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Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Systems: MPE 434
Instructor : Dr. Ahmed M. Elsayed
Associate professor
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Fayoum University

Sec work: 20 Marks IAET

(Quiz, Reports, Attendance, …..) Sec work: 13 Marks
Mid Term: 20 Marks Mid Term: 12 Marks
Final: 60 Marks Final: 55 Marks
Total: 100 Marks Total: 80 Marks

1- “Basic Fluid power” by Dudley A. pease,

second edition.
2- “Programmable Logic Controllers:
Programming Methods and Applications” by
John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth,
Jr.

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 Introduction
 Fluid properties & units
 Hydraulic principles
 Hydraulic & pneumatic symbols
 Design of electro-hydraulic (pneumatic) circuit
 Design of pneumatic circuit
 Using fluidsim program in simulation

 Hydraulic pumps
 Actuators
 Hydraulic Motors
 Hydraulic cylinders
 Semi-rotary actuators

 Accumulators
 Filters and Strainers

Introduction
In the industry we use three methods for transmitting power
from one point to another. Mechanical transmission is through
shafts, gears, chains, belts, etc. Electrical transmission is through
wires, transformers, etc. Fluid power is through liquids or gas in
a confined space. In this course, a structure of hydraulic systems
and pneumatic systems is presented (the advantages and
disadvantages of hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and mechanical
systems).
Fluid Power and Its Scope
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation,
control and transmission of forces and movement of
mechanical element or system with the use of pressurized
fluids in a confined system. Both liquids and gases are
considered fluids.

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Applications of fluid power

Hydraulics and pneumatics have almost unlimited application in the
production of goods and services in nearly all sectors of the country.
Agriculture Tractors; farm equipment such as mowers, ploughs, chemical
and water sprayers, fertilizer spreaders, harvesters
Automobiles power brakes, suspension systems, hydrostatic transmission

Aviation Fluid power equipment such as landing wheels in aircraft.

luggage loading and unloading systems, ailerons, aircraft
servicing, flight simulators
Glass industry Vacuum suction cups for handling
Machine tools Automated machine tools, numerically controlled(NC)
machine tools
Materials Jacks, hoists, forklifts, conveyor systems
handling
Under sea Submarines, under sea research vehicles, marine drives and
control of ships

Basic Components of a Hydraulic System

Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid as a
fluid for transmitting energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-using
point to accomplish useful work .

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Functions of the components in hydraulic circuit

1. The hydraulic actuator is a device used to convert the fluid power into mechanical
power to do useful work. The actuator may be of the linear type (e.g., hydraulic cylinder)
or rotary type(e.g., hydraulic motor) to provide linear or rotary motion, respectively.
2. The hydraulic pump is used to force the fluid from the reservoir to rest of the hydraulic
circuit by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
3. Valves are used to control the direction, pressure and flow rate of a fluid flowing
through the circuit.
4. External power supply (motor) is required to drive the pump.
5. Reservoir is used to hold the hydraulic liquid, usually hydraulic oil.
6. Piping system carries the hydraulic oil from one place to another.
7. Filters are used to remove any foreign particles so as keep the fluid system clean and
efficient, as well as avoid damage to the actuator and valves.
8. Pressure regulator regulates (i.e., maintains) the required level of pressure in the
hydraulic fluid.

Basic Components of a Pneumatic System

A pneumatic system carries power by employing compressed gas, generally air,
as a fluid for transmitting energy from an energy-generating source to an
energy-using point to accomplish useful work.

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The functions of various components

1. The pneumatic actuator converts the fluid power into
mechanical power to perform useful work.
2. The compressor is used to compress the fresh air drawn from
the atmosphere.
3. The storage reservoir is used to store a given volume of
compressed air.
4. The valves are used to control the direction, flow rate and
pressure of compressed air.
5. External power supply (motor) is used to drive the compressor.
6. The piping system carries the pressurized air from one location
to another.

Comparison between a hydraulic and a pneumatic system

No. Hydraulic System (Incompressible) Pneumatic System(compressible)

1 It employs a pressurized liquid It employs a compressed gas, usually

as a fluid air, as a fluid
2 An oil hydraulic system operates at A pneumatic system usually operates
pressures up to 700 bar at 5–10 bar
3 Generally designed as closed system Usually designed as open system
4 The system slows down when leakage Leakage does not affect the system
occurs much
5 Valve operations are difficult Valve operations are easy
6 Heavier in weight Lighter in weight
7 Pumps are used to provide Compressors are used to provide
pressurized liquids compressed gases
8 The system is unsafe to fire hazards The system is free from fire hazards
9 Automatic lubrication is provided Special arrangements for lubrication
are needed

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