water with a temperature of more than 40°.

Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines of 1999
Salvan, George S., Architectural Utilities 01: Plumbing and Sanitary, 2nd Edition, 2005
Ching, Francis D. K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Davies, Nikolas and Jokiniemi, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, First Edition, 2008
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering

Web References:

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 55
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 04: PLUMBING UNIT
 Plumbing Fixtures

 Plumbing Appliances

 Plumbing Appurtenances

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 56
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
PLUMBING UNIT
A minimum standard quality of plumbing fixtures that discharge wastes into a plumbing
installation including: one (1) water meter, one (1) water closet, one (1) lavatory, one (1)
shower head and drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one (1) kitchen sink, one (1) laundry tray
and three (3) floor drains and four (4) faucets/hose bibb.

Principle Number 6
Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage-
disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. Further, a
lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of
sanitation and personal hygiene.

PLUMBING FIXTURES
A. Principle Number 7
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed
fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

All fixtures shall conform in quality and design to nationally recognized, applicable
standards or to other approved standards acceptable to the Administrative Authority.

a.) Faucet – A valve located at the end of a water pipe through of which water can be
drawn from or held within the pipe.

Regular Faucet
(Globe Type)
Garden Faucet
Kitchen Faucet Kitchen Faucet
(Hose Bibb)
(Spray Type) (Gooseneck)

Regular Faucet
(Ball Type) Regular Faucet
(Mixer Type)
b.) Water Closet – a fixture consisting of a ceramic
bowl with a detachable, hinged seat and lid and a
device for flushing with water, used for
defecation and urination.

Parts of a Water Closet Assembly

A. Closet Bowl – the ceramic bowl in a water
closet where human waste is deposited.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 57
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Types of Water Closet Bowls as to Design
a. Siphon Washdown – the least expensive but the noisiest; only small amount
of standing water – susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is
mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence, it is widely used and
entirely acceptable where price is the main consideration.

b. Siphon Jet – the jet being submerged, introduces its water underwater so that
its operation is entirely muffled. It has a large amount of standing water to
prevent fouling. It is mechanically efficient but expensive.

c. Siphon Vortex – this type of bowl develops its flushing action through diagonal
holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms a vortex in
the center. It is considered to be the most quiet, most efficient and most sanitary
watercloset.

d. Reverse Trap – the trapway located at the rear of the water-closet eliminated
the bulge at the front. The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water
area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than the washdown down.

e. Squat Bowl/Asiatic Water Closet – a water closet that is other-wise known as

“Eastern Type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting
position.

Siphon Siphon Jet Siphon

Washdown Vortex

Reverse Trap Squat Bowl

Types of Water Closet as to Shape:

a. Round Front – generally intended
for installation on a limited space.

b. Elongated Front – is more

comfortable but occupies a larger
space.
Round Front Elongated Front
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 58
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 B. Flushing Mechanism – the part of the water closet by which water is stored or
sourced to flush water to the closet bowl.

Types of Water Closet as to Flushing Mechanism Used:

a. Flush Tank – holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water
closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.

Parts of a Flush Tank

 Tank – usually, a ceramic container to hold water for flushing.

 Supply Pipe/Ball Cock – the part of the flush tank that supplies the water
to the tank from the gooseneck hose of the water supply.

 Float and Float Valve – a mechanism that automatically closes the supply
pipe when the water inside the tank reaches the overflow level.

 Flush Valve – a mechanism that allows the flushing of water from the tank
to the bowl.

 Overflow Pipe – a pipe that discharges excess water to the bowl from the
tank.

Float Valve Tank

Float

Supply Pipe

Overflow Pipe
Flush Valve

b. Flushometer Valve – valve designed to supply a

fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. It is
activated by direct water pressure without the use of
a flush tank. The flush valve requires 10 to 20 psi
flow pressure.

c. Flushometer Tank – a tank designed to supply a

fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes.
Usually, placed inside a water tank.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 59
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Types of Water Closet as to Make
1. One-Piece Water Closet – the water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl
and the flush tank molded into a single unit.

2. Closed Couple Water Closet – a water closet where in the flush tank is separate
but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model.

3. Pail Flush Water Closet – a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush
tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket.
This is used in areas where running water systems are not available.

One-Piece Close Coupled Pail Flush

Types of Water Closet as to Installation
1. Free Standing – water closets that
are mounted on the floor.

2. Wall Hung – a water closet mounted

on a wall, so that no part of it touches
the floor.

c.) Lavatory – A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. Sometimes called
a wash basin.
Types of Lavatory as to Assembly
A. Wall Hung Lavatory – a lavatory that is mounted on the wall of the toilet using a
bracket. Sometimes, equipped with a cover pedestal.
B. Pedestal Lavatory – a lavatory that is mounted on the floor of the toilet with a
column like
C. Counter Type Lavatory – a lavatory that is designed to be mounted on a counter.
a. Counter Top – a counter type lavatory where the bowl is installed on top of the
counter.
b. Over-Counter – a counter type lavatory where in the rim/bowl of the lavatory
is exposed/placed over the hole of the counter.
c. Under Counter – a counter type lavatory where in the rim is hidden below the
counter top.
D. One-Piece Lavatory – a type lavatory by which the counter for the lavatory is
integrated to the lavatory bowl.
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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Wall Hung
Counter Top Over-Counter

Under Counter One-Piece

Pedestal
d.) Urinal – a flushable fixture used by men for urinating.

Types of Urinal
1. Wall Hung Urinal – a urinal designed to be fastened on a wall or wall bracket.

2. Pedestal Urinal – a urinal designed to be mounted on the floor of the toilet.

3. Stall Urinal – a urinal by which it occupies both a portion of the wall and the floor
and has wing on both sides.

4. Trough Urinal – a continuous urinal designed for multiple users.

Wall Hung Pedestal

Stall Trough

e.) Bidet – A plumbing fixtures used for washing the middle private part of the body,
especially the genitals. “Sitz” bath

f.) Shower Head – the perforated part of a shower assembly through which water is
ejected, usually a spray outlet.

g.) Bathtub – an oblong tub to bathe in, esp. one that is a permanent fixture in a bathroom
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 61
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Bidet Pivot Shower
Head

Telephone
Shower Head
Rain Shower
Bathtub Head

B. Kitchen Sink – a plumbing fixture usually consisting of a basin with a water supply,
connected with a drain.

Types of Kitchen Sink:

a.) Single Bowl – a kitchen sink designed to only have a single washing area.

b.) Double Bowl – a kitchen sink designed to have two washing areas, one of which serves
as rinsing basin while the other is soaking basin

c.) Triple Bowl – a kitchen sink designed to have three washing areas, one of which serves
as rinsing basin, the other as soaking basin, while the third serves as hand washing.

d.) Single Bowl – Single Drain – a kitchen sink designed to have a single washing area
and a drying area.

e.) Double Bowl – Single Drain – a kitchen sink designed to have a two washing areas
and a drying area.

f.) Double Bowl – Double Drain – a kitchen sink designed to have a two washing areas
and two drying areas, one on each side.

g.) Corner Sink – a kitchen sink so designed to be installed on a corner, usually at 90°, of
the kitchen.

h.) Industrial Sink – a kitchen sink designed to cater the needs for heavy use such as that
of a restaurant.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 62
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Single Bowl Double Triple Bowl
Bowl

Single Bowl – Single Drain Double Bowl – Single Drain

Double Bowl – Double Drain

Corner Sink

Industrial
Sink

C. Laundry Tray – a deep sink for washing clothes. Also

called Laundry Tub or Set Tub.

D. Floor Drain - fittings used

for draining fluid from
point of use to the piping
system generally placed on
the floor. Laundry Tray
Floor Drain

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 63
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
PLUMBING APPLIANCES
A. Water Pumps – mechanical device for providing the force to move water from one location
to another location, usually on a higher elevation.

Types of Pumps According to Make

a.) Reciprocating Pump – A pump which operates in a to-and-fro motion.
1. Lift Pump – a pump where a piston
moves up and down in a barrel or
cylinder. Water may be raised up to a
limited height between 7.50 – 8.50
Meters, at normal atmospheric pressure
(101 kPa) due to either loss efficiency of
pump, friction on the intake pipe, or
imperfect vacuum.

2. Piston or Plunger Pumps – a positive

displacement pump where a plunger is
driven up and down by a mechanical
head.

3. Deep-Well Piston Pump – water is forced up the drop pipe and out into the
delivery pipe by a piston. This pump is usually used where water is more than 7.50
Meters below ground. It is placed in or near the water in the well.

b.) Centrifugal Pump – A pump with

vanes or impellers that rotate inside a
closed fitting case draw-in liquid at
the center and by centrifugal force,
throws-liquid out through an opening
in the periphery of the case. This
pump needs the case to be full of
water to operate.

Submersible Pump – is a special type of centrifugal pump complete with electric

motors which are positioned under water in a suitable bored hole that delivers the water
to the surface.

c.) Deep-Well Jet Pump – a pump consisting of a revolving impeller in the pump housing
which forces water down a pressure line to an ejector assembly below water level.

d.) Hydraulic Ram or Ram Pump – a pump where the power generated from flowing in
an enclosed pipe is used to raise part of the water to a height above that from which the
flow began.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 64
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
B. Water Heater – an electric or gas appliance for heating water to a temperature between
120°F and and 140°F (50°C and 60°C) and storing it for use.

Principle No. 4
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

Types of Water Heaters Fuel

There are several methods of heating water, but the availability of fuel and the cost
involved in operating and maintaining the system are main concerns in choosing the
suitable type. The types of fuel currently available are Electricity, Solid Fuel – Coal, Gas,
Solar, Steam, Oil, and Heat Pumps.

Types of Water Heater by System

a.) Instantaneous Water Heaters
Instantaneous heaters instantly heat cold water as it passes
through the heater. These heaters are compact since storage
is not required. They are popularly used at showers and
lavatories and due to this condition, there is a shower model
and lavatory model.

Types Instantaneous Water Heaters

1. Shower model – has a rated power consumption of 6000
watts (6kW). It provides a continuous supply of hot
water at a maximum rate of 3 liters per minute at a
showering temperature of 40° centigrade.

2. Lavatory model – has a rated power consumption of 3000 watts (3kW). It provides
a continuous supply of warm water for hand washing at the rate of approximately
1.4 liters per minute.

