CRI

MINALL
AW CAS
ES
F
IRS
TCOMPI
LAT
ION

NAME
COMPOS
ITI
ONOFME
NSRE
A

1I
NTE
NTI
ON

RV.
ANYAMBI
LI
LE1970HCD285

Thea c cusedwa sc onv icte dofmur de r .

T hedec ea s
edwa sanot orioust hi efandont hema terialni ghtha de mpl oyed
tri
c kst oc re a teoppor t uni t
ys ot ha thec oulds tealfromt hea ccus ed’ sshop. Hef i
rsts etf i
r etoak itchenofoneL oti
,
acc use d’sne ig hbor .Wher eupont hea ccus edwa shur ri
edoutt ohel phi sne i
g hbor .Mea nwhi let hede c ea seds tole
numberoft hi ng sf romt hea c cus ed’ ss hop. La t
e rthede ceasedwa sc aug htbyt hea ccus eda ndwa st i
e dbyt he
ha ndsa ndl eg swi thapi eceofwi re .T hea ccus eda ndot herst he ng a veag ooda mountofbe ati
ngt ot hedec ea sed.
Thea c cusedt he npl ace dt hedec ea se d’sr ighta r mont heg rounda ndt rie dtoc uti twi tht hehow. Ast hea ccus ed
didnots uc cee di nc ut tingof ft hedec ea sed’sa rmhebr oug htt hes tone, pl acedt hea rmoft hede ceasedont he
stone , andc uti tof fwi tht heHoe. Af tert hist hea ccus edwe nti ntot hes hopa ndbr oug htoutbr e ada nds odawa te
r
anda tea nddr ank . The reaf terhes a idhewoul dg ot or epor ttot hepol ice ,andwentonhi sbi cyc l
e .Thedec ea se
wa sl eftlyingdownbl eedi ng , andhebl eedt ode atht ha tsa meni ght .Thea ccus edr etur neda ta bouts unr isewi th
pol i
c e,tof indt ha tthedec ea se dha ddi ed. T heCouns e lforthea cc uses ubmi tted( a)t ha tthea cc usedha da cted
unde rpr ov oc a tiont ha thedi dnoti nt endt ok illthedec easedbutme r
elywa nt edt opuni shhi m, andt ha theha dby
mi stak ec utt hedec ea se d’sr ighta r mwi tht hehoeWhi l
ehewa sa imingabl owa thi mwi t
has tic ka f
t erhewa s
i
nc e nse dbyf indi nghi sr adi oda ma g e d…. .tha tt hea c tsoft hede ce asedi nf iri
ngt hek itche n, l
ur ingt hede cea sed
fromhi ss hop, s tea l
inghi sr a dioa ndot hera r ti
cles, runni nga wa ywi tht hes ea rticl
es ,a ndda ma gingt hea eri
a lof
thene wr a diot hea ccus edha dboug htt ha ts ameda y, we rea l
l prov oc ativea ctsa nd( b)t hatt hef actses ta bli
s hthe
offenc eofma ns laug ht era ndnotmur de r.Al thoug hf oura ssess orswe reoft hev i
ewt ha tt hea ccus edc ouldnotbe
foundg uil
t yofmur dera si ta ppea r edt ot he mt hatheha dbee ns e riouslypr ov oke dbyt hede ce asedi nt hewa ythe
dec e asedc a met ohi ss hop, luredhi mouta fters ettingf iretoane a rbyk itche n,stolehi sr adioa ndot hera rti
c l
es ,
rana wa ywi t ht he ma ndha dt obec ha seda ndc aug ht ,anddr oppedt her a di
oa ndda ma g edit.Hel d:( 1)“ In
Ta nz aniaa si nma nyot he rAf rica nc ount riest her ei sadee pr oot edpr ejudi cea ndc ont empti nt hemi ndsoft he
pe opl ea ga ins tt hiev es ,s ot ha ts eriousbea ti
ngorev enk ill
ingoft hie vesi snott a kena sa nof f
e nc e. I
tiswi tht his
out lookt hea ss e ssorsha vea ppr oa c hedt hec ase. The ybl amet hedec eas edwhowa sat hi ef,a ndc ans e enot hing
wr ongwi thwha tt hea cc use ddi di nc uttingof fthea rmofat hie fwhoha dbe enov e rpower e d, arres t
ed, tiedby
bot hha ndsa ndl eg sa ndt hr ownont heg roundl i
kea na nima l fors laught er .
Itist ruet ha tt hiev esa r
eanui sa ncet o
soc i
e tya nddos oof tenc aus et r oubl ea ndi nc onv eni enc et othei rv icti
ms .Butwemus tnotf or ge ttha tt heya re
huma nbei ng sa ndc annotbet re ate dl i
k ea nima ls.Cr ueltyt oa nima l
sa l
s oi sforbiddena ndpuni s hablea tla w.”( 2)
“Ifthea cc us e dha donl ywa nt edt opuni sht hedec eas edhewoul dha vet iedt hea rmt os topt hebl eedi nga ss oon
ashes awt hebl ee ding , i
fit ’
st r uet ha theha da i
me das tickblowa thimbutf oundt ha theha ds e ri
ous lyi njure d
himwi tht hehoe…. Iti sobv ioust ha tthea cc usedha dc utof fthede ceas ed’sa rmdel ibe ra t
e l
ya ndwa squi teha ppy
wi thha vi
ngdones o. Hec l
e a rl
yk newwha twoul dha ppent othede ceas ed, i
.e. hewoul dbl ee dt odea thf romt he
cutwound…“ Ir egre tI a muna blet oa g reewi th( thea ssessorsont heis sueofpr ov oc ation) ”.T hepr ov oc ati
oni s
al
legedtoha v
ebeeng iv
e nbyt heda magetothea erialoftheaccused’snewr adio.
InY usufv.R.(1952)19E .
A.C.
A.
249itwashe l
dthattheque st
ionofpr ovoca
tiondoe snotr ai
seinthec aseofwr ongful
a c
tsdonet opr opert
y.The
ma i
ngroundofprovocationall
e gedbythea ccusedistheda magetot hea eri
alofhisnewr adi
o.Qui tefrankl
y,t
he
dama getotheaer
ialoftheradioc ouldnotgivethea ccusedsuchprovoca t
ionaswoul dconstit
uteleg al
provocat
ionundersecti
on202oft hePenalCode. Herel egal
provocati
onwoul dbeawr ong f
ulactorinsultdoneto
apersona ndnott
opr operty…. .
”(4)Accusedc onvi
cteda schar
ged.

2RE
CKL
ESS
NES
S

R.
VSE
LEMANI
S/OHAS
SANI
1969HCD250Mus
taf
a,J
.

Thea cc usedwe ntouta tni ghtt oc ha sea wa ywil

dpi gswhi chwer edes troyingc ropsonhi ss hamba .Be l
ievi
ngt ha t
thepi g sha dr una wa yintot hes ha mbaoft hede ceased, hisne ighbora ndr el
a ti
ve, hewe ntov ertot hede ceas ed’ s
hous ewher ehewok eupt hedec e as ed’swi f
ewhot oldhi ms hedi dnotk nowwhe rehe rhus ba ndwa s.Het he n
we nti nt ot hes ha mbaa lonea ndwhe nhef oundt hepi gshef ire dhi ss hotg un. Laterhehe a rdav oices ayi
ng“ you
ha vea lrea dys hotourbr otheri nla w” .Thede ceasedha dinf actbee ni nt hes hambaa ndwa sfoundt oha vedi ed
fromag uns hotwound. Thea c cusedwa sc ha r
gedwi thma nsl
a ug hter .Hel d:(1)“ The rei se videnc et hatitwa sa
da rknig ht. Thea ccusedhi ms elfsaidt hatt hede ceaseda lsowa sint heha bitofhunt ingpi g sa tnight, asdida ll the
othe rfa rmer si nt hata r
ea .Whe nhea rriveda tthehous eoft hede ce asedt hatnig hta nddi dnotf indhi m, itwoul d
pe rhapsber ea sona bletoex pe cttha tthedec easedc oul dha veg onei nt ohiss hambat ohuntpi gs
.Ac cordingt ot he
acc used’ sowna cc ounthewenti ntot hede ceased’ssha mba ,whi c hwa sfullofma ize, hes a ws omepi gs,
a nda tt he
samet imehes awabl acks hadow. Des pitet hefacttha titwa sda rk, andde spitethef a ctt ha tdi dnotf indthe
dec eas edi nhi sownhous e ,anddes pitethef ac
ttha tthea ccusedk ne wt hede cea sedc oul dv erywel lbec ha sing
pig sawa yinhi sowns hamba ,andde spitet hefacttha tt hea ccus edhi ms el
fha dwhi stleda ndc all
edf orthe
de ceas edt hr eet imesf r
omt hede ce a sed’shous ebe foreheent er edt hede ceased’ ss ha mba ,thea ccus edopened
fi
rei mmedi a telywi t
houta s
c ertai
ningwhe therthes ha dowc oul dbet hedec ea s
edors ome bodye l
se. I
nmyv iew
wha tthea c cus eddi dwa sr eck l
e s
sne ssofa nex t
remek ind. Hewa sre cklessindi scha rg i
ngag una tni ghtwhe n
visibil
itywa sv erypoor ,i
nas ha mbawher et hedec easedc ouldv erywe llhavebe en…I the re forea moft hev iew
tha tthedeg reeofne gli
ge ncewa ss ohi ght hatwha tthea ccus eddi da mount edt ot heof fe nc eofma ns l
aug hte r.”(2)
Se ntenc e. “T hisi sas adc ase.Itisc lea racc useda nddec ea se
dwer eg rea tfri
ends . Dec e asedbe f
orehedi edha ds a i
d
acc useds houl dnotg etintot roublebec aus ewha ta ccuse ddidwa st hroug hba dl uck .Ac c us edha dbe eng r
os sly
neg li
ge nti ndi s cha rgi
ngag una ndk illi
ngde ceased. Howe vera ccus edha sbe eni nc us todyf or5mont hshowa nd
thedea thofdec ea sed,hisbr othe rinl a w, mus tha v
ebee nas adbl owt ohim.I binda ccus edov ertobeofg ood
be ha v
iorf or12mont hs.”

