Python

String:
Any sequence of characters within double quotes or single quotes is
considered as a string.
Ex:
>>>s="HareKrishna"
>>>type(s)
<class ‘str’>
>>>ch='a'
>>>type(ch)
<class ‘str’>
In Python, string literals are enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.
Multiline strings: -
If you want to assign multiline strings then we use triple single quotes or triple
double quotes.
Ex:
>>>s='''krishna
Software
Solutions'''
>>>print(s)

To use single quote or double quotes as symbol in string literal.

Ex:
>>>s1="Python is ‘simple’ and easy language"
>>>print(s1)
>>>s2='Python is “simple” and easy language'
>>>print(s2)
>>>s3="Python is \‘simple\’ and \“easy\” language"
>>>print(s3)
>>>s4="""Python is ‘simple’ and “easy” language"""
>>>print(s4)
>>>s5='''Python is ‘simple’ and “easy” language'''
>>>print(s5)
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Accessing characters in string:

1. By using index
2. By using slice operator
Accessing characters using index:
Python supports both positive and negative indexes.
 +ve index means Left to Right (Forward direction).
 -ve index means Right to Left (Backward direction).

s=’ramana’
0 1 2 3 4 5
r a m a n a
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

>>>s[2]
m
>>>s[-3]
a
>>>s[10]
IndexError: string index out of range.

Ex: Accept a string from the keyboard and display each character and its
positive and negative index.
s=input("Enter some string:")
i=0
for x in s:
print("The character at positive index { } and at negative index { } is { }"
.format(i,i-len(s),x))
i=i+1

Accessing characters by using slice operator:

Syntax:
stringvariable[beginindex:endindex:step]
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beginindex: From where we have to consider slice (substring).

endindex: We have to terminate the slice(substring) at endindex-1.
step: Incremented value.
Note:
. If we are not specifying begin index then it will consider from beginning of the
string.
. If we are not specifying end index then it will consider upto end of the string.
. The default for step value is 1.
Ex:
>>>s='Python is simple language'
>>>print(s[2:6])
output: thon
>>>print(s[2:16:2])
output: to ssml
>>>print(s[:16])
output: Python is simple
>>>print(s[3:])
output: hon is simple language
>>>print(s[::-1])
output: egaugnal elpmis si nohtyP

Ex:
str="Learning python is very very easy"
b=int(input("Enter begin index:"))
e=int(input("Enter end index:"))
s=int(input("Enter step value:"))
print(str[b:e:s])

Behavior of slice operator:

s[begin:end:step]
step value can be either positive or negative.
If it is positive we have to consider in forward direction from begin to end-1.
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If it is negative then we have to consider in backward direction from begin to end+1.
In forward direction if end value is 0 then result is always empty.
In backward direction if end value is -1 then result is always empty.
Ex:
>>>s='abcdefghij'
>>>s[1:6:2] 'bdf'
>>>s[::1] 'abcdefghij'
>>>s[::-1] 'jihgfedcba'
>>>s[3:7:-1] ''
>>>s[7:4:-1] 'hgf'
>>>s[0:10000:1] 'abcdefghij'
>>>s[-4:1:-1] 'gfedc'
>>>s[-4:1:-2] 'gec'
>>>s[5:0:1] ''
>>>s[9:0:0] ValueError: slice step cannot be zero
>>>s[0:-10:-1] ''
>>>s[0:-11:-1] 'a'
>>>s[0:0:1] ''
>>>s[0:-9:-2] 'bdf'
>>>s[-5:-9:-2] 'fd'
>>>s[10:-1:-1] ''
>>>s[10000:2:-1] 'jihgfed'
Note: slice operator never raises IndexError.

Mathematical operators for string:

We can apply the following mathematical operators for strings.
1. + operator for concatenation.
2. * operator for repetition.
Ex:
>>>print("Hare"+"Krishna") HareKrishna
>>>print("Krishna"*2) KrishnaKrishna

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Note:
. To use + operator for strings, compulsory both arguments should be str type.
. To use * operator for strings, compulsory one argument should be str and other
argument should be int.
Ex:
str1 = 'Hello'
str2 ='World!'
# using +
print(str1 + str2)
# using *
print(str1 * 3)
print(2 * str1 )

len(): - This function is used to find the number of characters present in the string.
Ex:
s='krishna'
len(s) 7

Ex: Write a program to display string in forward and backward directions

using while loop.
s=input("Enter string:")
i=0
n=len(s)
print("Forward direction:")
while i<n:
print(s[i],end='')
i=i+1
print()
print("Backward direction:")
i=-1
while i>=-n:

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print(s[i],end='')
i=i-1

Using for loop

s=input("Enter string:")
print("Forward direction:")
for x in s
print(x,end='')
print("Forward direction:")
for x in s[::]:
print(x,end='')
print("Backward direction:")
for x in s[::-1]:
print(x,end='')