3. Multi-point model – serves several fixtures such as a range of lavatories, sink or

shower.

b.) Storage Water Heaters – a type of water heater for which holds a larger volume of
water which is then heated and distributed to the points of use via hot water supply
pipes

1. Localized Water Heaters – water heaters that stores a small volume of water to be
heated before use.

Types of Localized Water Heaters

i. Open Outlet Single Point, Above Sink
All heaters of this type are designed to serve one fixture at a time. Although, it
is possible to install the heater between two adjacent fixtures so the swivel spout
can be turned to supply both. They are available from 7 to 34 liters storage and
normally have a 2000 watt element fitted. This means that there is a heat-up
time of 12 minutes to 1 hour.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 65
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 ii. Open Outlet Single Point, Undersink
The undersink water heater works on the principle of displacement, hot water
only flowing when cold water enters the cylinder and pushes the hot out. To
prevent undue pressure from the cold water inlet, a restrictor is fitted to the inlet
connection. Provision must be made for expansion and this is done by leaving
the hot water outlet open and discharging it over the sink. The cold water faucet
controls the flow of hot water and the hot outlet pipe allows for expansion.
Undersink water heaters are not suitable for use with dishwashers, unless
installed as low-pressure water heaters.

c.) Centralized Hot Water Systems – water is heated and

stored centrally and distributed to the hot water faucets
via the hot water piping. In the average home, an electric
heating element is directly immersed into the water to be
heated. But, for commercial and larger projects an
independent boiler or furnace is used to heat the water
remotely. The hot water is stored in a range boiler or
storage tank that is located as near the boiler as possible
to keep heat losses at a minimum. To provide an
adequate supply of hot water for the average family, a
180 liter storage cylinder is recommended and is
designed to provide the central bulk of the hot water
requirements. The aforementioned value should be
increased if there is an abnormally high usage of hot
water or be supplemented with secondary forms of
heating water.

Advantages of a Centralized Hot Water Supply:

1. The hot water storage vessels holds sufficient water to meet a large draw-of at peak
times.

2. It may be possible to use cheaper, lower grade fuel oil, coal, natural gas or other
solid building.

3. The boiler can be housed in its own room, keeping noise and dust out of the main
building.

4. One boiler plant reduces maintenance.

C. Drinking Fountain – a fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a water jet,
designed to provide potable water for human consumption.

D. Whirlpool – bath with in-built water jets for massage and other purposes. Also known as
Jacuzzi.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 66
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Drinking Fountain
(Wall Mounted)

Drinking Fountain Whirlpool

(Floor Mounted)

PLUMBING APPURTENANCES
A. Toilet Seat – an accessory to the water
closet for which user will sit-on on a more
relaxed manner.

B. Soap Holder – an accessory to the toilet,

Soap Holder
usually ceramic in material, where soap is
to be placed. Toilet Seat

C. Toilet Paper Holder – an accessory of

the toilet where toilet paper rolls are
placed.

D. Towel Rail – a rail fixed near a basin,

Toilet Paper Holder
bath or shower, on which a towel is hung Towel Rail
for use and to dry.

E. Shower Pan – the bottom surface which

water is collected in a shower stall.

F. Grab Bar – a rail strategically placed on

Shower Pan
the bathroom to maintain balance of
users.

G. Pipe Clevis – a hanger device for hanging

pipes.

Grab Bar Pipe Clevis

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 67
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines OF 1999
Salvan, George S., Architectural Utilities 01: Plumbing and Sanitary, 2nd Edition, 2005
Ching, Francis D. K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Davies, Nikolas and Jokiniemi, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, First Edition, 2008
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering

Web References:
3.bp.blogspot.com www.americanstandard-us.com
ak1.ostkcdn.com www.callierandthompson.com
d12m281ylf13f0.cloudfront.net www.doitbest.com
ecx.images-amazon.com www.doityourself.com
g02.a.alicdn.com www.dreamsworldonline.co.za
image.architonic.com www.fiatproducts.com
images.lowes.ca www.idealspec.co.uk
images.lowes.com www.keeneymfg.com
images.prod.meredith.com www.lumbridgecity.com
people.rit.edu www.map-testing.com
rapidswholesale.com www.morbros.com
replaceoutdoorfaucet.files.wordpress.com www.murdockmfg.com
retrorenovation.com www.plumbingsupply.com
st.houzz.com www.remodelista.com
thumbnail.image.rakuten.co.jp www.rentexhygiene.co.uk
vegaindustrialsupply.com www.tubz.com
www.aceaquasaver.in www.tzmfg.com
www.airdelights.com www.warmflow.co.uk
www.americanstandard.ca www.whirlpoolwaterheaters.com
www.americanstandard.co.th

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 68
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 05: DRAINAGE,
WASTE, and VENT SYSTEM
 Waste

 Types of Wastes

 Materials for Drainage, Waste, and Vent

 Storm Drainage System

 Soil and Waste Drainage System

 Vent and Venting System

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 69
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
WASTE
The discharge from any fixture, or appliance.

TYPES OF WASTE
A. Wastewater/Liquid Waste – are liquid and water-borne wastes that does not contain fecal
matter.
a.) Sewage - Any wastewater containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution and may include liquids containing chemicals in solution.
1. Domestic Sewage – The liquid and water-borne wastes derived from the ordinary
living processes, free from industrial wastes and of such character that permit
satisfactory disposal without special treatment. It is discharged into public sewer or
into a private disposal system.

b.) Industrial Waste - Any and all liquid or water-borne waste from industrial or
commercial processes, except domestic waste.

B. Solid Waste – are liquid and water-borne wastes that contains human excreta.

C. Special Waste - Wastes which require some special methods of handling such as the use
of indirect waste piping and receptors; corrosion-resistant piping; sand, oil or grease
interceptors; condensers or other pretreatment facilities.

MATERIALS FOR DRAINAGE, WASTE, AND VENT

A. Drains – fittings used for draining fluid from point of use to the piping system.

B. DWV Pipes
Most often, DWV pipes have expanded ends, called a hub or bell, to receive a none-
expanded end, called a spigot, of another pipe. DWV pipes with both ends equipped with
a hub are call Double Hub Pipes, while those with only one end equipped with a hub and
called Single Hub Pipes. DWV pipes without hub are called Hubless Pipes.

Types of Pipes According to Material

a.) Iron Pipes – iron based pipes for drainage system. Usually coated with a protection
against rust.
A. Cast Iron C. Galvanized Iron
B. Ductile Iron D. Galvanized Wrought Iron

b.) Polyvinyl Chloride DWV Type – plastic pipes

made of polyvinyl chloride designed specifically to
be used as drainage waster and vent pipes.
Specification: Series 1000

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 70
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. DWV Fittings
a.) Bends – sanitary fittings, equivalent to elbows of the water supply system, that allows
the change of direction of the flow.

b.) Sanitary Wye – a sanitary fitting that is shaped like the letter “y” that allows the
merging of two pipes flowing towards a common direction in an angle of less than 90°.

c.) Sanitary Tee – a sanitary fitting, equivalent to the tees of the water supply system, that
allows the merging of two pipes flowing towards a common direction in an angle of
90°.

d.) Sanitary Reducers – a sanitary fitting that allows the changing of pipe sizes.

e.) Double Hub Fitting – a sanitary fitting which is used to connect two pipes without
hub.

f.) Cleanout – a pipe fitting with a removable plug giving access to a soil or waste pipe
for inspection or cleaning.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 71
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
D. Pipe Supports and Anchors
a.) Vertical Piping Supports – vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close
intervals to keep the pipes in alignment and to carry its weight and contents. Stacks
shall be supported at their base as follows:

1. Cast Iron Soil Pipe – Bell & Spigot and Hubless pipe shall be supported at every
storey or closer.

2. Screwed Pipe – Iron Pipe Size (IPS) shall be supported at not less than every other
storey height.

3. Copper Tubing – shall be supported at each storey or at maximum intervals of 3.00

meters on center.

4. Lead Pipe – shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 1.20 meters at centers
with a rigid vertical back-up

5. Plastic Pipe – shall be supported at every one (1) meter interval.

b.) Horizontal Piping Supports – Horizontal pipes shall be supported at sufficiently close
intervals to keep them in alignment and prevent sagging.

1. Cast Iron Soil Pipe – where joint occur, suspended cast iron soil pipe shall be
supported at not more than 1.50 meters intervals; except that pipe exceeding 1.50
meters length, may be supported at not more than 3.00 meters intervals. Supports
shall be adequate to maintain alignment and to prevent sagging and shall be laced
within 0.45 meters of the hub or joint. Hubless or compression gasket joints must
be supported at least at every other joint except that when the developed length
between supports exceeds 1.20 meters, they shall be provided at each joint. Support
shall also be provided at each horizontal branch connection, placed on or
immediately adjacent to the coupling. Suspended lines shall be suitably braced to
prevent horizontal movement.

2. Screwed Pipe – IPS except as provided in other Sections of this Code, shall be
supported at approximately 3.0 meters intervals for piping 19 mm diameter and
smaller and 3.6 meters intervals for piping 25 mm and larger in diameter.

3. Copper Tubing – shall be supported at approximately 1.8 meters intervals for

piping 38 mm diameter and smaller and 3.0 meters intervals for piping 51 mm and
larger in diameter.
4. Lead Pipe – shall be supported by stiff metal or wooden backing for its entire length
with hangers properly spaced.

5. In Ground – piping buried in the ground shall be laid on a firm bed for its entire
length, except where concrete cradle support is provided, which is adequate and
approved by the Administrative Authority.

6. Plastic Tube – shall be supported by stiff metal or wood backing with hangers in
its entire length for small-size tubing up to 38 mm diameter and without backings
but with spaced metal hangers at approved spacing for larger-size tubing.
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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
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STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts, surface
run-offs, ground water, subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other similar
discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal.

Parts of the Storm Drainage System

A. Roof Drains and Gutters

a.) Roof Gutters – the water collector at the eaves of the building.

b.) Roof Drains – drains that are found on a gutter or on the lowest level of a roof deck,
specifically used to drain rain water.

B. Roof Leaders and Downspouts

a.) Roof Leaders – a pipe connected from building gutter to the downspout or conductor.
See Conductor.

b.) Downspouts – a vertical pipe which conveys rainwater. Also known as conductor or
rain leader.

C. Catch Basin and Storm Drains

a.) Catch Basin – a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of time
to allow settle-able material to deposit

b.) Storm Drains – receives storm water, clear rain or surface-water waste.

D. Building or House Storm Sewer - The pipeline from the building to the public or street
storm drainage system.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
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SOIL AND WASTE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Waste Drainage System – a piping system that receives liquid discharge from plumbing
fixtures other than those fixtures receiving fecal matter.