D.
M PAT
ELV.
R1969HCD60PUBL
ICAUT
HORI
TY(
OFF
ENCE
SAGAI
NST
)

Theappell
a ntwa sconv ic t
edofc ontemptofc our tc /s114( 1), Pena lCode. T hef ac tsall
egeda gai
nstthea ppel l
ant
werethatint hec ours eofj udicial pr
oceedings,hes howeddi sres pecttot hec ourtbys peaki
ngwi thouti t
s
permi
ssi
on. Ita ppear st hatthea ppell
antoldawi tnes sina tt
enda ncea tthec our t“ Wewes ha hi
di kaahuk u”(“You
wit
ness,comea ndsitov erhe re”).Wheret hec harg ewa sr eada ndex plai
nedt ot hea ppell
ant,hea dmi tt
edt hathe
hadspokenwi t
houta sk ingtheper miss
ionoft hec our tbuts aidhedi dt ok nowheha dtodos o.Thea ppell
antalso
admit
tedt hathewa swr ongi nnotc onsult
inghi sa dvoc ate,whowa spr ese nt, befor ecommuni cati
ngwi t
hhi s
wit
ness.Held;I tisclea rf r
omhi sjudgme nt“thatt hel earne dma gist
ratedi dnotdi recthi
smi ndt otheque st
ionof
mensrea.T hisa ppea rst omet oha v
ebee nmi sdirection.S ecti
on114( 1)oft hePe nalCodema kesita noffenceif
anypers
on“ (
a )wi t
hint hepr emi sesinwhicha nyj udic i
alproc eedi ngisbe ingha d…. Showsdi sr
espec t,i
ns peechor
manner,toorwi t
hre fer encet os uchproceeding, ora nyper s
onbef orewhoms uc hproceedingisbe ingha dor
tak
en”.Thee mpha s
isint hatsubse cti
ons eemstolieontheintenti
onoftheaccusedindoingt hea c
tcomplained
of.T
hisempha sisma ynotbes ocleari ntheCommonL awoffenceofconte
mptofc ourtwhichi sdefi
nedinArch
bol
d( a
tpa r3471, 35thE dn)……. Butl earnedSt
ateAttorneyhasconcededtha
tintenti
onaldisre s
pectisan
ess
entiali
ng r
edientoft hes tatut
or yof f
enceinTanganyi
k aandIthi
nkthisi
scl
ea r
lyshownifs ubsecti
on(1)ofs.114
i
sreada sawhol eincludings ubsec t
ion( 1)(
i)
,whi
c hma k
esitac r
imeifanyper
son: “c
ommi tsa nyotheractof
i
ntenti
onal di
srespecttoa nyjudi
c i
a lproceedi
ng,ortoanype r
sonbeforewhoms uchpr oc
ee dingisbeinghador
tak
en’(unde r
li
ninga dde d).

3NE
GLE
GENCE

AL
FRE
DBRAZ
ILAV.
R1968HCD309Mus
taf
aJ.

Accused, ames sengeremployedbyt heBukobaDistri

ctCouncil
,wa sinc hargeofpri
sonershelda taPri
ma r
yCourt.
Helettwopr is
oner soutoftheircel
lsandorderedthemt owa shhisclotheswhilehewe ntforawa l
k.Thepri
soners
es
cape d,anda ccusedwa schar
g edundersecti
on117( 1)ofthePena lCodewhi chappli
esto“ anype r
sonwhoa ids
apri
sone rinesca pi
ngora tt
empt i
ngtoesca
pef romlawf ul
custody……”Hel d:“(
T)heword‘ a
id’ wouldimport.
.an
el
eme ntofpos it
ivea s
sist
anceand/oranint
e nti
onofhelpingtheprisone rst
oe sca
pe.Theev i
de nceledonly
es
tabli
s hesthat[a c
cused]wase xt
remelynegli
genc
ea ndc ar
eless.
”Conv icti
onquashed.

BAKARI
S/OHAMI
SIV.
R196HCD311Geor
gesC.
J.

T hea ppel lantwa sdr ivingamot orc ara longMa s asi/Lindi Roa da ta bout1P. Mwhe nabuswhi chwa st ra vel
ingin
theoppos i
tedi r
ec ti
ons toppe ds omedi s t
a nc ea wa yf romhi m. Pa sseng ersc ameof fthebus , andoneoft hem
attempt e dt oc ros sther oad, comi ngf rombehi ndt hebusi ns odoi ng .Thea ppe ll
a ntc ol li
de dwi t
honeoft he se
per sons .Unf ortuna te l
yi tturnedbutt obeapr e g nantwoma n. Herl egwa sbr okena ndha dt obea mput ated. She
ha dami sca rriagea nds ufferedav erys ev erec uti nt hea r eabe twee nhe ra nusa ndhe rv agina .Thea ppe llant
plea dedg uiltyt oda nge rousdr i
v i
nga ndheha snotc ha lleng edt hispl ea . Thel earne dma gis
tr ates ent enc edt he
appel lantt o18mont hsi mpr isonment .Appea lfr oms e ntenc eonl y. Hel d(1)“ I t
hi nki tma ybes tateda sag eneral
princ i
plet ha tint r
a ffi
cof fenc es, othe rt hanc aus ingde athbyda ng e rousdr i
ving ,whe ret hea ccusedi saf ir
st
offenderpuni shments houl dbebywa yoff i
ner a thert ha nbywa yofi mpr i
sonment . Thef actt ha tsec tion45oft he
TrafficOr dina ncec ap.168i tselfla ysdownbot hat er mofi mpr i
s onme nta ndaf inea samet hodofpuni shme nt
woul dindi ca tet hatt hel egisl
a tur ec ontempl a tedt ha tthi swa st het ypeofof fenc ei nwhi chaf inewoul dnor ma ll
y
bea ppr opr i
a te. I
tiss ome wha tdi f
ficultt ounder s tandwhyt hel ea rne dma gi
stratea rrive da tt hef igur eof18
mont hsi mpr isonment ……”( 2)“ Signifi
c antlyt hel e arnedma gistra tedi dnots uspe ndt hea ppe l
lant’sdr i
v i
ngl icense
i
nt hi sc ase .S uspens ionofadr ivingl icens ei soneoft hemos ta ppr opr i
a tepuni shme ntsi nt hec aseofs erious
drivingof fenc es. I
ft hel earne dma gistratet houg htt ha tt hea ppel lant ’
sdr ivingwa ss oa troc iousa stodes erve
i
mpr isonmentf orape rioda sl onga s18mont hst he nc le arlyt hea ppe llantwa st hes ortofper sonwhos houl dbe
keptof fther oa df orac ons i
der a blepe riodi nor de rtopr ot e ctot herr oa dus er s
.”( 3)I tma ybet ha tt hes ev erit
yof
thei njur ys ufferedbyt hepede strianma yha v ea ffecte dhi sj udg me nt.F ormypa rt, Iwoul dnott hi nkt ha tthe
sever ityoft hei njurys uf feredbyt hev icti
ma st her esul tofda ng erousdr i
vings houl dbeaf a ctorofg rea tr ele v
ance
i
na rrang inga tthepuni s hmentwhi chs houl dbei mpos edont heof fender . Wha toug htt obec ons ide redI sthe
reck l
e ssne ssoft hea ct
, ha vi
ngr eg ardt ot hena tur ec ondi tion, theus eoft her oa da ndt hea mountoft ra ff
icwhi ch
wa sa c t
ua llyoni ta tthet i
meorwhi c hc oul dr ea sona blybeex pe cte doni t.Thea ppel l
a ntwa snotdr i
v inga tar at
e
ofs pe edwhi chc oul dbec a l
l
ede xces s
ive .Hi sa c tofneg li
g e nc ewa sf ail
ur etok eepas ha rpl ooki nc i
rc ums tances
whenheoug htt oha vek nownt ha tac a relesspede strianmi g hta tt
e mptt oc ros st her oa dfromt heba c koft hebus .
Thisneg l
ige nc eisg ravee noug ht obedes cribeda sda ng er ous , buti nmyv iewc a nnotme ritt heimpos iti
onof
prisont ermonf i
rstof f
ender .”(4)Appea lalloweda nds ent enc ev ar i
edt oaf ineofS hs .350/ - .Or4mont hs
i
mpr
is
onme
nti
nde
faul
taswe
lla
ssus
pens
ionofdr
ivi
ngl
i
cens
efor12mont
hs.

