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VII. SOCIETY AND CULTURE

• Norms - Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

MUST-KNOW for LET / Key Topics *Norms

A. Society • Folkways: standards of behavior that are socially approved but not
B. Culture morally significant
C. Social Structure
• Mores: norms of morality
D. Social Stratification
E. Cultural Diversity & Relativism • Taboos: subjects or behaviors absolutely forbidden by a culture
F. Ethnocentrism Vs Xenocentrism
G. Gemeinscahft vs Geselschaft (Ferdinand • Laws: formal rules enacted by the state
Tonnies)
H. Mechanical Vs Organic Solidarity Subculture vs Counterculture
(Emile Durkheim)
• Subculture: a category of people who share distinguishing
attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in
some significant manner from the dominant culture.
A. Society
• Counterculture: a group that strongly rejects dominant societal
• A distinct and relatively autonomous community whose members' values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.
mutual social relations are embedded in and expressed through
the medium of culture.' Deviance
• Any portion of a community regarded as a unit distinguishable by
particular aims or standards of living or conduct'. i.e. culture • Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social
• A group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share the norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
same cultural traditions or culture.'
• Interestingly – one who is considered “deviant” by one category of
B. Culture people may be seen as “conformist” in another group.

 The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects • It depends on the time, place and context in which it occurs, and
that are passed from person to person and from one generation to on the people who define and apply the norms.
the next in a human group or society.

Culture is… C. Social Structure

Learned unconscious shared
Integrated symbolic a way of life • Micro level: Individual behavior is shaped by statuses and roles.
Dynamic relative

Status: position in a social structure that determines where a

Elements of Culture person fits in a society

• *Material Culture- The physical or tangible (see, touch) objects that Role: set of expected behavior patterns, obligations and
members of a society make, use, and share privileges

Example. Raw Materials → Technology → Stuff Role conflict: occurs when one is pulled in different directions
from different statuses
• *Non-Material Culture - The abstract or intangible human creations
of society that influences people’s behavior Role Strain: incompatible demands are built into a single status

Example. Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family

patterns, political systems

• Symbols - Anything that meaningfully represents something else • Macro level: widely accepted, relatively stable clusters of roles,
statuses and groups that are designed to satisfy the basic needs of
• Language - A set of symbols that expresses ideas and enable a society.
people to think and communicate with one another.

• Values - Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, D. *Social Stratification
and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

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• The division of society into layers, or strata of people who have H. Mechanical Vs Organic Solidarity (Emile
unequal amounts of scarce but desirable resources. Durkheim)
• Refers to inequality among groups of people, not individuals. • Mechanical solidarity applies to societies in which all members
have common and shared social experiences, and special
• Social mobility: The movement of people from one social position subdivisions within a society are either absent or weak.
to another.
• Organic solidarity societies are formed by a system of different
Class and Caste System of Society organs, each of which has a specific role. They are held together to
A caste is a social category whose members are assigned a each other by one central organ which controls the rest of the
permanent status within a given social hierarchy and whose organism.
contacts are restricted accordingly.
*Dependency Theory
Class system has been defined as an abstract category of
persons arranged in levels according to the social status they • “Dependence is a conditioning situation in which the economies of
possess. A social class consists of a number of individuals who one group of countries are conditioned by the development and
share similar status often ascribed at birth but capable of being expansion of others.”
altered. 
• Model of metropolis-satellite exploitation and extraction of
economic surplus.