Soil Drainage System – the piping that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixtures
having similar functions containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge from other
fixtures.

Parts of the Soil and Waste Drainage System

A. Fixture Traps – fittings or devices designed and constructed to provide a liquid seal which
prevents the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or water
through it.

Principle Number 10
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-
sealed trap.

Types of Traps
a.) P-Trap – for lavatory and kitchen sink.

b.) Drum Trap – a cylindrical trap commonly used on the drain pipe from a bathtub or
under the bathroom floor.

c.) House Trap – a device installed to prevent circulation of air between the drainage of
the building and the building sewer.

d.) Grease Trap – a device designed to retain grease from one to a maximum of four
fixtures.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
B. Horizontal Soil and Waste Branch Lines
a.) Soil Pipe – any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal, or fixture
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the
building drain or building sewer.

b.) Waste Pipe – a pipe which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of fecal
matter.

C. Soil and Waste Stacks – a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and wastewater.

D. Building or House Drain

a.) Building Drain – that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a drainage system which
receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the
building and conveys it to the building sewer beginning 0.60 meter outside the building
wall.

b.) House Drain – that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a building
and conveys it to the house sewer outside the building.

E. Building or House Sewer

a.) Building Sewer – that part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which starts
from the end of the building drain and which receives the discharge of the building
drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system
or other points of disposal.

b.) House Sewer – that part of a plumbing system extending from the house drain at a
appoint 0.60 m from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer of to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one
building site.

F. Cleanouts (See DWV Materials for definition)

Principle No. 8
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard
against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arrange that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
VENT AND VENTING SYSTEM
A. Importance of Vents

Principle Number 11
The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air
free from siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

B. Types of Vents
a.) Individual or Back Vent – a vent installed on the sewer side of a trap.

b.) Unit Vent – the portion of the vent pipe system which ventilates two fixture of similar
design installed on opposite sides of partition.

c.) Circuit or Loop Vent – a vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a horizontal
line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected thereat; the
terminus connected to the stack vent in case of loop venting or to the vent stack nearby
in the case of circuit venting.

d.) Relief Vent – a vent that provides circulation of air between a drainage and a venting
system by connecting a vent stack to a horizontal drain between the first fixture and the
soil or waste stack.

e.) Main Vent – the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches are
connected.

f.) Main Soil and Waste Vent – the portion of soil stack pipe above the highest installed
fixture branch extending through the roof.

g.) Yoke Vent – a pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above the floor and
higher that the highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure changes in the
stacks.

h.) Wet Vent – an oversized pipe functioning both as a soil or waste pipe and a vent.

i.) Looped Vent – a method of ventilation used in fixtures which are located in the room
away from partitions.

j.) Utility Vent – this is used for basement or underground public restroom wherein a vent
stack may not be possible to extend 3 meters above the ground, as it may constitute a
hazard and is unsightly.

k.) Local Vent – a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from plumbing fixture or a local room
to the outer air.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 76
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 77
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. Vent Terminals

Principle No. 12
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.

Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines of 1999
Salvan, George S., Architectural Utilities 01: Plumbing and Sanitary, 2nd Edition, 2005
Ching, Francis D. K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Davies, Nikolas and Jokiniemi, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, First Edition, 2008
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering

Web References:

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 78
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 06:
TREATMENT and DISPOSAL
 Sewer System

 Treatment and Disposal

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
A system for the treatment and disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic tank,
cesspool, or mechanical treatment, all designed to serve a single establishment, development
or building.

Principle No. 22
Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or
sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

Types of Treatment Facility

D. Privy and Privy Vaults
Privy – An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement.

Privy Vaults – A pit beneath a privy where excrement collects.

E. Septic Vaults – A water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary

plumbing system or part thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest organic
matter through a period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge into the soil
outside of the tank through a system of open-jointed sub-surface piping or a seepage pit
meeting the requirements of this Code.

Principle No. 17
If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no
sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a
septic tank.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 80
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
Types of Disposal
A. Sewer Mains – A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater. A common sewer
directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights of
connections. “Main Sewer”

B. Cesspool – A non-watertight lined excavation in

the ground which receives the discharge of a
sanitary drainage system or part thereof,
designed to retain the organic matter and solids
discharging therefrom, but permitting the liquid
to seep through the bottom and sides of the
cesspool.

C. Seepage Pit – A loosely lined excavation in the

ground, which receives the discharge of a septic
tank and designed to permit the effluent from the
septic tank to seep through bottom and sides.

D. Disposal Field – much like a seepage pit wherein effluent are discharged to the ground, the
difference is that a disposal field does not necessary have to be deep but, rather, trenches
are made to cater discharge pipes.

Book References:
R.A. 1378: The Plumbing Law of the Philippines of 1999
Salvan, George S., Architectural Utilities 01: Plumbing and Sanitary, 2nd Edition, 2005
Ching, Francis D. K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Davies, Nikolas and Jokiniemi, Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, First Edition, 2008
Ravina, Danilo V, A Short Course in Plumbing and Sanitary Engineering

Web References:

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 81
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Lesson 07: PLUMBING
DESIGN and ESTIMATES
 Fixture Quantity and Rate of Flow

 Water Supply and Distribution System

 Drainage, Waste and Vent System

 Septic Vault

 Material Take-Off

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
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 PLUMBING DESIGN

FIXTURE QUANTITY

Step 01. Determine the following data:

1. Type of Building Occupancy
2. Probable Number of Occupants per floor and Gender Stratification.

Step 02. Using Table S01, determine the number of fixture needed for each floor.

Table S01: MINIMUM FIXTURE QUANTITIES

BUILDING TYPE OR BATHTUBS DRINKING
WATER CLOSET URINAL LAVATORIES FOUNTAIN
OCCUPANCY OR
[Note 9a] [Note 3, Note
[Note 2] SHOWERS
Male Female Male Female 12]
1: 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 0: 1- 9 1 : 40 1 : 40
Assembly Places - Theaters,
Auditoriums, Convention

2: 16 - 25 3 : 16 - 35 Note 13 1: 10 - 50
Permanent
3: 26 - 55 4 : 36 - 55
Employee Use
Over 55, add: Over 50, add:
Halls, etc.

1 : 40 1: 40 1 : 50
1 : 1 - 100 3: 1- 50 1 : 1 - 100 1 : 1 - 200 1 : 1 - 200 1 : 75
2 : 101 - 200 4: 51 - 100 2 : 101 - 200 2 : 201 - 400 2 : 201 - 400
Note 13

Public use 3 : 202 - 400 8: 101 - 200 3 : 201 - 400 3 : 401 - 750 3 : 401 - 750
11 : 201 - 400 4 : 401 - 600
Over 400, add: Over 600, add: Over 750, add:
1 : 500 2 : 300 1 : 500 1 : 500 1 : 500
1 : 10 1: 8 1 : 25 1 : 12 1 : 12 1: 8
School or
Over 10, add: Over 8: add Over 150, add: Over 150, add:
Labor
Dormitories

1 : 25 1 : 20 1: 50 1 : 20 1 : 15
[Note 9]

Note 13

1 : 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 1: 50 1 : 40 1 : 40 1: 8
2 : 16 - 35 3 : 16 - 35
Staff Use 3 : 36 - 55 4 : 36 - 55
Over 55, add:
1: 40 1 : 40
per
Single 1 per dwelling 1 per dwelling 1 dwelling
Dwellings
[Note 4]

per
Multiple or
1 per dwelling or apartment 1 per dwelling or apartment 1 dwelling or
Apartment apartment

Waiting Room 1 per room 1 per room 1 : 75

1: 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 0: 1- 9 1 : 40 1 : 40 1 : 75
Hospital

2: 16 - 35 2 : 16 - 35 1: 10 - 50
Note 13

Employee Use 3 : 36 - 55 3 : 36 - 55
Over 55, add: Over 50, add: Over 150, add:
1 : 40 1 : 40 1: 50 1 : 20 1 : 15
Individual Rm. 1 per person 1 per room 1 per room 1 : 75
Ward Room 1 : 8 patients 1 : 10 patients 1 : 20 1 : 75
Industrial 1 : 1 - 10 1 : 1- 10 1 : 10 1 : 10 1 : 15 1 : 75
2 : 11 - 25 2 : 11 - 25 Over 100 For each
Warehouses, persons exposed
Workshops, 3 : 26 - 50 3 : 26 - 50 1 : 15 1 : 15 to excessive
[Note 7, Note 8]
Foundries and Other 4 : 51 - 75 4 : 51 - 75 heat or to skin
contamination
Establishment for 5 : 76 - 100 5 : 76 - 100 with poisonous,
Over 100, add: infectious, or
employee use irritating
[Note 6] 1: 30 1 : 30 material.

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BUILDING TYPE OR WATER CLOSET LAVATORIES BATHTUBS DRINKING
OCCUPANCY
URINAL OR FOUNTAIN
[Note 9a] [Note 3, Note
[Note 2] Male Female Male Female SHOWERS 12]
(non-hospital or penal) 1: 25 1 : 20 0: 1 -9 1 : 10 1 : 10 1: 8 1 : 75
Institutional Building

On each
1: 10 - 50
occupied floor
Over 50, add:
public use
1 : 50
1: 1- 15 1 : 1 - 15 0 : 1 -9 1 : 40 1 : 40 1: 8 1 : 75
On each
2 : 16 - 35 3 : 16 - 35 1 : 10 - 50
occupied floor
for employee 3 : 36 - 55 4 : 36 - 55
use Over 55, add: Over 50, add:
1 : 40 1 : 40 1 : 50
1: 1- 100 1 : 1 - 200 1 : 1 - 100 1 : 1 - 200 1 : 1 - 200 1 : 75
Office or Public Buildings

2 : 101 - 200 2 : 201 - 400 2 : 101 - 200 2 : 201 - 400 2 : 201 - 400

Note 13
3 : 201 - 400 3 : 401 - 750 3 : 201 - 400 3 : 401 - 750 3 : 401 - 750
For Public Use
4 : 401 - 600
Over 55, add: Over 600, add: Over 750, add:
1 : 500 2 : 55 1 : 300 1 : 500 1 : 500
1 : 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 0 : 1 -9 1 : 40 1 : 40
2 : 16 - 35 3 : 16 - 35 1 : 10 - 50
For Employee
3 : 36 - 55 4 : 36 - 55 Note 13
Use
Over 55, add: Over 50, add:
1 : 40 1 : 40 1: 50
1 : 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 0: 1 -9 1 : 40 1 : 40 1 : 75
2 : 16 - 35 3 : 16 - 35 1: 10 - 50
Note 13
Penal Institute