GE
NERALRUL
EOFCRI
MINALRE
SPONS
IBI
LI
TY
1I
GNORANCEOFT
HEL
AW

MAUL
IDI
V.RHCD1970346Bi
ron,
J.

Thea ppel
lantwa sconv i
ctedoffailuretopr eparea ndma intainr ecordsofor a l
c ont
ra c
tsinres pectofhi s
empl oyees,fa
iluretoins ureinr es
pe ctofliabil
it
yt ohi sempl oy ees, f
ail
uret oinsuret opaymi nimumwa ges.
Evi
denc ee s
tablishedtha tthea ppe l
lantwhoowne daba rpa idhi sba rmaidsS hs.60/-permont hwhe reast he
minimumwa gewa sS hs .
170/ -permont h.Thea ppel l
antpl eadedi gnorancea stor e
quireme ntofha ving
empl oyeesinsuredorc ontractsma deoutf orthe m. Thepl eawa sr eject
edont heg r
oundt ha tignora nceofl aw
doesnotex cuse.He ld: (
1)“ Apartfromt hef i
ndingont hef actst hatthea ppellantdidknowt hela w, Iami ncl
ined
tothev iewtha ttheses tat
ut oryoffencesa r
ea bsolut e,andnome nsreai srequired,evens oitispoi ntedt hatther
e
i
snos uchpresumpt iont ha tever
ybodyi spr esume dt ok nowt hel aw. I
nf act,
I verymuc hdoubti fs uch
presumpt i
onwoul dhol dg oodofe v enthosewhoa dmi ni
ste rthel aw. Thepr i
ncipleisthatignor a
nc eoft hel a
w
doesnota ffordadef ens ewhi ch,ast hema gist
ratewi llappr ecia
t e,isnott hes amea spresumi ngt hate veryone
knowst helaw. ”(2)The reisnome ritinthea ppeal (3)Appea l
dis mi ss
ed.

2MI
STAKEOFF
ACT

R.
V.S
ULT
ANMAGI
NGA1968HCD33Ge
org
esC.
J.

T hedecea
s edandawoma nwer elyi
nginar i
cefi
e l
da tni
ghtaft
erhavi
ngsexual
inte
rcours
e.Theacc
used,onhis
wa ytoguardhiss
ha mbaaga
insttheincursi
onsofwildpigs
,sawamov ementinthegras
sandshonehist
orchin
thatdir
ect
ion,butthebat
ter
ieswerewe akandhec ouldse
elit
tl
e.Hecall
edout,as
kingwhetheri
twasana ni
mal
orpeople.
T her
ewa snorepl
y.Thec ouplethenranoffindi
ffe
rentdi
rect
ions
.Theaccusedthr
ewhisspearatone
ofthes hadow, hitt
ingandf a
tall
ywoundi ngthedeceased.Theaccusedwa schargedwi t
hmur der.He l
d: (1)The
evidencesuppor tedthev i
ewt hatthea cc
useddidnotknowt hathewa sthrowingas pearatama n,andt hecharge
ofmur derc ouldnotbes ustai
ned.( 2)Ma ns
laught
ercouldnotbepr ov
eda sthee vi
dencedidnots howt he
requisi
tedeg reeofr e
ckl
e s
sne s
s.Althoughitwascommonk nowledgeinRufij
ithatma nycouplesgooffintothe
bus hatnighta ndintheda yforlov
e ma ki
ng,andtheaccuse
dmus tha v
ek nownt his
,hewa sabsolvedfrom
reckless
nessbec ausehec all
edout, ask
ingwhe t
hertheobjectwashuma nornot .Si
nc ehegotnor epl
y, hema ywil
l
hav ethoughtitwa sapig.( 3)Ac c
us ednotguil
tyofanyoffenc
e.T heki
ll
ingwa sana cci
dent.

3BONAF
IDECL
AIM

MOHAME
DHAS
SAN.
V.R1969HCD71Bi
ronJ(
THE
FTANDRE
LAT
EDOF
FENCE
S)

.
Theappellantwasconvi
ctedofburgl
arya ndstea
lingc/s294(1)and265,PenalCodea ndwassente
nc edto
i
mprisonmentfortwoy e
arsandsixmont hsrespecti
vel
y,torunconc ur
rent
ly,
andt othestat
utor
ytwent yf
our
st
okescorporalpuni
shment.Theappel
lantha dprevi
ouslybeenempl oyedasahous eserv
antbythecomplainant.
Headmi t
tedthathehadtakentheclot
hesf romthec omplai
na nt
’sroombyope ningthewidowand“ polef
inis
hing”
t
henout.
Hejus
ti
fi
edthi
sbydec
lar
ingt
hatthecompla
ina
nthaddi
smi
ssedhi
mf r
omhise
mploymentowinghi
m
t
hreemoth’
swage
s,a
nd,ast
hecompla
inantha
df a
il
edtopayt
hewagesduetohi
m,des
pit
erepe
atedreques
ts,
hede ci
de dtot akehiscl
othes .He l
d: “I
fthea ppellant’ss toryi
strue, itwoul dc ons t
it
uteade f
ens etot hecha r
ge,
asthea ppell
a ntma ywellha vethoughthewa sa ctingunderac la
imofr ight.Althoug hitwa sne verputt othe
compl a
inantt hatheowedt hea ppell
antanywa ges,i
tmus tbebor nei nmi ndt ha ttheappellantisbutay outh…….
Thatcouldwe ll
a cc
ountforhi sfai
lur
et oputhisc aset othec omplainanti ncros sex aminati
on, andl i
ke wis
ef orhi
s
taki
ngt hecompl a
inant’
sclothes,ifi
nfactthec ompl ainantowe dhi mwa g
eswhi chher efusedt opa y.Thelea r
ned
ma gi
strateinhisjudgmentha snotdirect
edhismi ndt ot hisa s
pectoft hec asea st owhet herthea ppell
antwa s
acti
ngunderac l
aimofright.Ha dhedones o,hemi ghtwi llhavethoug htt hatthe rewa sar easona bl
edoubt
whethe rhewa sinfacts
oa cting.Inal
lthec i
rcums tancesoft hecase ,Icons i
de ritwoul dbemos tuns afetouphol d
theconv i
cti
on. Iti
snotirrelevant,It
hink,tonot ,t
houg ht hiswouldnotbek nownt ot hema gistrate,thathiswa s
theappel l
ant’sfir
stappearanc eincourt,
andag oodr e cordi sana ssetwhi chc anbeus edtowe i
g htthes ca
lesinan
accused’sfavor,parti
cul
arlysoi nac a
seoft hi
sna ture. Thea ppealisacc ordi
ng l
ya l
l
owed, t
hec onv ic
tionisqua s
hed,
andthes entenc eimposedt hereonissetaside”.

4I
MMAT
UREAGE

NDAGOD/
OMWAKAL
INGA1967HCD300Ge
org
esC.
J.