• It has origins in the colonial eras; the satellites then become the
colonial metropolises; development of the metropolis corresponds
E. Cultural Diversity & Relativism to and necessitates the underdevelopment of the satellites

• *Cultural diversity refers to the wide range of cultural differences

found between and within nations. It can be a result of natural
H
Society and Culture
circumstances (climate, geography) or social circumstances Multiple-Choice
(technology or demographics). Societies can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
1. Which among the following are examples of material culture?
A. Mores C. Sentiments
• *Cultural relativism is the belief that the behaviors and customs of
B. Clothings D. Folkways
any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own
standards or within the context of a particular society’s responses
2. Mormons once practiced the act of having multiple wives. What level
to problems and opportunities.
of social behavior would such act violate in today’s society?
A. Custom
F. Ethnocentrism Vs Xenocentrism B. Folkway
C. Mores
• *Ethnocentrism is the practice of judging all other cultures by one’s D. Law
own culture. It is based on the assumption that one’s own way of
life is superior to all others. 3. To prevent ethnocentrism, anthropologists and sociologists advocate
cross- cultural undertaking through a concept known as ________.
• *Xenocentrism refers to the desire to engage in the elements of A. global solidarity.
another's culture rather than one's own. Styles, ideas and products B. cultural relativism.
can all be items of preference by someone with xenocentrist C. ethical relativism.
viewpoints.  D. acculturation.

G. Gemeinscahft vs Geselschaft (Ferdinand 4. The function by which schools help children to participate effectively in
Tonnies) larger society is called_______.
A. socialization
• Gemeinschaft - Individuals in Gemeinschaft are regulated by B. enculturation
common mores or beliefs. It is broadly characterized by a C. education
moderate division of labor, strong personal relationships, strong D. acculturation
families, and relatively simple social institutions.
5. The Chinese minority group in the Philippines adopts the language,
• Gesellschaft - maintained through individuals acting in their own history, and manners of main stream Filipino culture as its own. What
self interest. Emphasizes secondary relationships rather than pattern of interaction occurs?
familial or community ties, and there is generally less individual A. Acculturation
loyalty to society. Characterized by a more elaborate division of B. Amalgamation
labor. C. Alienation
D. Accommodation

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6. The concept that different cultural patterns constitute different
solutions to problems and that these patterns should be interpreted in
terms of their total context is called ______.
A. assimilation
B. cultural shock
C. cultural relativism
D. cultural lag

7. When you as a Filipino makes use of spoon and fork in Canada

instead of the knife as the Canadians do, the Canadians call you “pig”.
What feeling do the Canadians express?
A. Ethnocentrism VIII. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY
B. Antagonism
C. Strangeness
D. Xenocentrism
MUST-KNOW for LET / Key Topics
8. One’s position in society is always inherited from one’s parents and
cannot be altered. What does this situation describe? A. Principles of Morality
A. The caste system B. Filipino Value System
B. The class system C. Theories of Values Formation
C. The slave system
D. The estate system

9. To which Filipino trait does the German word “gemeincshaft” A. Philosophy

correspond?
A. Bayanihan spirit *Principles of Morality
B. Pakikisama
C. Utang- na- loob  Fundamental options:
D. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
a. “Do good, avoid evil”
10. Children learn how to open a coconut and common chores in b. “Always do what is right”
coconut farm. In this instance, culture is transmitted by ______. c. “The end doesn’t justify the means”
A. immersion
B. enculturation  Dignity of human person: Created in the image and likeness of
C. assimilation God
D. acculturation
 *Principle of double effect: This principle aims to provide specific
guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform
an action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that the action
will also bring about bad results.

An act resulting to two inseparable effects, one good the other,

evil, is justified provided:
a. the act itself is good;
b. the evil effect is not intended,
c. The good effect does not come from evil effect
d. Due diligence is exercised to minimize the evil effect

Although it is permissible to tolerate a lesser evil to prevent a

greater one, or to promote a greater good, it is never
permissible, even in the gravest of circumstances to
intentionally do an evil so that good may come of it. Or in other
words it is never permissible to intend directly something which
contradicts a moral order.

*Natural Law

 What is natural must be respected. It flows from Divine Law

and the basis of all Human Law.