For Employee
3 : 36 - 55 4 : 36 - 55
Use
Over 55, add: Over 50, add:
1: 40 1 : 40 1: 50
For Prison Use
 Cell 1 per cell 1 per cell 1 per cell
 Exercise per exercise per exercise
1 per exercise room 1 room 1 per exercise room 1 room
Room
1: 1 - 50 1 : 1 - 15 1: 1 - 150 1 : 1 - 150 1 : 1 - 150
Restaurant, Pubs, 2 : 51 - 150 3 : 16 - 35 2 : 151 - 200 2 : 151 - 200
and Lounge 3 : 150 - 300 4 : 36 - 55 3 : 201 - 400 3 : 201 - 400
Over 300, add: Over 150, add: Over 400, add:
[Note 10] 1 : 200 1 : 200 1 : 150 1 : 400 1 : 400
1 : 1 - 15 1 : 1 - 15 1 : 50 1 : 1 - 150 1 : 1 - 150
2 : 16 - 35 3 : 16 - 35 2 : 151 - 200 2 : 151 - 200
For Staff Use
3 : 36 - 55 4 : 36 - 55 3 : 201 - 400 3 : 201 - 400
(All Schools)
Over 55, add: Over 400, add:
1: 40 1 : 40 1 : 400 1 : 400
For Student
Use
1: 1 - 20 1 : 1 - 20 1 : 1 - 25 1 : 1 - 25 1 : 75
Schools

2: 21 - 50 2 : 21 - 50 2 : 26 - 50 2 : 26 - 50
 Nursery
Over 50, add: Over 50, add:
1: 50 1 : 50 1 : 50 1 : 50
 Elementary 1 : 30 1 : 25 1: 75 1 : 35 1 : 35 1 : 75
 Secondary 1 : 40 1 : 30 1: 35 1 : 40 1 : 30 1 : 75
 Others
(Colleges,
University,
1: 40 1 : 30 1: 35 1 : 40 1 : 30 1 : 75
Adult
Centers,
etc.)
Educational 1 : 25 1 : 75 1: 25 1: 2 Water Closet 1 : 75
Worship
Places

Note 13

and Activities 2 : 26 - 250 2 : 76 - 125

Unit 3 : 126 - 250
Principal 1 : 150 1 : 75 1 : 150 1: 2 Water Closet 1 : 75
Whenever urinals are provided, one (1) water closet is subtracted from the number specified on this table, except that the
number of water closets in such cases shall not be reduced to less than two-thirds (2/3) of the minimum specified.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 NOTES:
1 The figures shown are based upon one (1) fixture being the minimum required for the number or persons indicated or any
fraction thereof.
2 Building categories not shown on this table shall be considered separately by the Administrative Authority.
3 Drinking Fountains shall not be installed in the toilet rooms.
4 Laundry Trays: One (1) laundry tray or one (1) automatic washer standpipe for each dwelling unit or two (2) laundry trays
or two (2) automatic washer standpipes, or combination thereof, for each ten (10) apartments. Kitchen Sinks. One (1) for
each dwelling or apartment units.
5 As required by ANSI Z4.1, Sanitation in Places of Employment.
6 Where there are exposure to skin contamination with poisonous, infectious, or irritating materials, provide one (1) lavatory
for each five (5) persons.
7 Wide 609.6 mm or wash sink 457.2 mm Diameter Circular Basin, when provided with water outlets for such space, shall
be considered equivalent to one (1) lavatory.
8 Laundry Trays: One (1) for each fifty (50) persons. Slop Sinks: one (1) for each 100 persons.
9 General. In applying this schedule of facilities, consideration must be given to the accessibility of the fixtures. Conformit y
purely on a numerical basis may not result in an installation suited to the need of the individual establishment. For example,
schools shoul be provided with the toilet facilities on each floor having classrooms. Temporary working facilities, one (1)
water closet and one (1) urinal for each 30 workmen.
a. Surrounding materials, wall ample floor space to a point 0.6 M in-front of urinal lip and 1.2 M above the floor and at
least 0.6 M to each side of the urinal shall be lined with non-absorbent materials.
b. Trough urinals are prohibited.
10 A restaurant is defined as a business, which sells food to be consumed in the premises.
a. The number of occupants for a drive-in restaurants shall be considered equal to the number of parking stalls.
b. Employee toilet facilities are no to be included in the above restaurant requirements. Hand Washing facilities must be
available in the kitchen for employees.
11 When food is to be consumed indoors, water stations may be substituted for drinking fountains. Theaters, auditoriums,
dormitories, offices, or public buildings, for use by more than six (6) persons shall have one (1) drinking fountain for the
first seventy-five (75) persons and one (1) additional fountain for each hundred fifty (150) persons thereafter.
12 There shall be a minimum of one (1) drinking fountain per occupied floor in schools, theaters, auditoriums, dormitories,
offices, or public buildings.
13 The total number of water closets for female shall be at least equal to the total number of water closets and urinals required
for males.

RATE OF FLOW FROM FIXTURE LOAD

Step 01. Determine the quantity of fixtures required or supplied.

Step 02. Tabulate the data for each floor together with its equivalent Water Supply Fixture
Unit (WSFU) found on Table S02.

Table S02: EQUIVALENT WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT

Number of Water Supply
Item
Fixture Fixture Unit (WSFU)
No.
Private Use Public Use
1 Bar Sink 1 2
2 Bathtub (with or without shower over) 2 4
3 Bidet 2 4
4 Dental Unit or Cupsidor - 1
5 Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2
6 Hose Bibb or sill cock (standard type) 3 5
7 Laundry Tub or Clothes Washers (each pair) 2 4
8 Lavatory 1 2
9 Lavatory (dental) 1 1
10 Lawn Sprinklers (standard type, each head) 1 1
11 Mobile Home 6 6
12 Shower 2 4
13 Sink (bar) 1 2
14 Sink (flushing rim, clinic) - 10
15 Sink or Dishwasher 2 4
16 Sink (wash-up circular spray) - 4
17 Sink (wash-up, each set of faucet) - 2
18 Urinal (flush tank) - 3

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Number of Water Supply
Item
Fixture Fixture Unit (WSFU)
No.
Private Use Public Use
19 Urinal (pedestal or similar tank) - 10
20 Urinal (stall) - 5
21 Urinal (wall) - 5
22 Water Closet (flush tank) 3 5
23 Water Closet (economical flush) 2.5 4
24 Water Closet (flushometer-tank) 3 5
25 Water Closet* (flushometer valve)
Water supply outlets for items not listed above shall be * *
computed at their maximum demand but in case less than:
9.5 mm 1 2
13 mm 2 4
19 mm 3 6
25 mm 6 10

Step 03. Compute for the total WSFU value for each facility per floor.

Step 04. Convert the WSFU value to Rate of Flow (Q) in Gallons per Minute [GPM] or in
Liters per Second [Lps] or in Cubic Meters per Second [M3/sec].

Table S03: ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

WATER DEMAND, gpm WATER DEMAND, gpm
WATER WATER
For System For System with For System For System with
LOAD, LOAD,
with Flush Flushometer with Flush Flushometer
WSFU WSFU
Tanks Valve Tanks Valve
6 5.0 225 70.0 97.0
8 6.5 250 75.0 101.0
10 8.0 27.0 275 80.0 105.5
12 9.2 28.6 300 85.0 110.0
14 10.4 30.2 400 105.0 126.0
16 11.6 31.8 500 125.0 142.0
18 12.8 33.4 750 170.0 178.0
20 14.0 35.0 1,000 208.0 208.0
25 17.0 38.0 1,250 240.0 240.0
30 20.0 41.0 1,500 267.0 267.0
35 22.5 43.8 1,750 294.0 294.0
40 24.8 46.5 2,000 321.0 321.0
45 27.0 49.0 2,250 348.0 348.0
50 29.0 51.5 2,500 375.0 375.0
60 32.0 55.0 2,750 402.0 402.0
70 35.0 58.5 3,000 432.0 432.0
80 38.0 62.0 4,000 525.0 525.0
90 41.0 64.8 5,000 593.0 593.0
100 43.5 67.5 6,000 643.0 643.0
120 48.0 72.5 7,000 685.0 685.0
140 52.5 77.5 8,000 718.0 718.0
160 57.0 52.8 9,000 745.0 745.0
180 61.0 87.0 10,000 769.0 769.0
200 65.0 91.5 Note: If the Water Load Value is not found on the table,
the next value of the Water Demand may be used or
1 gpm= 6.3 x 10-5 m3/s = 0.063 L/s ratio and proportion may be done.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
FIXTURE SYMBOLS AND LAYOUT

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WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, DESIGN AND COMPUTATION

Water Supply and Distribution Symbols

Computation
F. Water Demand
a. Average Day Demand (ADD) – sum of the daily demand in one year divided by the
number of days of that year.

Step 01. Determine the following data:

1. Design Population (PD) Where:
PD = Design Population
PD = N × 1.15 N = Present Population
1.15 = Based on 3% increase in population for the
design period of 5 years

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 2. Water Consumption Rate (WCR) from Table S04.

Table S04: WATER CONSUMPTION RATE PER OCCUPANCY

DEMAND
BUILDING TYPES
(Liters/Capita/Day)
Airports /passenger 11 – 19
Apartments /resident 151
Auditorium /seat 19
Boarding House /boarder 150 – 189
Residential House /resident 189 – 284
Factory /person/shift 57 – 132
Hotels w/ T & B (twin sharing) 227
Hotels w/o T & B /person 189
Hospitals /bed 946 – 1514
Institutional /person 284 – 473
Restaurants:
w/ Toilet /person 26 – 38
w/o Toilet /person 9 – 11
w/ Bar/Cocktail (add’l) 8
School /student:
w/ Gym, Canteen, Sho. 95
w/ Canteen 75
w/o Gym, Canteen, Sho. 57
Stores /toilet 1514
Office /person/shift 57

Step 02. Determine Average Day Demand (ADD) in Liters per Day [Lpd]
Where:
ADD = Average Day Demand
ADD = PD × WCR
PD = Design Population
WCR = Water Consumption Rate
b. Maximum Day Demand (MDD) – the day with the highest water demand in Liters per
Day [Lpd]
Where:
MDD = Maximum Day Demand
MDD = ADD × 1.30 ADD = Average Day Demand
1.30 = Approximate increase difference of
Maximum and Average Day Demand
c. Maximum Hour Demand (MHD) – peak hour demand is any hour of the day when the
water demand is at its maximum in Liters per Minute. [Lpm]

If population is:
Where:
( 3.0 × ADD ) ADD = Average Day Demand
< 600, MHD = time = Duration of Usage
time x 60 min/Hr Office Building = 8-9 hrs
Housing = 15 hrs
( 2.5 × ADD )
> 600, MHD = Classrooms = 16.25 hrs
time x 60 min/Hr Dormitory = 16.25 hrs
Hotels = 11 hrs

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G. Storage Tanks

Determining the Volume of Cistern Tank (VCT) in Liters [L]

a.) Method 01: By Average Day Demand

Step 01. Determine Average Day Demand (ADD) in Liters per Day [Lpd]

Step 02. Determine Volume Of Cistern Tank (VCT) in Liters [L]

Where:
VCT = ADD × 1.03 ADD = Average Day Demand
1.03 = Compensation for water loss
due to evaporation.
Step 03. Specify materials (refer to Table S05) or design cistern tank. Note: Cistern
Tanks to be used shall be double the computed volume.