Acc
used,
ac hi
ldoftenyea
rsofage,wasconv
ict
edofassaul
tcausi
ngact
ualbodil
yha r
m[ P.
C. s.
241]uponthe
bas
esofthetest
imonyofthevi
ct
im, ac
hil
dofelev
eny e
arsofage.Afi
neandorde rofcompe ns
ati
onwe re
i
mposed,bothofwhichwereor
de r
edtobepaidbytheparentofac
cusedundertheprovis
ionsofsect
ion21(
1)of
Cap.13.Howev er,t
hepa rentwa sg i
vennooppor tuni t
yt obehe ar
da tt
het ria
l.Hel d: (1)Section15oft hePena l
Codeprov i
des,“Ape rsonundert hea geoftwe l
vey e arsisnotc ri
minall
yrespons i
blef ora nact…unl essi
tispr
ove d
thatatt
het i
meofdoi ngt hea ct…heha dthec apac i
tyt ok nowt hatheoug htnott odot heact…. ”Ins uc
has i
mpl e
chargeasassaul
t,proofma ybei nferredfr
omt hes urroundi ngcirc
ums t
anc es.Mos tchildrenof10k nowt hatt
hey
oughtnottohitothe rchildrenwi t
hs tones.Howe ver ,i
tisde s
ira
blethattheMa gis
tra t
es pecif
icall
yc onsi
derand
ma keafi
ndingont hisissue. (
2)Sec t
ion15( 1)ofthePr ima ryCourts(Ev
idenc e)Regula t
ions,G.N. No. 22of1964,
provi
des,“I
nbot hcrimi nalandc i
vilcases,
theev idenc eofy oungchil
drenmus tbes uppor te
dbyot here v
idence.
”
Therewa snosuchc orrobor at
iona ndt heevidencewa st husinsuff
ici
enttos upportt hec onvi
c t
ion(3)S ecti
on21(2)
ofCap.13pr ovi
destha tac ourtma ynotor de rapa rentt opa yaf i
neorcompens ati
onor derwithoutg ivi
ngthe
parentanoppor t
unityt obehe a r
d. Theref
ore ,t
heor derwa sbad.Convict
ions etasidea nds entencequa shed.

R.
V.T
HOMASS
/OMF
AUMEHCD196718Mus
taf
a,J
.

Ac c
us ed, 10y earsofa ge
,kindledaf i
ret owa rmhi ms el
fwhi l
eg ra
zingc at
tle.Thefi
respreadandbur nedthe
compl aina nt’hous e.Acc
usedwa sconvictedofne glig
ent l
ydoinga na ctwithfi
reoromi t
tingtot ak
eprec a
ut i
ons
ag a
instt heda ng eroffi
re,andc ompens ationofS hs.2,540/-wa sawa rded.(P.
C.s.16)Hel d:(1)P.C.s.15pr ovi
des
thatape rsonunde rtheageof7y earsisnotr es
pons ibl
ef oranya ctoromi ssi
on,andthatape rsonunderthea ge
of12y earsisnotc r
iminal
lyresponsibleunl es
satt het i
meoft hea ct,heha dthecapacit
yt oknowt hathes hould
notc ommi tthea ct.Theburde nisont hepr osecutiontos howt hatthea ccusedhadknownt ha theshouldnot
kindlet hef i
re.(2)Af at
her,orderedt opa ycompens ati
onf ortheac tofhischi
ld,mustbeg iv
ent heopportunityto
behea rdinoppos it
iontotheor der.
5I
NSANI
TY

R.
VMANE
NOS
/OS
ALUM 1968HCD165Bi
ronJ
.

Acc usedwa sc hargedwi tht hedef i

leme ntofag irloffivey ea r
sofa ge.Theg i
rlwa sfoundt obenotc apa bleof
under s t
andingthena tureofa noa tha ndg av ehere v i
denc enotonoa th. Apsychiatri
creportwa ssubmi tt
e d
conc erninga c
cuseda ndont heba s
isoft hisr eportthema g ist
rat
ef ounda ccusedtobe“ gui
ltybutins ane.”Hewa s
ther eforeacquitt
eda nda ppa rentlydisc ha rged.Hel d:(1)S ecti
on127( 2)oftheE videnceg i
vennotonoa t
his
i
ns uf f
ici
enttos upportac onv i
ction.(2)S ec t
ion168( 1)oft heCr imina l
Pr oce
dur eCodepr ovidestha ti
nc a sessuch
ast hepr esenton, t
hec our ts hallma keas pec i
alfi
ndi ngtha tthea ccuseddidthea ctorma det heomi ssionc har
ged
buti snotg uil
tybyr easonofi nsa ni
ty .
T hev erdictof“ guil
tybuti nsa ne”isunknowni nla
w. (3)Afterfinding
accus ednotg uilt
ybyr ea sonofi ns anity, thec ourts houldha vesubmi tt
e darecordoft hepr oceedingst othe
Mini sterandor dereda ccusedk eptinc us todya sac r i
mina llunat
icpur suanttos e
c ti
on168( 1)oftheCr imina l
Proc edureCode. Procee ding sde claredanul l
ityanda ccusedor deredt obec hargeda ndtrieddenov o.

R.
V.T
OMS
ONS
/OMS
UMAL
IGeor
gesC.
J.

Thea ccused, whowa ss ubjectt oepi l

ept i
cfits
, sleptint hes amehous eashi sf ather,s
ot ha thec ouldbet a kenc are
ofifaf i
tcameon. Ont heni ghti nque sti
on, hewa sfoundbyhi smot hera ndot hersoutsidet hehous e,s tandi ngby
thedea dbodyofhi sfat her,wi thahea vys ti
cka longs i
de .Het oldhi smot he rtha theha dk il
ledat hief.Shea ske d
himwhyheha dk ill
e dhi sf at
her , andhema denor epl y.Later
, i
na ne x t
ra-judic i
alstat
ement ,hes aidthatea rli
e r
thatda yheha dbee nv is i
tedbyama nwhowi she dtoma rryhi ssistera ndwhoa skedthea cc
us edt ousehi sg ood
offi
cest oarrang et hema rria
g e. Thea c cusedr efus eda ndt hes uitorl eft
,thr ea teni
ngtor et ur
nl a teranddea lwi th
him. Thatnight, thea ccus eda ppe a r
e dt odr eamt hatt hes uit
orha dc omeba ck ,hadenter edt hehous ea ndwa s
beatinghisfa t
he r. I
ndef enseofhi sfathe r,thea c cusedt ookas ti
c ka ndbea tt hesuppos eda ssa i
la nt.La
t erhe
dragge dthebodyoft hea ssail
a ntout sidet hehous e. Therehewa st oldtha tt hema nheha dk il
ledwa shi sfa ther.I
t
appe aredfromt heev ide ncet ha tthea ccusedwa sac onfirmede pilept i
c.Whi leunderobs ervationi nthehos pital
afterthek i
ll
ing, hes uffere dthr eee pilept i
cfit
s ,rema iningi nac onf us edsta tef oraboutt wohour sa f
terea chone .
Thedoc t
orina ttenda nc ewa soft heopi niont ha t,si
nc ethea cc usedha dbee nong oodt ermswi thhi sfat her ,the
kil
li
ngmus tha ve. Be endonei nac onfus eds tatef oll
owi nga nepi lept i
cf i
t.Ifs o, t
hea c
cus edc oul dnota tt het ime
havebee nablet oa ppr eciatet hena tur eofhi sa c t.T
hea ccusedwa sc harge dwi t
hmur de r.Hel d:a c
cusedwa s
foundnotg uil
tybyr easonofi ns anity.T heCour tstate d:“Ont heev idenc ebef oreme, Iams atisfi
ed……t ha tt he
accusedwa stheper sonwhok i
lledhi sfa ther.Ia ms at i
sfi
eda lsot ha thek il
le dhi minc i
rcums ta nc eswhi chwoul d
havemount edt omur derha dt hea f
fe ctinghismi nd, hewa suna blet ounde rs tandwha thewa sdoi nga ndt ha the
couldnotr ealizet ha theoug htnott oha vedonewha thedi d”.

6I
NTOXI
CAT
ION

R.
V.RI
CHARDHI
YARI
1969HCD458

Thea ccus
edwa sc hargedwiththemur derofhi
ss i
st
er.Inanex t
ra-j
udici
alst
ateme nthea dmi ttedkill
i
ngt he
deceasedwi thapes tlebutstatedhedidnotknowwha tcausedhimt okil
lher.Athistri
alheg a veev i
de nceon
oa t
ha ndstatedt hatont hema t
eri
aldateheha dbeendr i
nki
ngpombef orabout5hour sbe foret heinc i
dentwhich
result
edint hedea thofthissi
sterandthatonhiswa yhomeheha df a
ll
enonanumbe rofoc cas i
ons.Hel d:(1)
“intox
icat
iont a
k esv ar
iousforms.I
tma yleadtototali
ncapacit
ya mounti
ngtot empora r
yins anity[sec.14(1)(b)
Pena l
Code]ori tma ycreat
eac ondit
ionwhichinducesextr
aordinaryvi
olenceandi nthi
sc onne cti
oni tma y
becomer elevanti ndetermini
ngwhet herapersoninsuchac onditi
oniscapableofformingas pecif
icintention
whichma ybeanec essar
yingr edientofanof fence.Ihave………. Foundtha tthea cc
usedwa snotins
ane,
temporaryorother wise,
atthet i
mehedi dt hea ct.
”(2)“Inconsi
deri
ngwhe the
rt hea c
cusedi
ntendedtokil
lor
caus
eg ri
evousbodi lyharmt ohi sowns i
steronema ybet emptedtolookf oramot ive(R.
v.Ma ngo’
ondis/o
Ma s
eleCrim.SessionsCa s
e219of1969c ited).Thea cc
usedwa smostfri
e ndlywithhisdeceas
eds i
st
er.Therewa s
nopreviousquarrelbe t
wee nthem. If
indtha tbyr e
asonsofhisheavydrink i
ng[thea cc
used]act
edwhilesti
llunder
thei
nfluenceofthisintoxi
cationa nddidnotf ormtheintenti
ontok i
l
lorc ausegrievousbodil
yharmtot he
deceas
ed. If
indhimg ui
lt
yofma nsl
aughtera ndconv i
cthima c
cordi
ngly.
”