Fallacies of Relevance

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 Ad Baculum (Appeal To Force) relationship can be successful. Preference is usually given to
 Ad Misericordiam (Appeal To Pity) family and friends in hiring, delivery of services, and even in voting.
 Ad Populum (Appeal To Emotion)
 Ad Verecundiam (Appeal To Authority)  Extreme Family-Centeredness. While concern for the family is one
 Ad Hominem (Attack to the person) of the Filipino's greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a
 Ad Ignoratium (Appeal To Ignorance) serious flaw. Excessive concern for the family creates an in-group
to which the Filipino is fiercely loyal, to the detriment of concern for
the larger community or the common good. Excessive concern for
family manifests itself in the use of one's office and power as a
means of promoting the interests of the family, in factionalism,
patronage, and political dynasties, and in the protection of erring
family members.
B. Filipino Value System
 Lack of Discipline. The Filipino's lack of discipline encompasses
several related characteristics. We have a casual and relaxed
Strengths of the Filipino Character attitude towards time and space which manifests itself in lack of
precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management and in
 *Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (regard for others) –Pakikipagkapwa-tao is procrastination. We are guilty of ningas cogon, starting out projects
manifested in a basic sense of justice and fairness, and in concern with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down, leaving things
for others. It is demonstrated in the Filipino's ability to empathize unfinished.
with others, in helpfulness and generosity in times of need
(pakikiramay), in the practice of bayanihan or mutual assistance,  Passivity and Lack of Initiative. Filipinos are generally passive and
and in the famous Filipino hospitality. lacking in initiative. One waits to be told what has to be done.
There is a strong reliance on others, e.g., leaders and government,
 Family Orientation - Filipinos possess a genuine and deep love for to do things for us. This is related to the attitude towards authority.
the family. Concern for family is manifested in the honor and Filipinos have a need for a strong authority figure and feel safer
respect given to parents and elders, in the care given to children, and more secure in the presence of such an authority. In many
the generosity towards kin in need, and in the great sacrifices one ways, it can be said that the Filipino is too patient and long-
endures for the welfare of the family. suffering (matiisin), too easily resigned to one's fate.

 Joy and Humor - Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach  **Colonial Mentality. Filipinos have a colonial mentality which is
to life and its ups and downs. Laughing at ourselves and our made up of two dimensions: the first is a lack of patriotism or an
trouble is an important coping mechanism. The result is a certain active awareness, appreciation, and love of the Philippines; the
emotional balance and optimism, a healthy disrespect for power second is an actual preference for things foreign.
and office, and a capacity to survive.
 Kanya-Kanya Syndrome. Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving
 Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity. Filipinos have a great attitude that generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness
capacity to adjust, and to adapt to circumstances and to the towards others, particularly one's peers, who seem to have gained
surrounding environment, both physical and social. some status or prestige. Towards them, the Filipino demonstrated
the so-called "crab mentality", using the levelling instruments of
 Hard work and Industry. Filipinos have the capacity for hard work, tsismis, intriga and unconstructive criticism to bring others down.
given proper conditions. The desire to raise one's standard of living
and to possess the essentials of a decent life for one's family,  Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection. There is a tendency in
combined with the right opportunities and incentives, stimulate the the Filipino to be superficial and even somewhat flighty. In the face
Filipino to work very hard. of serious problems both personal and social, there is lack of
analysis or reflection. Joking about the most serious matters
 Faith and Religiosity. Filipinos have a deep faith in God. The faith prevents us from looking deeply into the problem.
of the Filipino is related to bahala na, which, instead of being
viewed as defeatist resignation, may be considered positively as a  Filipino emphasis on form (maporma) rather than upon substance
reservoir of psychic energy, an important psychological support on (porma over substance). There is a tendency to be satisfied with
which we can lean during difficult times. The results of the Filipino's rhetoric and to substitute this for reality.
faith are courage, daring, optimism, inner peace, as well as the
capacity to genuinely accept tragedy and death.
Ambivalence of Filipino Traits and Values
 Ability to Survive. Filipinos have an ability to survive which is
manifested in our capacity for endurance despite difficult times,  **Pakikisama (group loyalty) - Negative, because one closes one's
and in our ability to get by on so little. eyes to evils like graft and corruption in order to conserve peace
and harmony in a group at the expense of one's comfort. Positive,
 **Extreme Personalism. Filipinos view the world in terms of because one lives for others; peace or lack of dissension is a
personal relationships. This personalism is manifested in the constant goal.
tendency to give personal interpretations to actions, i.e., to "take
things personally.” Personalism is also manifested in the need to  *Utang na loob (indebtedness) - Negative, because one overlooks
establish personal relationships before any business or work moral principles when one is indebted to a person. Positive,
because it is a recognition of one's indebtedness.