Table S05: SIZES OF VERTICAL STAINLESS STEEL TANKS

New Approx. Cap Diameter Total Height
Code Liters Gallons mm Inches mm Inches
240 240 64 650 25 ½ 1,060 41 ¾
340 340 90 650 25 ½ 1,350 53
400 400 105 760 30 1,300 51
480 480 125 760 30 1,450 57
500 500 132 700 28 1,760 69
600 600 160 760 30 1,760 69
775 784 206 850 33 ½ 1,760 69
800 800 210 970 38 1,530 60
1000 1,000 260 970 38 1,830 72
1200 1,168 309 1,050 41 1,850 73
1500 1,500 400 1,050 41 2,100 82
1700 1,700 450 1,230 48 1,900 75
2000 2,000 526 1,230 48 2,210 87
2600 2,651 700 1,420 56 2,210 87
3200 3,228 853 1,420 56 2,520 99
3800 3,797 1,003 1,420 56 2,830 111
4000 3,992 1,055 1,700 67 2,210 87
4200 4,222 1,116 1,420 56 3,130 123
4600 4,567 1,207 1,700 67 2,520 99
5300 5,259 1,389 1,700 67 2,830 111
6000 5,951 1,572 1,700 67 3,130 123
6900 6,919 1,828 1,900 75 2,830 111
7700 7,675 2,028 1,900 75 3,130 123
8000 7,982 2,109 2,200 87 2,800 110
10500 10,570 2,793 2,200 87 3,400 134
12800 12,880 3,403 2,200 87 4,000 158
15000 15,146 4,000 2,200 87 4,650 183
Note: Data are from Bestank Brand. Other brands may have varying specifications.

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 b.) Method 02: By Fixture Load and Water Demand

Step 01. Determine Rate of Flow (Q) in cubic meters per second [M3/sec]

Step 02. Determine Volume Of Cistern Tank (VCT) in Liters [L]

VCT = Q × time × 1.03 × 1000

Where:
time = Duration to satisfy demand: use either 30 min or 1 hr
1.03 = Compensation for water loss due to evaporation.
1000 = conversion from cubic Meter to Liters

Step 03. Specify materials (refer to Table S05) or design cistern tank. Note: Cistern
Tanks to be used shall be double the computed capacity.

Design for Concrete Cistern

Volume of Overhead Tank (VGT) shall be that of either a full capacity of a Cistern tank
or a quarter of the volume of the Cistern.

H. Main Water Distribution Lines

a. Direct Upfeed System

Step 01. Determine the following data:
1. Rate of Flow (Q) from fixture load and convert to water demand in Liters
per second [Lps] and in Cubic Meters per second [M3/sec]

2. Pressure at Water Main Pipe (PWMP) in kilopascal [kPa]

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 3. Size of Water Meter
a. Determine the pressure range by subtracting 9.81 kPa per Meter of
vertical difference between the water source and the farthest or highest
outlet to the available pressure at the water main or source.
b. Determine the total value of water supply fixture unit.
c. Determine the required length of the piping system from the meter to the
farthest or highest outlet.
d. Using Table S06A, Table S06B, or Table S06C, determine the size of
the Water Meter.

Table S06A: SIZE OF WATER METER and SUPPLY (207 – 310 kPa or 30 – 45 psi)
Supply
Water
and
FIXTURE UNIT VALUE Meter
Branches
(mm)
(mm)
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 13
16 16 14 12 9 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 19 19
29 25 23 21 17 15 13 12 10 8 6 6 6 6 6 19 25
36 31 27 25 20 17 15 13 12 10 8 9 6 6 6 25 25
54 47 42 38 32 28 25 23 20 17 14 12 12 11 11 25 32
78 68 57 48 38 32 28 25 21 18 15 12 12 11 11 38 32
150 124 105 91 70 57 49 45 36 31 26 23 21 20 20 38 38
151 129 129 110 80 64 53 46 28 32 27 23 21 20 20 51 38
220 205 190 176 155 138 127 120 104 85 70 61 57 54 51 38 51
370 327 292 265 217 185 164 147 125 96 70 61 57 54 51 51 51
445 418 390 370 330 300 280 265 240 220 198 175 158 143 133 51 64
12 18 24 30 46 61 76 91 122 152 183 213 244 274 305
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH (M)

Table S06B: SIZE OF WATER METER and SUPPLY (317 – 413 kPa or 46 – 60 psi)
Supply
Water
and
FIXTURE UNIT VALUE Meter
Branches
(mm)
(mm)
7 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 13
20 20 19 17 14 11 9 8 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 19 19
39 39 36 33 28 23 21 19 17 14 12 10 9 8 8 19 25
39 39 39 36 30 25 23 20 18 15 12 10 9 8 8 25 25
78 78 76 67 52 44 39 36 30 27 24 20 19 17 16 25 32
78 78 78 78 66 52 44 39 33 29 24 20 19 17 16 38 32
151 151 151 151 128 105 90 78 62 52 42 38 35 32 30 38 38
151 151 151 151 150 117 98 84 67 55 42 38 35 32 30 51 38
370 370 340 318 270 240 220 198 170 150 135 123 110 102 94 38 51
370 370 370 370 368 318 280 250 205 165 142 123 110 102 94 51 51
654 654 610 580 535 500 470 440 400 365 335 315 285 267 250 51 64
12 18 24 30 46 61 76 91 122 152 183 213 244 274 305
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH (M)

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Table S06C: SIZE OF WATER METER AND SUPPLY (Over 413 kPa or Over 60 psi)
Meter Building
and Supply
FIXTURE UNIT VALUE Street and
Service Branches
(mm) (mm)
7 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 19 13
20 20 20 20 17 13 11 10 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 19 19
39 39 39 39 35 30 27 24 21 17 14 13 12 12 11 19 25
39 39 39 39 38 32 29 26 22 18 14 13 12 12 11 25 25
78 78 78 78 74 62 53 47 39 31 26 25 23 22 21 25 32
78 78 78 78 78 74 65 54 43 34 26 25 23 22 21 38 32
151 151 151 151 151 151 130 113 88 73 51 51 46 43 40 38 38
151 151 151 151 151 151 142 122 98 82 64 51 46 43 40 51 38
370 370 370 370 370 335 305 282 244 212 187 172 153 141 129 38 51
370 370 370 370 370 370 370 340 288 245 204 172 153 141 129 51 51
654 654 654 654 654 650 610 570 510 460 430 404 380 356 329 51 64
12 18 24 30 46 61 76 91 122 152 183 213 244 274 305
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH (M)

4. Pressure Loss at Meter; Refer to Chart A or Assume 69 kPa.

Chart A: PRESSURE LOSS AT WATER METER

5. Gravity Head in kilopascal [kPa]

Gravity Head = Total Height x 9.81 kPa/m

Where:
Total Height = total vertical measurement from the water main up to the
highest fixture being served or the highest fixture with the highest
pressure requirement.
9.81 = Gravitational force

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 6. Pressure at Fixture to be maintained. Usually the highest fixture being
served or the highest fixture with the highest pressure requirement (refer to
Table S07.

Table S07: FIXTURE RATE OF FLOW AND PRESSURE

REQUIREMENT
MINIMUM SUPPLY
FLOW RATE
FIXTURE PRESSURE
(gpm) (l/min) (psi) (kPa)
Aspirator 2.5 10 8 55
Bathtub Faucet 5 19 8 55
Bidet 2 7.5 4 28
Combination Fixture 4 15 8 55
Dishwashing Machine 4 15 8 55
Drinking Fountain Jet 0.75 3 8 55
Hose Bib or Sillcock, 5 19 8 55
Laundry Faucet 5 19 8 55
Laundry Machine 4 15 8 55
Lavatory Faucet, ordinary 2 7.5 8 55
Lavatory Faucet, self-closing 2.5 10 8 55
Shower Head 5 19 8 55
Shower, temperature controlled 3 10 20 138
Sink Faucet 6 23 8 55
Urinal Flush Valve 15 56 15 110
Water Closet with Flush Valve 35 132 25 170
Water Closet with Flush Tank 2.5 10 8 55
Source: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fixture-water-capacity-d_755.html

Step 02. Determine Pressure Head (PH) in kilopascal [kPa]

Where:
a = Pressure Loss at Meter [kPa]
Ph = a + b + c b = Gravity Head [kPa]
c = Pressure at fixture to be maintained at the top –
use 69 kPa, or refer to Table S07
Step 03. Determine Pressure Available For Pipe Friction (PA) in kilopascal [kPa]
Where:
PA = PWMP – Ph PWMP = Pressure at Water Main Pipe
Ph = Pressure Head in kilopascals

Step 04. Determine Pressure at Pipeline (PP) in kilopascal per Meter [kPa/M]
Where:
PA = Pressure Available for Pipe Friction
PA
PP = LEFF = Effective horizontal length in meters
LEFF = (Total Measured horizontal length) x 1.85
1.85 = Equivalent value for fittings and valves
Step 05. Determine Hydraulic Slope (S)
Where:
PP = Pressure at Pipeline
PP 9.81 = Gravitational force
S=
9.81 kPa/m

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 Step 06. Determine Diameter of Main Supply Pipe (D) in millimeters [mm] using
the Hazen-Williams Formula:

√
2.63
Q
D= 0.28 x C x S0.54 x 1000

Where:
Q = Rate of Flow in cubic meters per second [m3/sec]
C = Hazen-Williams Coefficient, (refer to Table S08)
S = Hydraulic Slope
D = Ø of pipe
1000 = conversion from meters to millimeters