7NE
CES
SIT
Y

R.
VDODL
EY&S
TEPHE
NS(
1884)14QBD273

Held:
accus
edf oundg uil
tyforthemurderofRi
char
dparker
,thedefenseofne
cess
it
yc oul
dneverbe
ext
endedtoape rsonwhok il
l
sa not
hertosav
ehisl
if
easiti
simpossibl
etocompar
ea ndchoos
ev al
ueof
someoneli
feov e
ra nother.
Ifdefenseofnec
essi
tyc
ouldbeextende
dt othemurderofsomeoneels
eit
wouldcaus
ea narchy.

R.
V.ABBAS
IMOHAMME
DCOMORI
AN1969HCD113Ki
mic
haAg
.C.
J.

T hea ccusedpl eadedg ui l

tyt odrivingwi thoutapr operl i
cens e.Hisunc leha dg onet oDa resS alaa mto
receivemedi ca ltr
e a
tment .Thea c cusedr ecei
vedame s
s aget hathisunc leha da r
riveda ttheZ a nzibar
Airport,andt ha thewa sve rys i
cka ndne ededt obec ollected. Thereupont hea ccusedt ookhi sunc l
e’
s
automobi letot hea ir
por ttopi c
kuphi sunc l
ea ndbringhi mt ot own, dur ingwhi c
hj ourneyhewa s
stoppe dbyt hepol icea ndf oundt obewi t
houtapr ope rdrivinglicense .Thea cc usedi saPos tOf ficevan
driver
. Hehol dsaGov er nme ntl i
cense, whichisissuedf reeofc ha r
g etoGov ernme ntdr i
vers,andwhi ch
authorizeshimonl ytodr i
veGov ernme ntv ehicl
es.Thea cc
us edwa sfinedS hs. 100/-.Hel d:(1)On
revis
ion, t
heHi g hCour tha st hepowe rt oconsidertheme ri
tsofac a s
enot withstandingt hef a
c tt hatthe
accusedpl eade dg ui
ltya ndt hec asec amei nit
iall
ytot heHi ghCour tforre vi
sionont heque sti
onof
sentenc eonly.( 2)Thea ccuse dwa sfac edwi t
ha nemer gencys ituati
ona nditisha r
dlys urpri
singt ha
the
drovet othea i
rportwi thoutt hi
nkinga boutlicensi
ngt echnica li
ti
es. Hewa sac ompet entdr i
ver; indeed,
hema dehi sli
vinga sadr i
ve r
, soitc a
nnotbea rguedt hathewa senda ng eri
ngt hepubl i
cs af
e t
y .T he
HighCour t“ didnott hinkt ha tanyr easona bl
ema nplace dint hes i
tuat i
onoft hea ccus e
dofbei ng
requiredtomee tav erys i
ckma ninahur r
ywoul dha vebe ha vedi namor erea sonablema nnert ha nthat
pursue dbyt hea c
cused. ”Conv i
cti
onqua shed.

8COMPUL
SION

J
OSHUAS
/OS
ONKOV.
R1971E
.A.
C.A60Duf
fus
,P.
Lut
taa
ndMus
taf
aJJ
.A

T hea ppel
l
a ntwa sconv i
ctedofmur der, butashewa sfoundtobeunde r18y earsofa ge,hewa ssente nc
edtobe
de tai
nedatt hePr e
sident’
splea s
ure .Hea l
legedthathea ndthede c
eas
edha dg onef i
shingi
nac anoe.Att he
ri
v erbankthe ymetoneW. whileint hemi ddl
eoft herivert
heyc amea crossahi ppo, andboththea ccusedand
thedec eas
edbe camef ri
ghteneda ndf ellintother i
ver.Theaccusedma na g
edt os wima s
hore.Thea c
c usedwent
andt oldW oft heincident
. Hea l
l
eg edt ha tW thereupondec i
dedt hatt
hede c
e aseds houldbekill
eda ndhis
prope rt
ytaken. Thea cc
use dledW t owher ethede ceasedwa s
, a
ndW wa sa l
l
eg edt oha vetol
dthea ccusedthati
f
he, theacc
us ed,Didnotk il
lthede cea s
e d, W wouldk i
ll
thea c
cuse d.Wthenha nde dapa ngatothea ccusedwho
thenc utthede cea s
eds everalti
me swi t
ht hepa ngaa f
terwhichW a ndt hea cc
usedwe ntt ot hede ceased’shouse
ands haredhispr operty.Inthecour seofhi sde f
ens e,theaccused’scouns e
l i
nvokedt hepr ovis
ionsofs ect
ion17of
thePe nalCode. T hi
sprov i
desinterali
a–ape rsonisnotc ri
mina l
lyresponsibl
efora nof fenc eifitiscommi tt
edby
twoormor eof fenders,andifthea ctisdoneonl ybec auseduri
ngt hewhol eoft hetimei tisbe ingdonepa rtofthe
offe
nde rinst
a ntlytokillhimortodohi mg rievousbodi l
yharmi fherefuses.Thet ri
aljudg efoundt hattheall
eg e
d
threatbyW t ok il
l t
hea ccusedwa snotpr ese nta l
lthet i
me,andt hatonc ethepa ngawa sha ndedt ot heaccusedb
W, thethreatha dceasedt oexis
t, a
st heac cusedwa stheninapos it
iont owithstandW’ sa tt
e mptt oputhi s
all
egedt hreatintoef f
ect.Thea ccusedha dt here f
orekill
edthede ceaseda fte
rthet hreatha dc easedtoe xi
st,and
thereforecouldnoti nvok ethepr ovi
sionsofs ect i
on17oft hePe nalCodei nhisde fense.T het ri
a lj
udgea l
sosaid
thatthes ect
ionisonl
yav a
il
abletoa noffenderwhoisjoi
ntlycha r
gedwi tha not
herorot her.He
s l
d: (
1)“Thetwo
ormor eof f
endersref
erredtoins ect
ion17ne ednotbejoi
nt l
yc hargedwi thana ccusedper s
on, t
heycoul
dbe
abettorsoftheoffenc
ea ndindeedc ouldbepe r
sonswhoha da bsconde da ndcouldnotbet r
a c
edorha ddied.The
word“ offenders
”isnotsynonymouswi th“ c
o-accus
ed”.Howe ve r
,thismi s
direc
tionha dnoti nanywa ypr
ejudic
ed
thea ppell
antoroccasi
oneda nyinjust
ic
ea sthetri
alj
udgeha drightl
yf oundt hatthea ll
egedthreatbyYerominoto
kil
lthea ppell
anthadceasedtoex is
tbeforetheappell
antcutandk ill
edt hedecea sed.”(2)Appealdis
miss
e d.

9COMPUL
SION BYHUS
BAND

10J
UDI
CIALI
MMUNI
TY

ODDOF
UNGARE
ZAME
ETSV.
R1969HCD252Geor
gesC.
J.

