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The process was discovered as early as 1839, but the first solar cell
was introduced by Bell executives in 1954.
The first generation of solar cells was produced on silicon wafers
either using monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon crystals.
The most recent and promising generation of solar cells consists of
concentrated solar cells, polymer-based solar cells, dye-sensitized
solar cells, nanocrystal-based solar cells, and perovskite-based solar
cells.
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Solar panels
Uses
Assemblies of photovoltaic cells are used to make solar modules
which generate electrical power from sunlight, as distinguished from a
"solar thermal module" or "solar hot water panel." The electrical
energy generated from solar modules, colloquially referred to as solar
power, is an example of solar energy.
The PV MARKET has been on an upward trend for years now. The
market is expected to continue to grow until 2050. The demand far
outstrips supply and there is a huge gap to be filled. In India, there is
about 1.4 GW of module manufacturing capacity and this is expected
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to increase in the future since the solar PV segment is one part of the
entire value chain where the barriers to entry are relatively low.
Thus, solar module production offers an exciting opportunity.
Technology
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This chart illustrates the effect of clouds on solar energy production.
Maintenance
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dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus Curran, associate
professor of physics at the University of Houston and director of the
Institute for NanoEnergy, which specializes in the design, engineering,
and assembly of nanostructures.
The average soiling loss in the world in 2018 is estimated to be at
least 3% - 4%.
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APPLICATIONS:
There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or
photovoltaics. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for
irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate
medical supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure. PV modules
are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electric
devices:
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FACTORS AFFECTING SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE:
Temperature:
The temperature influences the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell due
to the intrinsic characteristic of the semiconductor material. The
efficiency of the solar panels increases when the temperature drops
and decreases in high temperatures, as the voltage between the cells
drops.
Solar Shadings:
Solar PV panels are very sensitive to solar shadings. Total or partial
shading conditions have a significant impact rate on the capability of
delivering energy and may result in lower output and power losses.
Cells in a solar panel are usually connected in series to get a higher
voltage and therefore an appropriate production of electricity.
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But when shading occurs, this structure presents some limitations. In
fact, when a single solar cell is shaded, the current of all the units in
the string is determined by the unit that produces the least current.
When a cell is shaded, the whole series is virtually shaded too. To
prevent the loss of energy, the installation usually includes bypass
diodes.
Orientation:
The positioning of the solar panel must be facing a south direction for
those living in the Northern Hemisphere and the sun is always along
the southern part of the sky. Hence it is generally the best practice to
position solar panels facing south to capture the maximum amount of
sunlight overall.
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EFFICIENCY:
The solar module has a different spectral response depending on the
kind of the module. Therefore, the change of the spectral irradiance
influences the solar power generation. The energy conversion
efficiency is increased by reducing the reflection of the incident light.
APPLICATIONS:
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER:
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An Attempt to understand Rechargeable Batteries
Older solar battery chargers were mainly developed to charge lead
acid batteries.
In order to reduce the weight of the solar power system for portable
needs, there has become a need to develop more portable batteries
including Li-ion and NiMH batteries.
Let’s take a BB2588 Li-ion battery from Bren-Tronics, Inc, for example
The dimension of the battery is 89.7 mm (length) × 30.9 mm (width) ×
90.2 mm (height). The weight of the battery is 0.36 Kg. Nominal and
maximum voltage is 14.4 V and 16.8 V respectively. Capacity of the
battery is 2.2 Ah. Operating temperature range is –20 oC to +55 oC.
The battery requires to charge at 16.5 V constant voltage, and 1A
maximum current.
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In a DC-DC converter, a transistor or MOSFET operates as an
electronic switch: either completely on or completely off.
However, the output voltage of the solar panel will vary depending on
the time of the day, weather condition and light illumination.
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Testing of the solar panel shows that the output voltage of the solar
panel can vary from 5.8 V up to 19.6 V with different load current. To
obtain a constant voltage of 16.5 V, a DC-DC converter is inserted
between the solar panel and the battery to regulate the voltage.
NOW,
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A Solar Power Bank:
Solar Power Bank is an eco-friendly mobile phone charger, collects
power from the sun, and then converts that power into electricity. This
electricity is used for charging electronic devices such as mobile
phones, power banks, cameras etc.
All solar battery and energy systems should be modify to fit the
specific needs. Each part of the system is dependent on each other
and the application. The power bank is dependent on the load and the
time the load is used.
Next is to set up the power bank. A power bank is simply the result of
joining two or more batteries together for a single application.
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Consistency in the battery size will keep the solar battery bank safe
and running smoothly.
A solar power bank uses the sun to charge itself instead of electricity.
Then the accumulated power is fed into the rechargeable batteries,
which will hold that power until needed.
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remember is to take the power bank out in the daylight and let it regain
its power.
CONCLUSION:
The solar battery charger allows more portable usage for solar panels,
such as outdoor enthusiast and soldiers on the move. The solar
battery charger includes the following components: solar panel, Li-ion
battery, SEPIC converter and controller. The SEPIC converter
regulates the output voltage from the solar panels into a constant
voltage, which is used to charge the battery.
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References:
➔ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311576511_Solar_Pow
ered_Mobile_Power_Bank_Systems
➔ https://medium.com/@alphazee17/why-a-solar-power-bank-bb5b
4470d1d6#:~:text=A%20solar%20power%20bank%20uses,that
%20power%20until%20need%20it.&text=Environment%20Frien
dly%3A,solar%20power%20bank%20saves%20energy.
➔ https://www.slideshare.net/ArpanJain63/solar-power-bank-17168
7664?next_slideshow=171687664
➔ https://www.slideshare.net/Shravansilent/solar-mobile-charger-re
port
➔ https://mechanicalnotes.com/solar-cell-definition-working-types-a
pplications-advantages/#Factor_affecting_Solar_Cell_Performan
ce
➔ https://www.nrel.gov/pv/applications.html
➔ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B97801281880
64099915
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