Table S08: HAZEN-WILLIAMS COEFFICIENT

Hazen-Williams
Material
Coefficient (c)
ABS – Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene 130
Aluminum 130-150
Asbestos Cement 140
Brass 130-140
Brick Sewer 90-100
Cast-Iron – New Unlined (CIP) 130
Cast-Iron, wrought plain 100
Cement Lining 130-140
Concrete 100-140
Concrete Lined, steel forms 140
Concrete Lined, wooden forms 120
Concrete, old 100-110
Copper 130-140
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) 140
Ductile Iron, cement lined 120
Fiber 140
Fiber Glass Pipe – FRP 150
Galvanized Iron 120
Glass 130
Lead 130-140
Metal Pipes – very to extremely smooth 130-140
Plastic 130-150
Polyethylene, PE, PEH 140
Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, CPVC 150
Smooth Pipes 140
Steel new unlined 140-150
Steel, corrugated 60
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Steel, interior riveted, no projecting rivets 110
Steel, projecting girth and horizontal rivets 100
Steel, vitrified, spiral-riveted 90-110
Steel, welded and seamless 100
Tin 130
Vitrified Clay 110
Wrought Iron, plain 100

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 Step 07. Specify Materials (refer to Table S09)

Table S09: PIPE SIZES

Iron Pipes uPVC CPVC PPR (PN 10) PPR (PN 20) PEX
Nominal
Pipe Size O.D. I.D. O.D. I.D. O.D. I.D. O.D. I.D. O.D. I.D. O.D. I.D.
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1/8" 10.3 6.8
1/4" 13.7 9.2 13.7 8.5
3/8" 17.1 12.5 17.1 12.0 12.7 8.9
1/2" 21.3 15.8 20.0 15.6 21.3 15.3 20.0 16.2 20.0 13.2 15.9 12.1
3/4" 26.7 21.0 25.0 20.4 26.7 20.4 25.0 20.4 25.0 16.6 22.2 17.0
1" 33.4 26.6 32.0 27.2 33.4 26.1 32.0 26.2 32.0 21.2 28.6 22.0
1 1/4" 42.2 35.1 40.0 34.5 42.2 34.5 40.0 32.6 40.0 26.6 35.0 26.8
1 1/2" 48.3 40.9 50.0 43.2 48.3 40.4 50.0 40.8 50.0 33.4 41.3 31.6
2" 60.3 52.5 63.0 54.7 60.3 52.0 63.0 51.4 63.0 42.0 54.0 41.4
2 1/2" 73.0 62.7 75.0 66.4 73.0 62.1 75.0 61.4 75.0 50.0
3" 88.9 77.9 90.0 79.8 88.9 77.3 90.0 73.6 90.0 60.0
4" 114.3 102.3 110.0 97.4 114.3 101.6 110.0 90.0 110.0 73.4
Standard
6 M. 3 M. 3 M. 4 M. 4 M.
Length

b. Pneumatic Upfeed System

Step 01. Determine Rate of Flow (Q) from Fixture Loads and convert to water
demand in Liters per Second [Lps] or by Maximum Hour Demand

Step 02. Determine Total Dynamic Head (TDH) in Meters [M]

Static Static Friction
TDH = + +
Lift [M] Height [M] Losses [M]
Where:
Static Lift = water head measured from the outlet of the tank to the center of
the water pump
Static Height = water head measured from the center of the pump to the highest
fixture or the inlet of the overhead tank.

Friction Total Developed Length [M] x EF x 1.15 kPa/M

=
Losses 9.81 kPa/M
Where:
Total Developed Length = the total length of pipe
measured at its center
EF = equivalent value for fittings and valves;
use 1.85 or refer to Table S10.
1.15 kPa/M = due to friction
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 Table S10: DEVELOPED LENGTH OF FITTINGS AND VALVES
Diameter 90° 45° Standard Coupling or Gate Globe Angle
of Fitting Standard Standard Tee 90° Straight Run Valve Valve Valve
(mm) Elbow (M) Elbow (M) (M) of Tee (M) (M) (M) (M)
9.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 2.4 1.2
12.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.1 4.6 2.4
19.1 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 0.2 6.1 3.6
25.4 0.9 0.5 1.5 0.3 0.2 7.6 4.6
31.8 1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 0.2 10.6 5.5
38.1 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 0.3 13.7 6.7
50.8 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 0.4 16.7 8.5
63.5 2.4 1.5 3.6 0.8 0.5 19.8 10.3
76.2 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 0.6 24.3 12.2
101.6 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 0.8 38 16.7
127 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 1 42.6 21.3
152.4 6.1 3.6 9.1 1.8 1.2 50.2 24.3

Step 03. Determine Water Horsepower (WHP) in horsepower [hp].

Water Horsepower – power applied to the water by propeller

Where:
Q x TDH
WHP = Q = Rate of Flow in Liters per Second
75 TDH = Total Dynamic Head in Meters

Step 04. Determine Break Horsepower (BHP) in horsepower [hp].

Break Horsepower – power applied to the propeller by prime mover
Where:
E = Efficiency of Pump Motor
For centrifugal pump
WHP a. Up to 4M lift:
BHP = 60% - good installation
E 50% - poor installation
b. 4M to 5M lift = 40%

Step 05. Determine the Volume of Pressure Tank (VPT) in Liters [L].
Where:
Q = Rate of Flow in Liters per second [Lps]
f = acceptance factor, assume 0.31
15 x Q = 1 – [(14.7 + P1) / (14.7 + P2)]
VPT =
fxn P1 = Lower operational pressure; use 20 psi
P2 = Higher operational pressure; use 40 psi
n = number of pump cycle per hour,
= use 12 cycles/pump/hour

Step 06. Determine Size of Upfeed Pipe

*Follow method in Direct Upfeed System without pressure loss at water
meter, and pressure at water main pipe is replaced by Pressure at Pressure
Tank (PPT); use 20 – 40 psi for Pressure at Pressure Tank.

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 Step 07. Specify materials. Pipes (Refer to Table S09) and Pressure Tank (Refer to
Table S10)

Table S11: AVAILABLE SIZES OF PRESSURE TANK

Diameter Height (B) Pre- Connection Volume
Model Type (A) Charge
cm. in. cm. in. Bar in. L Gal.
WF10010VE Ver. 46 18.1 93.5 36.8 3 1 100 26
WF30010VE Ver. 64 25.2 121 47.6 4 1¼ 300 79
WF50010VE Ver. 75 29.5 152 59.8 4 1¼ 500 132
WF85010VE Ver. 80 31.5 192 75.6 4 2 850 224
WF150010VE Ver. 96 37.8 240 94.5 4 2 1500 396
WF200010VE Ver. 110 43.3 250 98.4 4 2 2000 528
WF2410H Hor. 44.5 17.5 33 13 1.5 1 24 6

c. Downfeed by Gravity System

A system for supplying water by transferring water from an overhead tank by gravity
Step 01. Determine the Volume of Cistern Tank (VCT) in Liters [L]. (refer to cistern
tank)

Step 02. Determine the Volume of Gravity Tank (VGT) in Liters [L].

Step 03. Determine Head of Water of Gravity Tank (HGT) in Meters [M].
Where:
PF = Pressure at highest fixture served
PF x 6.9 kPa/Psi
HGT = Use: 8 psi for shower
9.81kPa/M 10 psi for water closet
Or refer to Table S07
Step 04. Determine Transfer Pump and Main Upfeed Pipe
*Follow Step 01 to Step 04 of Pneumatic Upfeed System for transfer pump
and method in Direct Upfeed System for pipe size.

Step 05. Calculate the size of Main Downfeed Pipe (D) in millimeters [mm]

√
Q Where:
D= x 25.4 D = Ø of pipe in millimeters
75 Q = Rate of Flow [GPM]

Step 06. Specify Materials. Cistern Tank (refer to Table S05) and Pipes (Refer to
Table S09)

Table S12: COMMON MOTOR RATING OF WATER PUMPS

MOTOR POWER SUPPLY MOTOR POWER SUPPLY
RATING (hp) RATING (kW) RATING (hp) RATING (kW)
0.34 0.25 7.50 5.50
0.50 0.37 10.00 7.50
0.75 0.55 15.00 11.00
1.00 0.75 20.00 15.00
1.50 1.10 25.00 18.50
2.00 1.50 30.00 22.00
3.00 2.20 40.00 30.00
4.00 3.00 50.00 37.00
5.00 4.00 60.00 45.00

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I. Branch Water Distribution Line Sizing

Step 01. Determine the pressure range by subtracting 9.81 kPa per Meter of vertical
difference between the water source and the farthest or highest outlet to the
available pressure at the water main or source.

Step 02. Determine the total value of water supply fixture unit to be served.

Step 03. Determine the required length of the piping system from the water source to the
farthest or highest outlet of the branch.

Step 04. Using Table S06A, Table S06B, or Table S06C, determine the size of the
branch lines.

Standard Fixture Supply Assembly Detail

a.) Water Closet Assembly b.) Lavatory Assembly

c.) Shower and Bathtub Assembly d.) Kitchen Faucet Assembly

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DRAINAGE, WASTE, AND VENT SYSTEM, DESIGN AND COMPUTATION
A. Storm Drainage System

a. Roof Gutter
Step 01. Determine the following data:
1. Projected Roof Area to be served in square Meters [M2]; if the roof to
be served is sloping, determine the actual area of the sloping roof.

2. Rainfall Intensity (R) in millimeters per hour [mm/hr]; if not given,

assume 152 mm/h.

3. Slope of Roof Gutter in percentage; if not given, assume 1% slope

Step 02. Determine Diameter of Roof Gutter (DRG) of Semi-Circular Gutters using
Table R01; for rectangular gutters, multiply the DRG by 0.8868 to determine
the width and by 0.392 to determine the depth of water.