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 Cognitive Theory (Jean Piaget). The cognitive perspective focuses
 Hiya (shame) - Negative, because it arrests or inhibits one's action. on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think
Positive, because, it contributes to peace of mind and lack of about the world.
stress by not even trying to achieve.
 Socio-cultural theory (Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky)
 Ningas-cogon (procrastination) - Negative, by all standards, proposes that a full understanding of development is impossible
because it begins ardently and dies down as soon as it begins. without taking into account the culture in which children develop.
Positive, in a way, because it makes a person non-chalant,
detached, indifferent, nonplussed should anything go wrong, and  Ecological Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner). The Ecological model
hence conducive to peace and tranquillity. seeks to explain individual knowledge, development, and
competencies in terms of the guidance, support, and structure
 Bahala na (resignation) - Negative, because one leaves everything provided by society and to explain social change over time in terms
to chance under the pretext of trusting in Divine providence. of the cumulative effect of individual choices (Berger, 2000).
Positive, because one relies on a superior power rather than on
one's own. It is conducive to humility, modesty, and lack of  Humanism Theory emphasizes free will, the ability of humans to
arrogance. make choices and come to decisions about their lives.

 Sakop (inclusion) - Negative, because one never learns to be on  Evolutionary Theory stresses that behavior is strongly influenced
one's own but relies on one's family and relatives. Positive, by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or
because one cares for the family and clan; one stands or falls with sensitive periods (Santrock, 1999).
them.
 Moral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg) - There exist structural
 Mañana or "Bukas na" (procrastination) –Negative, because one bases that determine the process of perceiving value. This series
constantly postpones action and accomplishes nothing. Positive, of progression depends on the person’s interaction with the
because one is without stress and tension; one learns to take what environment. Moral reasoning is related to moral behavior.
comes naturally.
 Abrahan Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 Kanya-kanya (self-centeredness) - Negative, because self-
centered; one has no regard for others. Positive, because one
takes care of oneself and one's family: "Blood is thicker than
water."

C. Psychology
 Psycho-Analytic Theory (Sigmund Freud) suggest that
unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. To
Freud, the unconscious is that part of the personality about which a
person is unaware.

ID-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy constantly

striving to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and
aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle: If not
constrained but reality, it seeks immediate gratification. Maslow later differentiated the growth need of
self-actualization, specifically identifying two of the first growth
Ego-the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, needs as part of the more general level of self-actualization and
according to Freud, mediates the demands of the id, one beyond the general level that focused on growth beyond that
superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality oriented towards self. They are:
principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically Cognitive: to know, to understand, and explore;
bring pleasure rather than pain. Aesthetic: symmetry, order, and beauty;
Self-actualization: to find self-fulfillment and
Superego-represents internalized ideals and provides realize one's potential; and
standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future Self-transcendence: to connect to something beyond the ego or to
aspirations. help others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential.