Ex: String Concatenation.

s1=input("Enter string:")
s2=input("Enter string:")
s3=s1+s2
print(s3)

Ex: To display string n number of times.

s1=input("Enter string:")
n=int(input("Enter no to display:"))
print(s1*n)

Ex: Comparing strings

s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter second string:") if
s1==s2:
print("Both strings are equal")
elif s1>s2:
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print("String1 is big")
else:
print("String2 is big")

Checking membership:
We can check whether the character or string is the member of another string or
not by using in and not in operators.
in operator returns True if the substring is available otherwise it returns False.
not in operator returns False if the substring is available otherwise it returns True.
Ex:
s='krishna'
print('i' in s) #True
print('b' in s) #False

Ex:
s=input("Enter main string:")
sub=input("Enter sub string:") if
sub in s:
print("substring is available in main string")
else:
print("substring is not available in main string")

Finding sub strings:

find() Forward direction
index()
rfind() Backward direction
rindex()

find(): - It returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not

available then it returns -1.

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Syntax1:
String.find(substring)
Ex:
s="Learning python is very easy"
print(s.find('python')) #9
print(s.find('java')) #-1

Syntax2:
String.find(substring,start,end)
Ex:
s="Learning python is very easy"
print(s.find('h',2,10))

rfind(): - It searches from right to left. It returns index of substring at first

occurrence of given substring. If it is not available then it returns -1.
Syntax:
string.rfind(substring)
Ex:
s="Learning python is very easy"
print(s.rfind('e'))

index(): - It is exactly same as find() function except that if the specified

substring is not available then we will get ValueError.
Syntax:
String.index(substring)
Ex:
s="Learning python is very easy"
print(s.index('python'))
print(s.index('java'))

rindex(): - It is same as rfind() function but this method returns ValueError if

string is not available.
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Syntax:
string.rindex(substring)
Ex:
s="Learning python is very easy"
print(s.rindex('h'))

Ex: Display all occurrences of sub string.

s=input("Enter some string:")
sub=input("Enter sub string:")
pos=-1
n=len(s)
count=0
while True:
pos=s.find(sub,pos+1,n) if
pos==-1:
break
print("Found at position:",pos)
count=count+1
if count==0:
print("Substring not found")
else:
print("The number of occurrences =",count)

Counting substrings:
count(): This function is used to counting the substring in the given string.
Syntax:
string.count(substring)
string.count(substring,begin,end)
Ex:
s='satish software solutions'
print(s.count('s'))

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Ex:
s='abababbabaab' sub='b'
print("The no of occurrences:",s.count(sub))
print("The no of occurrences:",s.count(sub,5,10))

Replacing a string with another string:

replace(): - This function is used to replace the new string in place of old
string.
Syntax:
string.replace(oldstring, newstring)
Ex:
s='abababba'
print(s.replace('a','b'))

Splitting of strings:
We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split()
method.
l=s.split(seperator)
The default seperator is space. The return type of split() method is list.

Ex: Dividing string into substrings according to space.

s='satish software solutions'
list=s.split()
print(list)
for x in list:
print(x)
Ex: Split according to character
s='10-06-2018'
list=s.split('-')
for x in list:
print(x);

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Join substrings into string

join(): - This function is used to join the substrings into one string.
Syntax:
separator.join(substrings)
Ex:
l=['satish','lokesh','rajesh','lohit']
s='-'.join(l)
print(s)

Change case of string:

upper(): - This function is used to convert all characters into uppercase. lower(): -
This function is used to convert all characters into lowercase. swapcase(): - This
function is used to convert all upper case characters into lowercase and vice versa.
title(): - This function is used to convert each and every word of first character
converted into uppercase cahracter.
capitalize(): - This function is used to convert first character of each sentence
into uppercase.

Ex:
s="learning Python is very easy"
print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.swapcase()) print(s.title())
print(s.capitalize())

To check starting and ending positions

startswith(): - This function is used to find the given string is starting with
specified string.
endswith(): - This function is used to find the given string is ending with
specified string.

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Ex:
s="learning Python is very easy"
print(s.startswith("learning"))
print(s.startswith("teaching"))
print(s.endswith("easy"))

To check type of characters present in the string:

isalnum(): - To check whether the character is alpha-numeric character or not.
isalpha(): - To check whether the character is alphabet or not.
isdigit(): - To check whether the character is number or not.
islower(): - To check whether the character or string in lower case or not. isupper():
- To check whether the character or string in upper case or not. istitle(): - To check
whether the each word first character in upper case or not. isspace(): - To check
whether the character is space or not.
Ex:
print("rama8234".isalnum()) #True
print("satish$8234".isalnum()) #False
print("rama".isalpha()) #True
print("rama".isdigit()) #False
print("Learning Python Is Very Easy".istitle()) #True
print(" ".isspace()) #True

Ex: Accept a character and display character type.