Table R01: SIZE OF SEMI-CIRCULAR GUTTERS

Diameter of Roof Maximum Rainfall (mm/hr)
Gutter (mm) 51 76 102 127 152
76 31.6 21.0 15.8 12.6 10.5
Slope 5.2 mm/m

102 66.9 44.6 33.4 26.8 22.3

(S = .005)

127 116.1 77.5 58.1 46.5 38.7

152 178.4 119.1 89.2 71.4 59.5
178 256.4 170.9 128.2 102.2 85.3
203 369.7 246.7 184.9 147.7 123.1
254 668.9 445.9 334.4 267.6 223.0
76 44.6 29.7 22.3 17.8 14.9

Horizontal Projected Roof Area (M2)

mm/m (S = .01)

102 94.8 63.3 47.4 37.9 31.6

Slope 10.4

127 163.5 108.9 81.8 64.4 54.5

152 252.7 168.6 126.3 100.8 84.1
178 362.3 241.5 181.2 144.9 120.8
203 520.2 347.5 260.1 208.1 173.7
254 947.6 631.7 473.8 379.0 315.9
76 63.2 42.2 31.6 25.3 21.0
mm/m (S = .02)

102 133.8 89.2 66.9 53.5 44.6

Slope 20.9

127 232.3 155.0 116.1 92.9 77.5

152 357.6 237.8 178.4 142.7 118.9
178 512.8 341.9 256.4 204.9 170.9
203 739.5 493.3 369.7 295.4 246.7
254 133.8 891.8 668.9 534.2 445.9
76 89.2 59.5 44.6 35.7 29.7
mm/m (S = .04)

102 189.5 126.3 94.8 75.8 63.2

Slope 41.7

127 328.9 219.2 164.4 131.5 109.6

152 514.7 343.3 257.3 206.2 171.9
178 724.6 483.1 362.3 289.9 241.4
203 1040.5 693.0 520.2 416.2 346.5
254 1858.0 1238.4 929.0 743.2 618.7

Step 03. Design the Roof Gutter. Note: When designing a gutter, always keep in mind
availability of materials.

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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 b. Roof Drains, Roof Leaders, and Downspouts
Step 01. Determine the following data:
1. Projected Roof Area to be served in square Meters [M2]; if the roof to
be served is sloping, determine the actual area of the sloping roof.

2. Rainfall Intensity (R) in millimeters per hour [mm/hr]; if not given,

assume 152 mm/h.

Step 02. Determine Sizes of Roof Drains, Roof Leaders, and Downspouts using Table
R02; for rainfall rates other than those listed below, determine the allowable
roof area

Table R02: SIZE OF ROOF DRAINS AND ROOF LEADERS

Size of Drain Rate of Various Rainfall Rates (mm/hr)
Leader of Flow
25 50 75 100 125 150
Pipe (mm) (L/s)
50 1.5 202 101 67 51 40 34
75 4.2 600 300 200 150 120 100
100 9.1 1,286 643 429 321 257 214
125 16.5 2,334 1,117 778 583 467 389
150 26.8 3,790 1,895 1,263 948 758 632
200 57.6 8,175 4,088 2,725 2,044 1,635 1,363
Horizontal Projected Roof Area (M2)

c. Storm Drains (Horizontal Pipe Lines other than the Roof Leader)
Step 01. Determine the following data:
1. Projected Roof Area to be served in square Meters [M2]; if the roof to
be served is sloping, determine the actual area of the sloping roof.

2. Rainfall Intensity (R) in millimeters per hour [mm/hr]; if not given,

assume 152 mm/h.

3. Slope of Storm Drain in percentage; if not given, assume 1% slope

Step 02. Determine Diameter of Storm Drain (DSD) using Table R03.

Table R03: SIZE OF STORM DRAINS

Diameter of Maximum Rainfall (mm/hr)
Storm Drain
(mm) 51 76 102 127 152
76.2 152.7 101.8 76.4 61.0 50.9
Slope 10.4 mm/m

101.6 349.3 232.8 174.7 139.7 116.4

Projected Roof
Horizontal

Area (M2)

127.0 620.6 413.7 310.3 248.2 206.9

(S = .01)

152.4 994.0 662.7 497.0 397.6 331.3

203.2 2,136.7 1,424.2 1,068.4 854.7 760.0
254.0 3,846.1 2,564.0 1,923.0 1,540.3 1,282.0
279.4 6,187.1 4,124.8 3,093.6 2,475.8 2,062.4
381.0 10,126.1 6,763.1 5,527.6 4,422.0 3,683.5

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 101
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Diameter of Maximum Rainfall (mm/hr)
Storm Drain
(mm) 51 76 102 127 152
76.2 152.7 101.8 76.4 61.0 50.9

Slope 20.9 mm/m

101.6 349.3 232.8 174.7 139.7 116.4

Horizontal Projected Roof Area (M2)

127.0 620.6 413.7 310.3 248.2 206.9

(S = .02)
152.4 994.0 662.7 497.0 397.6 331.3
203.2 2,136.7 1,424.2 1,068.4 854.7 760.0
254.0 3,846.1 2,564.0 1,923.0 1,540.3 1,282.0
279.4 6,187.1 4,124.8 3,093.6 2,475.8 2,062.4
381.0 10,126.1 6,763.1 5,527.6 4,422.0 3,683.5
76.2 305.5 213.2 152.7 121.7 101.8
Slope 41.7 mm/m

101.6 698.6 465.4 349.3 279.6 232.3

127.0 1,241.1 826.8 620.6 494.2 413.4
(S = .04)

152.4 1,988.1 1,272.3 994.0 797.1 633.3

203.2 4,274.4 2,847.4 2,136.7 1,709.4 1,423.2
254.0 7,692.1 5,128.1 3,846.1 3,079.6 2,564.0
279.4 12,374.3 8,249.5 6,187.1 4,942.3 4,124.8
381.0 22,110.2 14,752.5 11,055.1 8,853.4 7,362.3

B. Excreta and Vent Pipe Sizing

a. Trap and Trap Arm Sizing – shall be based on Table D01.

Table D01: Trap Arm Sizes and Drainage Fixture Units

Trap & Trap Drainage Fixture
Fixture
Arm Size Unit (DFU)
Bathtubs 38 2
Bidet 38 2
Clothes Washer 51 2
Dental Units or Cuspidors 32 1
Drinking Fountains 31 1
Floor Drains 51 2
Interceptors for Grease, Oil, etc. 51 3
Interceptors for Sand, Auto Wash, etc. 76 6
Laundry Tubs 38 2
Mobile Home Park Traps (One for each Trailer) 76 6
Receptors (Floor Sinks), Indirect Waste Receptors for
38 1
Refrigerators, Coffee Urns, Water Stations, etc.
Receptors, Indirect Waste Receptor for Commercial Sinks,
51 3
Dishwashers, Air Washers, Etc.
Shower, Single Stall 51 2
Shower, Gang (One unit per Head) 51 --
Sinks, and/or Dishwashers (Residential) 51 mm Min. Waste 38 2
Sinks, Bar, Commercial 51 mm Min. Waste 38 2
Sinks, Bar, Private 38 mm Min. Waste 38 1
Sinks, Commercial or Industrial, School, etc. including
Dishwashers, Wash Up Sinks, Wash Fountains 50.8 38 3
mm Waste
Sink, Flush Rim, Clinic 76 6
Sink, Service 51 3
Urinal, Pedestal, Trap Arm only 76 6
Urinal, Stall, Separate Trap 51 2
Urinal, Wall-Mounted, Integral Trap, Trap Arm only 51 3
Urinal, Wall-Mounted, Blowout, Integral Trap, Trap Arm
76 6
only
Urinal, Wall-Mounted, Washdown or Siphon Jet, Integral
51 2
Trap, Trap Arm only
Urinal, Wall-Mounted, Washout, Separate Trap 50.8 mm.
38 2
Min. Waste
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written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Trap & Trap Drainage Fixture
Fixture
Arm Size Unit (DFU)
Wash Basin, in Sets 38 2
Wash Basin (Lavatory) Single 32 1
Water Closet, Private Installation 76 4
Water Closet, Public Installation 76 6
Note: The Drainage Fixture Unit of Water Closet, Private Installation to be used for sizing of Septic
Vault shall be equal to 6 DFU.

Table D02: Maximum Trap Arm Length

Trap Arm Diameter Distance to Vent
(mm) (M)
32 0.76
38 1.07
51 1.52
76 1.83
102 & larger 3.05

b. Grease Trap/Interceptor Sizing

Step 01. Determine the following data:
1. Number of Meals Served (Nm) at peak hour in meals per hour

2. Waste/Sewage Flow (Fw) in Liters [L]

 With dishwashing machine = 22.7 L flow
 Without dishwashing machine = 18.9 L flow
 Single service kitchen = 7.6 L flow
 Food waste disposer = 3.8 L flow

3. Retention Time (T) in hours [hr]

 Commercial Kitchen Waste (Dishwasher) = 2.5 Hours
 Single Service Kitchen (Single Serving) = 1.5 Hours

4. Storage Factor (S)

 Fully equipped commercial kitchen: 8 hour operation = 1.0
16 hour operation = 2.0
24 hour operation = 3.0
 Single Service Kitchen = 1.5

Step 02. Determine the Volume of Grease Interceptor (VGI) in Liters [L]

VGI = NM x Fw x T x S
Step 03. Specify or design the Grease Interceptor.

c. Waste and Vent Pipe

Design Parameters:
1. A slope of two percent (2 %) or a 20 mm rise for every meter of run shall be
maintained on all horizontal piping of solid waste pipe or pipes that carry solid
waste. However, a one percent (1 %) slope or a 10 mm rise for every meter of run
may be used if and only if the following conditions are followed:
 The minimum pipe size shall be 102 mm in diameter; and
 The total drainage fixture load to be served by the pipe shall not exceed 80%
of the maximum fixture loading found on Table D03.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 2. All change in the direction of the flow shall be done using only 1/8 bends or 1/4
long sweep bends.
3. All connection for vertical to horizontal or horizontal to vertical piping shall be
made using a wye and 1/8 bend combination, two 1/8 bends, or a 1/4 long sweep
bends.
4. Vent Pipes shall have a minimum diameter of 32 mm or 1/2 the diameter of the
waste pipe being served.
5. All branch vents shall be placed at least 152 mm from the highest flood level rim of
the fixture being served.
6. All wet vents shall serve a maximum of two (2) drainage fixture unit only.

Sizing of Waste and Vent Pipes

Step 01. Determine the total Drainage Fixture Unit Load [DFU] value served by the
pipe using Table D01 and the total Developed Length of the Pipe [M]
excluding the trap arm of the pipe.

Step 02. Determine Pipe Size for Branch Lines, Building or House Drain, and Vent
Pipes using Table D03. Note: if the length of the pipe exceeds the maximum
but the load does not exceed, use the pipe size where the length of the pipe
does not exceed the maximum.