 *Max Scheller’s Hierarchy of Values

 Behaviorist View (John Watson) The behavioral perspective
suggest that the keys to understanding developing are observable o Pleasure Values: the pleasant against the unpleasant; the
behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. agreeable against the disagreeable (Sensual feelings,
Experiences of pleasure and pain)

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o Vital Values: values pertaining to the well being either of the A. It helps a person develop good values.
individual or the community (Health, Vitality, Capability, B. It can be used for or against the person who values it.
Excellence) C. It makes people show their concern for others.
D. It encourages a person to do wrong.
o Spiritual Values: Values independent of the whole sphere of
the body and of the environment; grasp in spiritual acts of 8. Which is an indicator of the patronage system in Philippine society
preferring loving and hating; Aesthetic values (Beauty against that contributes to poverty?
ugliness, values for right and wrong) A. A less deserving applicant gets appointed because he has a
“padrino”
o Values of the Holy: appeal only in regard to object B. Parents have many “compares” in the baptism of their child.
intentionally given as absolute objects (Belief, Adoration, C. Most people patronize imported goods.
Bliss) D. The “pilosopo” type of worker does not get promoted in his
job.
Study of human behavior: Psychology
Endocrine glands: responsible for human emotions: 9. “Trabaho lang, walang personalan” is an advice to counteract the
Self-actualization/transcendence: concerned with goals beyond Filipino trait of ______.
themselves A. “kanya-kanya” mentality
B. extreme personalism
C. ambivalence
D. sakop-orientedness

I
Philosophy, Filipino Value System, Psychology
Multiple-Choice
10. What is the inner source of strength of the Filipino destitute to keep
going?
1. What makes someone a good person, according to the natural law? A. Athletic body build
A. Obeying the laws of the land.  B. Physical stamina
B. Obeying God's commands.  C. Faith in God
C. Fulfilling his or her true nature.  D. Bounty of natural resources
D. Doing whatever maximizes happiness. 
11. Left with no choice, a number of Filipinos make a living from
2. Which of the following principle is used to justify the case where a garbage dumps. This points to which Filipino trait (s).
doctor gives drugs to a patient to relieve distressing symptoms even A. Indolence
though he knows doing this may shorten the patient's life? B. Extravagance
A. Principle of Double Effect C. Basic optimism, ability to survive
B. Principle of Action Reaction D. Indolence and extravagance
C. Principle of Conventional Morality
D. Principle of Egocentrism 12. Which Filipino trait comes into play when one gives premium to
personal contacts and relationships while relegating impersonal rules of
3. Sonia could not believe what Jane said, but Jane said that many conduct to the background?
believe it, so it must be true. Jane is committing the fallacy of _______. A. Utang – na – loob
A. Argumentum ad hominem B. Small – group centeredness
B. Argumentum ad populum C. Extreme personalism
C. Argumentum ad misericordiam D. Colonial mentality
D. Argumentum ad ignorantiam
13. Bahala na is a daring attitude out of concern for others. What is
4. When I conclude that my students are cheaters because I caught one (was) strong demonstration of this trait in our history?
of them cheating, I commit the fallacy of: A. Abuse of our natural resources
A. false cause B. EDSA I
B. accident C. The Filipino submission to Spain’s colonial rule for 4 centuries
C. faulty analogy D. The division among the Filipino propagandists in Spain
D. hasty generalization
14. Sometimes we Filipinos are perceived to be playful and cynical
5. The highest among the following values is_____________. when we laugh off our miseries. Which positive Filipino trait/s is/are
A. Amor Propio described?
B. Pakikisama A. Faith in God
C. Pakikipag-kapwa B. Joy and humor
D. Pakikiramay C. Adaptability and adjustment
D. Creativity
6. Which is a negative consequence of our value of close family ties?
A. The development of prolonged dependence 15. In the Philippines, it seems that the best candidates to a position or
B. Permanence of marriage a job do not always get hired. Which practice prevents the “best and the
C. Double-standard mentality brightest” from being hired for positions?
D. Stability of the family A. Meritocracy
B. Networking
7. Why is the Filipino trait of pakikisama said to be ambivalent?