Appe ll
antwa sc onvicte
dofwr ong ful conf i
ne me ntc /s253, Pe nalCode. T hec ompl a i
na nt ,oneAhmedMoha me d,
hadbe ena rreste dandpl ac edi nt hePr ima ryCour tl oc k
-upf or3da ysont hea ppellant’si ns t
ruc tions,whi chwe re
bas e
donhi ss uspi ci
onst ha tAhmedwa st radingwi thoutal icense. Thea ppe l
lantwa sDi str i
ctE xe cutiveOfficera nd
clai
me dtoha v ea cteda ccor dingt os . 43oft heMa g i
s tr
atesCour tsAc t,Ca p. 537, i
nhi sc apa citya sa ne xoff
icio
Justi
c eoft hePe a ceinthea bs e nc eoft heDi st
r i
ctMa g i
strate, whowa sa wa ya tthet ime. Noc ha rgewa sever
broug hta g ai
ns tAhmedwhowa sr elea sedona ppe l
lant’sf urtherins tructions .Held:( 1)“ TheMa gi
strates’Cour t
Act……. Sec t
ion47pr ov ides :-“ AJ ust i
ceoft hePea cema ya rres
torma yor dera nype rs ont oa rre s
ta nype rson
whoi nhisv i
ewc ommi t
sac og niza bleof fenc e.”T hepoweri sex erc i
sablewhe therornott herei sama gis
trat
ei n
theDi stri
ct…. T heex pres s
ion“ cog niz ableof fenc e ”isdef ine dint heCr i
mi na lProcedur eCodeCa p. 20a s“an
offenc eforwhi chapol i
c eof fice rma y ,ina ccor da nc ewi tht hef i
rsts chedul ehe r
e t
oorundera nyl awf orthet ime
beingi nfor ce, arrestwit houtawa rrant .
”T heof fe nc eoft radingwi thoutal icenseisnots pec if
ic all
ylistedint he
fi
rsts chedul e.Itf al
ls,howev e r,undert heg ene ra lclassifi
c ati
oni nDi visi
onXPa r
tBwhi c hdea lswi th“Of f
ence s
unde rL awsot he rthant hePe na lCode. ”t hispr ov ide stha twher et heof fenc eispuni sha bl ewi thi mpr isonme ntfor
l
es stha nay ea rorwi thaf ineonl yapol i
ce ma nma ynota rresttheof fenderwi thoutawa rrant .T hepena l
ty
provide df ortr adingwi thoutal icens ec /
s3oft heT ra desL icensingOr dina nceCa p. 208i s“ afinenotex ceedingf iv
e
hundr e dshi l
li
ng s ”and“ af ur t
he rf i
neoft we ntys hi l
lingsf ore achda yorpa r
tofada ysubs eque ntt oconv i
cti
on
dur i
ngwhi cht hec ontravent ionc ont inue s.”T heof fenc ewhi chAhme dma yha vec ommi t tedwa snotac ognizable
offenc eandt hea ppella
ntwoul dnotha veha dt hepowe rtoa r
resthi mwi thoutawa r
ra nt–ev eni fitcouldbe
establishedt ha theha dc ommi ttedt heof fenc e.”( 2)“ Thea ppellanta ppea rstobej usti
fy ingt hea rrestnotunde r
secti
on47butunde rsec ti
on50( b) .T hea ut hor i
zesaJ usticeoft hePea cet o–“ rema ndi nc ustodya nype rson
arrestedwi thorwi thoutawa rra ntf orar ea s
ona blet imenote x
ce eding7da y s
.”Itma ywel l
bet ha tthissecti
on
cannoti na nye v entcov ert hef act soft hisc ases i
nc et hec auseoft heunl awful confineme ntwa st hea ppella
nt ’s
orde rtot heme ssengert oa rrestwi thoutawa rra ntaper sonwhoha dnotc ommi tteda nyof f
enc eforwhi cha r
rest
withoutawa rrantwa sper mi ssibl e.E veni fitc oul da ppl yitisnota v ai
lablet ot hea ppe l
la nti nt hec ircumstanc esof
thi
sc a s
e .The reisapr ov i
sot ose ct
ion30( b)whi chr ea dsa sfoll
ows :-“ Aj us t
ices hall
notr ema nda nype rsoni n
custodyunl essca sefil
ei s,orsha l
lhav ebe en, openedf ort hema ttera ndac ha r
gei s,orshallha vebe endr a wnup
ands igne dbyama g i
strate,justi
ceorpol i
ceof fi
cer…. .Thepowert or ema ndc annotbee x
erc i
sedunl esst he
conditionsl aiddowni nt hisprov i
soa refulfi
ll
e d.I
nt hisc asenoc asef il
ewa sopene d,norwa sa nyc ha rgesigned
eit
herbyt hea ppe l
lant,orama gi
strateorapol ic
eof fi
cer .Thefacttha tthec ourtdoc ument swer eunderl oc kand
keya nduna v ai
lable,cannotber ega r
de da sa nex cus efornon- compl ia ncewi ththispr ovi
so…. .Anybl anks heetof
pape rcoul dbeus edt os etoutt hepa rtic
ularsoft heof fencea srequir edunde rthepr ov i
soa ndt hisc ouldbes i
gned
bythea ppr opriateofficer……. T
hea ppe l
l
ant ’
sf ai
luret oobeyt her ulesl aiddowni ntheOr dinanc ea sapr e -
conditiont ohi sexe rci
seoft hi
spowe rtor ema nd, ma keshi suseoft ha tpowerunl awf ul.
”(3)“I hav ea lso
conside redwhe therornott heappe l
lantc anc lai
mi mmuni tybyr easonofs ec t
ion16oft hePena lCode ,aj udic
ial
offi
ceri snotc rimina l
lyre sponsibl
ef ora nythingdoneoromi tt
edt obedonebyhi mi nt heex erciseofhi sjudici
al
functions .……. ”Ins omec i
rcums tancesaj usticeoft hepe acedoe sac ta saj udicialoffi
c er
.Inot hershi sfunc t
ions
areex ec uti
v erathert hanj udici
al.I
nt hisca seinvolv i
ngt hea rr
estofa na ll
eg edof fende rwithoutawa rrant,his
functionsa ree xecut i
ver athertha njudi c
ialanda c cording l
yt heimmuni typr ovidedbys ecti
on18doe snota vai
l.
According lythea ppe a l
a gainstconv i
ctionisdi smissed. ”

11S
ELF
DEF
ENCE

R.
v.Mwi
tas
/oMuhoni
,Cr
im.
Sas
s.186-
M-68,
16/
12/
68,
Sea
tonJ
.

Thea c c
usedf oundt hede ceasedc ommi t
tinga dult
e r
ywi thhi swi f
ei nthebus h. Thedec e asedr ana way,
witht hea c
c us edc hasinghi m. T
henhes t
oppeda ndhi tthea ccus edwi thas tickont hea rm. Thea c cused
hithimba c
kont hehe adwi thapi ec
eofs ug arcane.T hetwog rapplea nds trug gledf ors omet ime, a nd
fi
nallythea c cused, reali
zinghewa slosi
ngt heba ttl
e,tookoutapoc ketk ni
fea nds tabbe dt hedec ea se
d
ont heuppe ra rm. Thedec e as
eddi edshor t
lya f
ter,duet oex cessiveblee di
ngr e sul
tingf romas eve r
e d
artery.Thea ccus edwa sc hargedwi t
hma nslaughter.Hel d:Thea ccusedwa sc onv ictedofma nslaug hter
ohisownpl eaa nds e ntencedt o12mont hsimpr i
sonment .I
ns entenc i
ng ,t
hec our trema rked: “The
l
ea rneddef e nsec ouns elha sobservedtha tthiscaseisont hebor der–l ineofs elf–de f
ens eand
ma nslaughte r.Iti sce rt
ainlyag rossprovoc a
tiontof i
ndone selfthev ict
imofa dul terya ndt he nofa n
assaultbyt hea dul terer.Itakeintoc onsi
der ati
ont hatthedec easedwa say oung erma na ndma yha v e
beens t
rong ert ha nt hea ccused. I
twouldha vebee namor ef actfightha da ccus edc ontinuedt ous ehi s
fi
stsa ndthes tickofs ugarc aner a
thertha nresorti
ngt ohi knife.Butt heCour tc ana ppr eciatet hathi s
senseofi ndig nityma yha v ebee nsog re
a tthat,coupledwi thhi sfea rofbeingphy sical
lywor sted, the
accuse dreac tedde s
pe rately.Hewa sprot ect
inghishonora ndt hec our tshouldbel enienta cc ording l
y”.