If character type is alpha numeric then recognize alphabet or digit.
If alphabet then recognize capital letter or small letter.

s=input("Enter any character:") if

s.isalnum():
print("Alpha-numeric character") if
s.isalpha():
print("Alphabet character")

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if s.islower():
print("Lower case character")
else:
print("Upper case character")
else:
print("Digit"
) elif s.isspace():
print("Space character")
else:
print("Non space special character")

Ex: Write a program to reverse the given string.

s=input("Enter any string:")
print(s[::-1])

without slice operator:

s=input("Enter any string:")
for x in reversed(s):
print(x)
#print(''.join(reversed(s))

Using while loop:

s=input("Enter any string:")
i=len(s)-1
target=' '
while i>=0:
target=target+s[i]
i=i-1
print(target)

Using for loop:

s=input("Enter any string:")
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target=' '
for I in range(len(s)-1,0,-1):
target=target+s[i]
print(target)

Ex: Write a program to reverse of words

s=input("Enter some string")
l=s.split();
l1=[]
i=len(l)-1
while i>=0:
l1.append(l[i])
i=i-1
out=' '.join(l1)
print(out)

another way
s=input("Enter some string")
l=s.split();
l1=[]
for i in range(len(l)):
s1=s[i]
l1.append(s1[::-1])
print(l1)
out=' '.join(l1)
print(out)

another way
s=input("Enter some string")
l=s.split();
l1=[]
for x in l:
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l1.append(x[::-1])
out=' '.join(l1)
print(out)

Ex: Write a program to reverse of internal content of each word

s=input("Enter some string")
l=s.split();
l1=[]
i=0
i=len(l)-1
while i<len(i):
l1.append(l[i][::-1])
i=i-1
out=' '.join(l1)
print(out)

Ex: To print characters at odd position and even position

s=input("Enter some string") print("Character at
even position:",s[:2]) print("Character at odd
position:",s[1::2])

another way
s=input("Enter some string") i=0
print("Character at even position:")
while(i<len(s)):
print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2
print("Character at odd position:")
i=1

while(i<len(s)):

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print(s[i],end=',')
i=i+2

Ex: Accept two strings and merge one by one character

s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter second string:") output=' '
i,j=0,0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
output=output+s1[i]
i=i+1
output=output+s2[j]
j=j+1
print(output)

The above program works only for same length strings to solve the
following code.
s1=input("Enter first string:")
s2=input("Enter second string:") output=' '
i,j=0
while i<len(s1) or j<len(s2):
if i<len(s1):
output=output+s1[i]
i=i+1
if j<len(s2):
output=output+s2[j]
j=j+1
print(output)

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Ex: To sort character of the string, first alphabets followed by

numeric values.
Input: satish8234
Output: ahisst2348
s=input("Enter some string:")
s1=s2=output=' '
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
s1=s1+x
else:

s2=s2+x
print(s1)
print(s2)
for x in sorted(s1):
output=output+x
for x in sorted(s2):
output=output+x
print(output)
#print(' '.join(sorted(s1)+ ' '.join(sorted(s2))

Ex: Enter string by character with number and display each character
specified number of times.
Input: a4c3b2
Output: aaaacccbb
s=input("Enter some string:")
output=' '
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
previous=x
else:

output=output+(previous*(int(x))
print(output)

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Ex: Enter a string to print character and number of

times Input: aaaaakkkbb
Output: a5k3b2
s=input("Enter first string:")
output=''
i=0
while i<len(s):
temp=s[i]
output=output+temp
c=0
while i<len(s):
if temp==s[i]:
c=c+1
i=i+1
else:
break
output=output+str(c)
print(output)

Ex: Enter string display each number with specified alphabet character.
Input: a4k3b2
Output: aeknbd
chr(unicode)  It provides character
ord(character)  It provides Unicode value

s=input("Enter some string:")

output=' '
for x in s:
if x.isalpha():
output=output+x
previous=x
else:
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output=output+chr(ord(previous)+int(x))
print(output)

Ex: Enter string display string without duplicate characters.

Input: ABCABCAAABCAD
Output: ABCD
s=input("Enter some string:")
l=[]
for x in s:
if x not in l:
l.append(x)
output=' '.join(l)
print(output)

Another way
s=input("Enter some string:")
output=' '
for x in s:
if x not in output:
output=output+x
print(output)

Ex: Write a program to find the number of occurrences of each character

present in the given string.
Input: ABCABCABBCDE
Output: A-3,B-4,C-3,D-1,E-1
s=input("Enter some string:")
d={}
for x in s:
if x in d.keys():
d[x]=d[x]+1

else:
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d[x]=1
for k,v in d.items():
print("{}={} Times".format(k,v))

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