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C. Merit system
D. Nepotism

16. Which Filipino trait do the organization and success of cooperatives

manifest?
A. Pagsasarili
B. Pakikiramdam
C. Joy
D. Flexibility

17. Who is the Father of Psychology?

A. Sigmund Freud
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. Jean Piaget
D. Ivan Pavlov
IX. ARTS AND HUMANITIES
18. It is the study of human behavior.
A. Philosophy
B. Psychology
C. Sociology
D. Anthropology MUST-KNOW for LET / Key Topics

19. A person feels extremely hostile to others, although he contends that A. Art
he is friendly and affable. He also insists that all people whom he B. Renaissance Artists
encounters are hostile to him. What defense mechanism does he
C. Elements of Music
apply?
A. Projection D. Order of National Artists of the
B. Identification Philippines
C. Rationalization
D. Displacement

20. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, it refers to the need to connect to

something beyond the self or to help others find self-fulfullment and A. Art
realize their potential.
A. Cognitive • Aesthetics: philosophy of art, centered on the study of the nature of
B. Aesthetic art and beauty
C. Self-Actualization
D. Self-Transcendence • Form: appearance, or the way visual elements (e.g. line, color,
texture, shape) combine

• Subject: what is depicted in a work

• Context: the work’s social and cultural background

• Medium: the specific tool and material used

Visual Elements

• Line: marks—straight or curved, bold or faint, thick or thin, long or

short—made by pencil, chalk, brush, or other implements or
techniques

• Shape: physical or spatial forms; height, width and depth (which is

actual in 3D shapes); can be geometric or organic, two- or three-
dimensional

• Space: the area that surrounds or is framed by shapes;

perspective: “to look through”; creates illusory space

• Texture: the actual or simulated surface of an object—whether it is

rough or smooth, rough or hard

• Light and Color: “…light… reveals to us the spirit and living soul of
the world though colors”

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 The nearly 15-foot David depicts the biblical figure of David in
shade: a hue that has been darkened in value white marble from the quarry at Miseglia.
value: the range of light to dark  Other famous works by Michelangelo include the statue Pietà and
hue: the individual colors of the color wheel the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.
tint: a hue that has been lighted in value

3. *Leonardo da Vinci
Color
 The classic “renaissance man,” da Vinci was not only an artist but
• *Primary Colors: Red, Blue, Yellow (BRY)
also an inventor, scientist, architect, engineer, and more.
• *Secondary Colors: Orange, Green, Violet (GOV)
• Tertiary Colors: mix of adjacent primary and secondary (6)  His “Last Supper” shows Jesus last meeting with
• Analogous: adjacent the 12 apostles before the crucifixion.
• Complementary: directly across  His innovative techniques included layering of paints, precise
attention to light, shadow, and human form, and a detailed eye for
expression and gesture — the last of which has led to endless
speculation over the impassive face of the Mona Lisa.

4. Raphael

 He “perfected” Renaissance painting.

 Raphael became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his
amazing detailed paintings showing a combination of famous
Greeks and Romans along with Renaissance people.
 One of his most famous works is The School of Athens which is a
classic example of Renaissance art and culture in general, as the
culture of the period frequently referenced Roman and Greek
antiquity.

**Spoliarium
Two-dimensional Arts • The most valuable oil-on-canvas painting by Juan Luna,
a Filipino educated at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura
• foundations are drawing and painting (Philippines) and at the Academia de San Fernando in
• also include printmaking, magazine ads, photography, publicity Madrid, Spain.
posters, including “moving picture” arts • It is the largest painting in the Philippines.
• A historical painting, it was made by Luna in 1884 as an
entry to the prestigious Exposicion de Bellas Artes
Three-dimensional Arts (Madrid Art Exposition, May 1884) and eventually won for
him the First Gold Medal.
• foundation is sculpture • The painting features a glimpse of Roman history
• include furniture, architecture, gardens/parks, sets of dance and centered on the bloody carnage brought by gladiatorial
theater productions, crafts matches.
• architecture: art/science/profession of designing and constructing
built structures, not limited to buildings (but include fortified walls,
bridges, aqueducts, camps)
C. Music
B. Renaissance Artists • Music is an aural art form consisting of the organization of sounds
in time.
1. *Donatello
Elements Of Music
 The first great sculptor of the Renaissance.
 Donatello’s “David” was the 1st large, free-standing human • Melody: a succession of musical sounds that are perceived as
sculpture of the Renaissance. belonging together; moves either by skip from one note to another,
 One of his most famous works depicts Saint Mark and was up or down; has range, is made up of phrases, and is based on a
completed in 1413 for a church in Florence where it can still be scale; may have accidentals (sharp, flat, natural)
viewed today.
• Rhythm: the organization of musical notes in time
2. *Michelangelo