R.
V.NYAKAHO1970HCD344.
Sai
diJ
.

Thea c
cus edwa schargedwit
ht hemur derofhe rf
ather
-in-l
awbys lashi
nghimt odeathwithapa nga.The
deceased, anoldma nof60y ear
sent er
edt hehouseofhisson, t
hehus bandofthea c
cusedwhe retheaccusedwas
sl
eepingc onv al
esc
ingfr
omaT .
B. att
ack.Theaccusedwa ssuddenlyawa kenedtofi
ndthede ceasedlyi
ngbetween
herlegs,histrouser
sstri
ppeddownt ohisfeet
,tryi
ngtoha vesexuali
nt e
rcours
ewithhe r
. Whens heref
usedto
havesexua linter
cours
ewi t
hhim, het r
iedtothrott
lehertos t
ophef roms hout
ingforhelp,whereupona c
cused
j
umpedoutofbedpi ckedupapa ngaanyc utt
hedec eas
e dseveralt
imesont heheada ndarms. Thedeceas
eddied
fr
omt hos ewounds .Atthetri
alas ubmissi
onofnoc asetoa ns
werwa sma de.Held(1)“Thereisnodoubt
wha t
soev ertha tthea ccus edwa sint hec ircums t
ancesent i
tledt ode fendher–s elfag ainstt hea ssa ul
tonhe rby
thedec eased. Shewa sawea kwoma nwhoha dbee nsufferingfromT .B. andwa sjus trec ov eri
ngf romt hee ffectof
thi
sill
ness .Shewa slawf ullyre st
ingi nherownhous e;whilei nde epS l
e eps hewa sa wa kene dbyt hedec e ased,
whoha dent ere dthehous e ,l
oc kedt hedoorwhi chwa sthe nope n, stri
ppedhi st rous ers,r ais
edt hebe d-shee tthe
accusedwa sc overingwi tha ns tart
e dtol i
eonhe r.
Whenc ha ll
eng edhet ri
e dtog r abt hea ccused’st hroatt oc hoke
her.Iagreewi ththes econda ssess
ort hati twa sav er
yba dbe havioront hepa rtoft hedec ea s
edt otryt os l
eep
withhisda ug hter-i
n-law. Itisa l
soc leartha themi sbehave ds og r
os sl
ywhenhewa sag ues tinhisowns on’shome
whe r
ehi sowni llwifewa sbei ngnur s
ed.T hea ccusedexe rci
s edhe rrightofs elf-defe nsewhens hewa sthr ottl
e dby
thedec eased. Ifshedidnotdos o,s hewoul dha vebeenc hok edtodea th. Aga i
n, undert hel aw, awoma ni s
enti
tl
e dtode fendherc ha stit
ya gainstama nwhowa ntstoha veca rnalk nowl edgeofhe rf orci
bly .Inpa ragraph
2512ARCHBOL D,inhisPL E ADI NG, EVIDENCEANDPRAACT ICEI NCRI MI NALCAS ES,36t hE diti
on, de al
swi th“ Kill
ing
i
nde fenseofper s
onorpr ope rt
y.”T herehes ays“Ana ccusedwoul dbee nti
tledt oa na cqui tt
alwher ethek i
ll
ingi s
j
us t
if
iabl
ea sfore xa mple…. Whe reawoma nkill
sama nwhoa t
tempt st or avishher ; 1Ha l
e485; 1Ha wk .7thed. ,
c.
28,s.21.”(2)“ Soitwoul da ppe a
rt hatev eni ncaseswher eawoma nf eelstha tama nwa ntst ora pehers hei sby
l
a went i
tl
e dtor esi
stther a pea ndi fwhiles or esi
sti
ngshei nflict
sfa tali
nj uri
esont hema ns hewoul dbee ntitl
edt o
ana c
quittal ass hewoul dt he nbede f
endi ngherc hasti
ty.Int hepr esentc a
se ,thea ccus edha sbot ht her ights,that
i
s ,
ther i
ghtt ode f
endherc ha st
itya ndalsot her i
ghttode fendhe rlif
ewhe nthede ce asedt ri
edt ot hrottleheri na
bidtoov ercomehera ndbea blet or avi
shher .
”(3)Accuseda cquitted.

DOCT
RINEOFCOMMONI
NTE
NTI
ON
MS
ENGI
MKUMBAV.
R1955E
ACA50

S
HENEKI
MBOKAV.
R1967HCD52Duf
fJ.

Thefiveaccus edwe rec onv ict

edont woc ount sofr obber y,onec ountofma l
ici
ousda ma getopr operty.
At axi
driv
erhadt a kenapa sseng ertoac ertai
nha ml et,whe r ehewa i
tedwhi l
et hepa ssengerwe nttohishous efor
mone ytopa yt hefa re.Whe nthepa ssengerr eturned, ag roupofpe rsons,incl
udi ngthef i
veaccused,hadg ather
ed
aboutthec ar. Theyque stionedt hedr i
vera ndpa s
s enger, i
ndicati
ngthatthe ys uspect
e dthemofbei ngthieves.
Dissat
is
fi
ed, the ysetupont hepa ir;duri
ngt hes trugg l
e, t
het wome nwer einjur edandpr opert
ya ndmone ywe r
e
stol
enfromt hem. Itisnotc learthata nyoft hef i
vea c
c usedstoleanyoft hev aluables.Held:(1)Clearl
y,the
accusedpar ti
cipat
e di nt hea s
sault.Convi
c ti
one ntereda ccordingly
.(2)Howev er,alt
houg hthea cc
use d“shar
e da
commoni nt entiont opr os ecutea nunlawf ulpur pose, namel y
, thebeati
ngofs o-cal
ledthieves,
”itisnotc l
earthat
theythems elvescommi tteda nyr obberydi r
e ct
ly,nori sitclearthat“allofthea c
cuseds haredtheintenti
onto
steal
.”Absents uchpr oof ,thec onvict
ionforr obbe rymus tfai
l.

S
ALE
HES
ELE
MANI
ANDANORV.
R1971HCD23MZ
AVAS
,J.

.Thec ompl a
ina nt,aschoolboya g eda bout14y ears,wassentbyhi sf
a t
hertoane arl
ys hoptobuys ug a r
.Hewa s
gi
venone100/ -Shil
li
ngnot .Ona rrivalattheshopheha ndedthemoneyt otheowne roft heshopZa nda skedf or
s
ug arwor thS hs.4/-Ashewa sha ndingt hemone ytoZt hetwoa ccused’sar
ri
v eda tthes hopa nda skedt obuy
ci
ga rett
es.Soona f
terZfoundt hathedi dnotha veenoug hchangeort heshi
ll
ing s100/ -
notea ndr e
t urnedt he
mone ytothec ompl ai
nantwhol eftthes hopfoll
owedbyt heaccused.Itwase stabli
shedt hatthes ec onda cc
us ed
gr
a bbedt hec ompla i
nant,puthisha ndinhistrouserspocketandtookt heShs. 100/-notea ndbot ha ccused’
st ook
t
ot heirheels. Thecompl a
intrepor tedt othepoliceandinv e
sti
gati
onsl edt
ot hea rrestofthea ccuse d’sandto
t
he irhee l
s.Thec omplainantrepor tedtot hepolic
ea ndinvesti
gati
onsledtot hea rr
estoft hea cc
us ed’ sandto
t
hei rbeingcha rgedwiththeof fenc eofr obbe
rywi thviol
encec/ss285a nd286oft hePena lCode .Thef i
rstaccus ed
pleadedt ha thes awnopoi ntofput tingupadef e nsebec aus et hec ompl a i
na ntdi dnotment ionhi ma soneoft he
robbe rs.Thes ec onda c cuse dg avehi sdef e nseonoa tha nddeni edc ommi ttingt heof f
e nce.Hel d:(1)“ Thel ea rned
stat
ea t
tor ne yt houg ha dmi ttingt ha tt he rewa slittl
edi rectev idenc ei mpl icatingt hef ir
s ta ccuse dwi tht heof fenc e
hea rguedt ha tthef irsta ccusedundert hedoc trineofc ommoni nte ntionwa se qua l
lyg uiltyoft heof fe nceof
robber ywi thv iole nc e. He,ins uppor tofhi sa rgume ntr eferre dt hec our ttot hede ci
sionbyBr ambl eJ .inJ uma
Kurasi vs.R. (1969)H. C.D. Ca seNo. 72. I agreewi tht hel ear ne dc ouns e lt
ha tt hef actsinJ umna ’sc asec lea r
ly
disc
los edc ommoni nte nti
onbut ,wi thduer espe cttot hel ea rneds tatea ttorney ,
itc annotbes os aidi nt hepr e sent
case.Int hisc aset her ewa s,Ia greewi ththeRepubl ic,ev i
denc et ha tbot ha ppel lantswe res eena tthes hopwhe n
thec ompl a i
na ntwa st he r
ewi thhi sS hs .100/ =not e.E quallyi tisc lea rtha tbot ha ppe l
lant swe res eenl a terbyt he
compl aina nta shewa sg oinghome. Fromt hee videnc eoft hec ompl ai
na nthi ms el
fhedi dnotme nti
ont hef irst
appellanta sha v i
ngt ak enpa rtint her obbe ry.Hef r
omt hee vide nc er ema ine dc ompl et elypa s si
v eins of ara sthe
robber yisc onc e rne da lthoug hhea lsor a na wa ya ft
e rt hes ec onda ppel l
antha dg ra bbeda ndr obbedt he
compl aina nt…. Itiss et tl
edl awt ha twhe r
et woormor epe rsonsa rec ha r
g edwi tha nof fenc e, thepr ose cutionha s
toprov et hea ctua lg uiltofea c ha c cus edora lt
erna tivelythepr os ec utionmus tprov et ha tthea cc usedper sons
we r
ea cti
ngi npur sua nc eofac ommonpur posewhe noneoft he mc ommi ttedt hea l
lege dof fenc e…. Asi twa sheld
i
nWa nji
rod/ oMa lerioa ndAnot he rv s .R.(1955)22E .
A. C.
A. 521, fort hedoc trineofc ommoni nt entiont oappl y .‘
It
mus tbes hownt ha ta nAc cusedpe rsons ha re
dwi tht hea ctua lpe rpet ratorsoft hec rimeas pec ificunl awf ull
y
purpos ewhi chl edt ot hec ommi ssionoft heof fenc ec ha rged. ’ The rei snoev idenc ewha t-so-e veri nt hisc ase
showi ngt ha tthef ir
s ta ccuse ds ha redwi tht hes econda cc
us edwhowa sthea ctua lperpet ratoroft hec r i
me , a
specifi
cunl awf ul pur pos ewhi chl edt ot hec ommi ssionoft heof fe nc eofr obber ywi thv iolenc e. Fort hea bov e
reasonsi twoul d, inmyv i
ew, beuns a fet os uppor tthec onv ictioni ns ofa rast hef irstac cusedi sc onc erne d.”( 2)
“Asfort hes econda cc usedI amf ullys atisfi
eda ndI a greewi tht heRe publ i
ct ha tthe rewa sa mpl ee videnc ei n
suppor toft hec onv iction.”