Table D03: MAXIMUM FIXTURE LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH

FOR EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPES
Size of Pipe (mm) 32 38 51 65 76 102 127 152 203 254 305
Maximum Fixture Unit of Drainage Piping:
Vertical 1 22 163 323 484 256 600 1,380 3,600 5,600 8,400
3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5
Horizontal 1 2 8 14 35 216 428 720 2640 4,680 8,2005
Maximum Length (M) of:
Vertical Piping 14 20 26 45 65 91 119 155 228
Horizontal (Unlimited)
Vent Piping (Vertical and Horizontal) (M)
Maximum Fixture
1 83 24 48 95 256 600 1380 3600
Unit
Maximum Lengths 14 18 37 55 65 91 119 155 228
Note:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closets or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack and not
to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on two (2) percent or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4 mm/m slope, multiply
horizontal fixture units by a factor of 0.8

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 d. Cleanout
Design Parameters:
1. Cleanouts shall be installed such that the cleaning along the direction of flow is
possible.
2. A cleanout must be placed on the following locations:
 At every fifteen (15) meters of waste pipe;
 At every change of direction of waste pipe;
 At every horizontal to vertical connection or vertical to horizontal connection;
and
 At an offset angle of equal to or more than 135°.
3. If a pipe is equal to or less than 1.5 meters in horizontal length, a cleanout may be
omitted.
4. All cleanouts must be readily. If a cleanout serves a waste pipe below grade, the
cleanout must extend above grade. If a cleanout is to be suspended below a floor,
the cleanout should either be placed on the floor being served by the waste pipe or
in the space between the ceiling and the floor above with an access panel located
not more than 6.10 meters from the cleanout. If a cleanout is placed in between a
floor and a ceiling, a clearance of not less than 305 mm, for cleanouts with a size
of 51 mm or less, or not less than 450 mm, for cleanouts with a size of more than
51 mm.

Sizing of Cleanouts – shall be based from Table D04

Table D04: SIZING OF CLEANOUTS

Size of Waste Pipe (mm) Size of Cleanout (mm)
38 38
51 38
64 64
76 64
102 and Larger 89

e. Building or House Sewer

Design Parameters:
1. A slope of two percent (2 %) or a 20 mm rise for every meter of run shall be
maintained on all horizontal piping of solid waste pipe or pipes that carry solid
waste. However, the following slopes may also apply if the given conditions are
met:
 A one percent (1 %) slope or a 10 mm rise for every meter of run may be used
if and only if the pipe shall have a diameter of 102 mm or 152.4 mm; and
 A half percent (0.5 %) slope or a 5 mm rise for every meter of run may be used
if and only if the pipe shall have a minimum diameter of 203 mm or larger.
2. All building sewer must be laid with the contents of Table D06.
3. Cleanout requirements for building or house sewer shall be the same as that of the
waste pipes.

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Sizing of Building or House Sewer – shall be based on Table D05.

Table D05: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM CAPACITY OF BUILDING OR

HOUSE SEWERS
Size of Pipe Slope
Pipe S = 0.5 % S=1% S=2%
(mm) (5.3 mm/m) (10.5 mm/m) (20.9 mm/m)
102 As specified in Table D05/
Not Applicable
152 No minimum loading
203 1,950 / 1,500 2,800 / 625 3,900 / 275
254 3,400 / 1,600 4,900 / 675 6,800 / 300
305 5,600 / 1,700 8,000 / 725 11,200 / 235
Maximum/Minimum Fixture Unit Loading
Note: Pipe Size of Building or House Sewer must not be smaller than
that of the Building or House Drain.

Table D06: CLEARANCES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Minimum Horizontal Distance In Clear Building Septic Disposal Seepage Pit
Required From: Sewer Vault Field or Cesspool
Building or structures¹ 0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
Property Line Adjoining Private Property Clear² 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
Water supply wells 15.2 m³ 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m
Trees 3.0 m
Seepage pits or cesspools 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m
On site domestic water service line 0.3 m5 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Distribution box 1.5 m 1.5 m
Pressure public water main 3.0 m6 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m

Note:
When disposal fields and/or seepage pits are installed in sloping ground, the minimum horizontal
distance between any part of the leaching system and ground surface shall be 4.60 meters.
1. Including porches and steps, whether covered or uncovered, breezeways, roofed porte-cocheres,
roofed patios, carports, covered walks, covered driveways and similar structures or appurtenances.

2. No building sewer or other drainage piping or part thereof, constructed of materials other than
that approved for use under or within the building, shall be installed under or within 0.60 meter of
any building or structure, nor less than 0.3 meter below the finish ground surface.

3. All drainage piping shall clear domestic water supply wells by at least 15.2 meters. This distance
may be reduced to not less than 7.6 meters when the drainage piping is constructed of materials
approved for use within a building.

4. Plus 0.6 m for each additional 0.3 m of depth in excess of 0.3 meters below the bottom of the drain
line.

5. The bottom of the water pipe, at all points, shall be at least 0.3 m above the top of the sewer or
drain line

6. For parallel construction – for crossings, approval by the Administrative Authority shall be
required.

7. These minimum clear horizontal distances shall also apply between disposal field, seepage pits,
and the ocean mean higher high tide line.

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 106
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
SEPTIC VAULT, DESIGN AND COMPUTATION

A. Sizing of Septic Vaults via Number of Bedrooms (For Residential Structure specifically
single family or multiple dwellings such as Apartments and Row Houses)

Step 01. Determine the Number of Bedrooms for Single Family Dwelling or Number
of Bedrooms per Unit and Number of Units for Multiple Dwelling structures.

Step 02. Determine the Volume of Septic Vault using Table D07.

Table D07: CAPACITY OF SEPTIC VAULTS USING BEDROOMS OR

FIXTURE LOAD
Single Family Other Uses: Minimum Septic
Multiple Dwelling
Dwellings Maximum Drainage Vault Capacity
Units or Apartments
Number of Fixture Units (DFU)
One Bedroom Each Gallons Liters
Bedrooms Served per Table D01
1 or 2 15 750 2,838.0
3 20 1000 3,785.0
4 2 units 25 1200 4,542.0
5 or 6 3 33 1500 5,677.5
4 45 2000 7,570.0
5 55 2250 8,516.3
6 60 2500 9,462.5
7 70 2750 10,408.8
8 80 3000 11,355.0
9 90 3250 12,301.3
10 100 3500 13,247.5

Note:
For Single Family Dwelling: for each extra bedroom, add 567.8 liters each.
For Multi Family Dwelling Units or Apartments:
Extra Bedroom within a Unit, add 567.8 liters each;
Extra dwelling units over 10, add 946.3 liters each.
For each Extra fixture units over 100, add 94.6 liters per fixture unit

* Septic Vault sizes in this table is the total capacity of the septic vault which include sludge
storage capacity and the connection disposal of domestic food waste units without further volume
increase.

Step 03. Specify or Design the Septic Vault (See Design Parameters).

B. Sizing of Septic Vaults via Drainage Fixture Unit

Step 01. Determine the Total Drainage Fixture Unit Load to be served by the Septic
Vault.

Step 02. Determine the Volume of Septic Vault using Table D07.
Note: Volume of Septic Vault shall include volume for digestive chamber and an outlet chamber.

Step 03. Specify or Design the Septic Vault (See Design Parameters).

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(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
C. Sizing of Septic Vaults via Waste or Sewage Flow

Step 01. Determine the following data:

1. Design Population (PD)
Where:
PD = Design Population
PD = N × 1.15 N = Present Population
1.15 = Based on 3% increase in population for the
design period of 5 years
2. Waste/Sewage Flow (Fw) from Table D08

Table D08: ESTIMATED WASTE/SEWAGE FLOW

Types of Occupancy Liters per Day
Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 per employee
18.9 per passenger
Auto Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Check with equipment manufacturer
Bowling Alleys (snack bar only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.9 per lane
Camps
Campground with central comfort station . . . . . . . . 132.5 per person
With flush toilets, no showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.6 per person
Day camps (no meals served) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 per person
Summer and seasonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.3 per person
Churches
Sanctuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 per seat
With kitchen waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 per seat
Dance Halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 per person
Factories
No showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.6 per employee
With showers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.5 per employee
Cafeteria, add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 per employee
Hospitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.3 per bed
Kitchen waste only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.6 per bed
Laundry waste only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.4 per bed
Hotels (No kitchen waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227.1 per bed (2 person)
Institutions
Residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.9 per person
Nursing home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.1 per person
Rest home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.1 per person
Laundry Shops
Self-service (Minimum 10 hours per day) . . . . . . . . 189.3 per wash cycle
Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Per manufacturer's specifications
Motel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.3 per bed space
With kitchen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227.1 per bed space
Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per employee
Parks
Mobile Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.3 per space
Picnic Parks (toilets only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per employee
Recreational Vehicles
Without hook-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.9 per space
With water and sewer hook-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.5 per space

The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 108
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.
 Types of Occupancy Liters per Day
Restaurants
Cafeterias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per employee
Toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 per customer
Kitchen waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 per meal
Add for garbage disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 per meal
Add for cocktail lounge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 per customer
Kitchen Waste
Disposal service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 per meal
Schools
Staff and office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per person
Elementary students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 per person
Intermediate and high . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per student
With gym and showers, add. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 per student
With cafeteria, add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 per student
Boarding, total waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.5 per person
Service Station, toilets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,785.0 for 1st bay
1,892.5 for each additional bay
Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.7 per employee
Public restrooms, add . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 per sq. m. of floor space
Swimming Pools, public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 per person
Theaters
Auditoriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 per seat
Drive-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 per space

3. Design Period of Volume of Septic Vault (T) in days. If not specified,

assume one (1) day.

Step 02. Determine Volume of Waste (VW) in Liters [L].

Vw = PD x FW x T

Step 03. Determine the Volume of Septic Vault (VSV) in Liters [L].

For Vw of equal to or less than 5677.5 Liters, VSV = VW x 1.5

For Vw of greater than 5677.5 Liters, VSV = VW x 0.75 + 1125

Note: Computed Volume of Septic Vault shall include volume for digestive chamber and an outlet
chamber.

Step 04. Specify or Design the Septic Vault (See Design Parameters).

Design Parameters:
Septic Vaults shall have a minimum of two (2) compartments. The inlet compartment
(Digestive Chamber) of any Septic Vault shall be not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the total
capacity of the tank, nor less than 2.0 M³ liquid capacity, and shall be at least 0.9 M in width
and 1.5 M in length. Liquid depth shall be not less than 0.6 M nor more than 1.8 M. The
secondary compartment (Outlet Chamber) of any Septic Vault shall have a minimum capacity
of 1.0 M³ and a maximum capacity of one-third (1/3) of the total capacity of such tank. In
Septic Vaults having over 6.0 m³ capacity, the secondary compartment may be not less than
1.5 M in length.
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law 109
(R.A. 8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the
written consent of the one who prepared these manual, the author.