 Michelangelo’s greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the

Sistine Chapel which shows Biblical images of amazing detail,
power, and beauty.

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Beat: the ongoing pulse in music

Tempo: the speed with which beat recurs D. Order of National Artists of the Philippines
Meter: recurring pattern of accented and unaccented beats
Meter signature: number of beats in a measure type of note 1. Architecture
receiving a single beat dot after a note (.) lengthens that note by  Pablo Antonio
half its value  Leandro Locsin
 Juan Nakpil
 Ildefonso Santos
 Texture: the relationships among various musical lines  Jose Maria Zaragoza

2. Cinema
Monophonic: only one sound/musical line  Lamberto Avellana
Harmonic: multiple lines of music (e.g. a melody accompanied
 Lino Brocka
by chords)
 Ishmael Bernal
Polyphonic: several melodies of different rhythms
 Manuel Conde
 Tone color or timber: the quality of sound; varies with the type and  Gerardo de Leon
size of material producing the sound, such as instruments and  Ronald Alan Poe
voice  Eddie Romero

Types of instruments produce sounds through

String: vibrating strings
3. Visual Arts
Wind: vibrating air column
 Fernando Amorsolo
Percussion: striking
 Hernando Ocampo
 Benedicto Cabrera
 Dynamics: the degree of softness or loudness in music  Carlos Botong Francisco
 Cesar Legaspi
 Abdulmari Asia Imao
Crescendo: to get louder
Decrescendo: to get softer  Guillermo Tolentino
 Arturo Luz
 Frederico Aguilar Alcuaz
 Form: how a composition is put together, mainly based on  Napoleon Abueva (Sculpture)**
repetition and contrast  J. Elizalde Navarro
 Francisco Coching
 Victorio Edades
Binary (AB), Ternary (ABA), Rondo (ABACA)
 Ang Kiukok
 Jose Joya
Types Of Voices  Vicente Manansala (Painting)**

 Soprano: highest female voice 4. Literature

 Francisco Arcellana**
 Alto: lowest female voice  Edith Tiempo
 Bienvenido Lumbera
 Tenor: highest male voice  NVM Gonzales
 Virgilio Almario
 Bass: lowest male voice  Cirilo Bautista
 Nick Joaquin
 Amado Hernande
 Lazaro Francisco
LET Favorite Musicians
 F. Sionil Jose
Ludwig van Beethoven - A German-born composer who is
considered one of the greatest musicians of all time, with  Carlos Romulo
Symphony No. 9 in D minor op. 125 as his masterpiece  Jose Garcia Villa
completed when he was already hearing-impaired.  Alejandro Roces

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - An Austrian-born classical 5. Fashion Design

composer, he was a child prodigy who toured Europe and  Ramon Valera
produced during his short lifetime an extraordinary number of
compositions. Among his exceptional operas are Le Nozze di 6. Dance
Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro) and Die Zauberflote (The  Francesca Reyes Aquino*
Magic Flute).  Ramon Obusan
 Alice Reyes

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 Leonor Orosa

J
 Goquingco Arts and Humanities
 Lucresia Reyes-Urtula Multiple-Choice

7. Historical Literature
 Carlos Quirino
 1. Blue is to orange, as __________.
A. yellow is to violet.
8. Music
B. green is to violet.
 Antonio Buenaventura
C. red is to yellow.
 Jose Maceda D. red-orange is to blue violet.
 Lucresia Kasilag  
 Ernani Cuenco 2. In art, what term refers to the material or means which the artist uses
 Lucio San Pedro* to objectify his/her feelings or thoughts?
 Antonio Molina A. Subject
 Francisco Feliciano B. Technique
 Levi Celerio C. Medium
D. Texture
► Read more: List of National Artsists and their
biographies: 3. In Philippine sculpture, the dominant personality who received
http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national- classical training in Rome and did the Oblation at the University of the
artists-of-the-philippines/ Philippines was
Retrieved 30 November 2016. A. Eduardo Castillo
B. Anastacio Caedo
 Ramon Santos C. Guillermo Tolentino
 Jovita Fuentes D. Napoleon Abueva
 Felipe Padilla de Leon
 Andrea Veneracion

Gilopez Kabayao 4. Who painted the Spoliarium?

A. Julian Felipe
 Gilopez Kabayao is a talented violinist who came from a B. Felix Hidalgo
very musically inclined family. At three, he started C. Juan Luna
improvising short piano pieces in minuet style and at six D. Fernando Amorsolo
he was under his father’s tutelage, learning violin, and his
mother, learning piano lessons. He also studied in New 5. Who used marble and paintbrushes as media of choice and produced
York and in Vienna. the statue David and the ceiling and frescos of the Sistine Chapel?
A. Leonardo
 In 1978, he was the musical director of the Manila B. Michelangelo
Symphony Orchestra. He has performed in several C. Raphael
countries including Belgium, Hong Kong, Japan, New D. Donatello
Zealand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.   
 6. Leonardo Da Vinci’s most famous painting of the 1490s which
represents the last meeting of Jesus with his disciples before his
9. Theater capture and death.
A. The Last Supper
 Daisy Avellana
B. Mona Lisa
 Rolando Tinio
C. Madonna and Child
 Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero D. School of Athens
 Honorata “Atang” dela Rama
 Salvador Bernal 7. The origin of the Renaissance era.
 Severino Montano A. Germany
B. Italy
C. Spain
D. Great Britain
Filipinos in the global stage
Liza Macuja (Dance, Ballet)
8. Who sculpted “Madonna and Child”?
Lea Salonga (Music)
A. Michaelangelo
Manny Pacquiao (Boxing)
B. Raphael
Paeng Nepomuceno (Bowling)
C. Da Vinci
Cecile Licad (Classical Pianist)
D. Donatello
Monique Lhuillier (Fashion)
9. Who among the following is not a Renaissance man?
A. Filippo Brunelleschi

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B. Raphael
C. Michaelangelo
D. Aristotle

10. Which of the following instruments produce sounds from vibrating

strings?
A. Piano
B. Oboe
C. Trumpet
D. Trombone

11. A National Artist for Music, he is the famous composer of the lullaby
Sa Ugoy ng Duyan.
A. Felipe P. de Leon
B. Lucio D. San Pedro
C. Antonino R. Buenaventura
D. Lucrecia R. Kasilag
  
12. This German-born composer is considered one of the greatest
musicians of all time.
A. Wolgang Amadeus Mozart
B. Claude Debussy
C. Ludwig van Beethoven
D. Joseph Haydn
 

13. An Austrian-born classical composer, he was a child prodigy who

toured Europe and produced during his short lifetime an extraordinary
number of compositions.
A. Frederic Chopin
B. Ludwig van Beethoven
C. Franz Schubert
D. Wolgang Amadeus Mozart

14. Who among the folloiwng artsists is hailed as one of the Philippines’
icons in the entertainment industry having appeared in various theater
productions a young age?
A. Lea Salonga
B. Sharon Cuneta
C. Aiza Seguerra
D. Liza Macuja-Elizalde

15. He is the national artist for sculpture.

A. Francisco Arcellana
B. Napoleon Abueva
C. Vicente Manansala
D. Lucio San Pedro

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