J
UMANNES
ALUMPAZI
v.RE
PUBL
IC1981T
LR(
Kis
ang
a,J
.)
]

Thea ppe ll
a ntwa sjointlyc ha rged" witha not he rpe rs
on, t
hef i
rsta ccused, withunl a wful possessi
onof
governme ntt r
ophy .T het rialma gi
stratefoundt ha ttheof f
enc ewa sc ommi t
tedbutc oul dnota scertai
n
whichpa r ti
c ularoneoft het woc ommi tt
edt heof fence.Hec onv i
ctedbot hoft hemont heg r
oundt hat
hebe li
ev edt hepr osec utionev i
denc ea nddi sbeliev edthedef ensee vide nce.Ona ppea l thelearne d
stat
ea t
torneyur g ~thej udg et oa l
lowt hea ppea l ont hegroundt ha tthet r
ialcour tdidnotc onsider
defenseev idenc ea tall.T hel earne dHi ghCour tjudg econsi
der edt hedut yofthef irsta ppellat
ec our ti
n
suchins t
a nc es.HE LD( i)thi scour t,beingthef irsta ppe l
lat
ec ourt,mus tc onsidert heev i
denc e.eva l
ua t
e
i
titselfanddr awitsownc onc l
us i
on( l
1c l
I/cfl'
(/I'. R.,[1957]E .
A.336. S,
-II(
'tl
llt
l All
a therI '
.Associatec/
MowrBOUfCo. I
.tel..c mc /Ot llers[1968]E .A. 12. 1a ndOk ('
llo1'.R. .[1972]E .A.J2. . f
ollowed) ;(
ii)
wher etwoormor eper sonsa r
ej ointl
yc harg edwi tha noffenc eandi tisimpos s i
blet oa s cer
tainwhi ch
parti
cularonec ommi ttedt heof fencet hena lloft he mmus tbea cquittedunl essther ebee s
tablishedon
thepa rtoft hea ccusedper sonsc ommoni nt entiont oomittheof fenc ec harged; (i
ii)thee vi
dence
showe dt ha tt hea ppe ll
antha di nterestint heba g sinque st
iona ndt ookpa rtinma kinga rr
angement sto
tra
nspor tt he mt oDa re sS a l
aa m, assuc hhewa saj ointpossessoroft heba gs;(iv
)t hea ppell
ant,a sjoi
nt
possessor ,wa sapr i
nc ipa ltot hec ommi ss
ionoft heof f
ence.Appea l
dis missed.

COUNCE
LINGANOT
HERT
ODOANOF
FENCE
I
NCHOATECRI
MES
AT
TEMPT

MWANAHAMI
SIABDAL
LAH&HAMI
SIvRE
PUBL
IC1983T
LR265(
HC)L
AGAKI
NGI
RAJ

J
anuary29,1986G CRIMINALAPPEAL49OF1983F l
ynot
eCri
minal
Law-Townshi
pRul
es-Whethe
rappli
est
o
MinorSet
tl
eme nts
.Cri
mina
lLaw-Unnatur
alof
fence-I
ngr
edi
ent
softheof
fenc
e.H Cri
mina
lLaw-Att
emptto
c
ommi tanunna t
ural
off
ence-Of
fenc
enotcommi t
tedwher
eappel
l
anthadnotst
art
edt
oundre
sshimsel
f.

T hea ppell
ant,ama le,wa sbydr ess,beari
nga ndwor dr epre s
ent inghims el
fa tMany oniIa saf ema l
ea ndwa s
arrestedwhe nhes or epresentedhims elftoapolicedec oy .Whe nexami neda tMa nyoniDistr
ictHos pita
lhewa s
foundwi thawi dea ndt endera nusandt her ewasdrys eme na roundt hepl a c
e,As ug ges
tingtha thewa sa
homos ex
ual.Hewa ssubs equentlycha r
g edwithwea ri
ngc l
othesofaf ema lecontrarytoRul e80(22)ofthe
Towns hipRulesa ndwithc ommi t
ti
nga nunna t
uralof
fe ncec ontra ryt
os ecti
on154( 3)oft hePe na l
Code.I nthe
alternati
vetothel att
erc ounthewa scha r
g edwithattempt ingt oc ommi tanunna turalof
f encecont r
a r
yBt o
sec t
ion155oft hePe nal Code.Hewa sc onv i
ct
eda scha r
g edint hef i
rs
tc ounta ndse nt
encedt ot hreemont hs'
i
mpr i
sonme nt
.Hewa sa ls
oc onvic
tedint hea l
ter
na t
ives econdc ounta nds entenc
edt othre eyea r
s'impri
sonme nt
.
Het hena ppeal
e d.C

Held:(i)Ma ny onihasne verbeendec la

redaT ownship,t heref
or ethea ppell
antwaswronglychargeda nd
conv i
ctedunde rT owns hi
pr ule
s.( ii
)Obiter
: evenifthea ppel
lantha dbe enproper
lychargedunde rtheT owns hi
p
Rules,thes entenc eofthreemont hs'impris
onmentwa sillegal
sincet hema xi
mumpena l
tyDf ortheof fencei s
fi
nenotex ceedingf ort
yshill
ingsorimpr i
sonme ntforat er mnote xceedi
ngonemont h; ( i
ii
)apersoni sguiltyof
commi ttinganunna tural
offenceifheper mitsama l
eper s ontoha vec arnalk
nowledgeofhima gai
ns ttheor derof
nature;inthei ns t
antcasetherewa snosuche vidence; ( iv
)ame rea cc
eptanceofaproposalf
orlov ema k i
ng
againsttheor de rofnatureEwi thoutanyfurthera ctdirec t
eda tthef ul
fil
l
me ntoft
heoffenceisnots uff
icie
ntt o
constit
utea na ttempt .

AT
TEMPTRAPE

OMARI
V.R.
1971HCD362Kwi
ki
maAg
.J.

T hea ppe ll
a ntwa sc onvict
e dofa ttempt edr apec/s132oft hePe nal Code. Thee v i
de ncewa stot he
effecttha theg rabbedt hec ompl ainant,threwherdown, t
oreherunderpa nt sandl aidonher .The
compl a i
na nts tatedhowe ver,thathedi dnotunbut t
onhi strous ersinpr epa r
a ti
onofpenet rati
ngher
priv
a tepa rts .Theissuet henwa swhe the rornott heappellant’sa ct
sa mount edtoa ttemptedra pe.
Held:( 1)“[ The ]ResidentMa gis
tratewhot r
iedthisca
seov erlook edt heonl yissue ,whi chwaswhe the
r
thea ppel l
a nt’sacta mount edt oa nattemptt orapethec ompl ainant. Fromt hepr ov enf ac
tsitisquite
cleartha ta ppel l
ant’sactdidnotc onsti
tut eana tt
emptt orapet hec ompl a
inant.T hec aseofR. v.
Ha r
unaI bra him1967H. C.D. 76isa naut horit
yont hi
sissue. Thebr iefr eportoft hatc asereads:-
“Accus edwa sconv i
ctedofa t
tempt edr ape( c/s132).
Thee vide ncewa st hatheha ddr aggedthe
compl a i
na ntt oadi tch,placedhi shandov erthemout ha ndpul leddownherunder clotheswhilelying
onhe rwhe nhewa sobserve dbyapa sse rbyandf l
ed.Therewa snoev idenc ethata tt heti
mehef l
ed,
(hewa s)undr essed.Thea ctsoft hea ccuse ddidnotconstit
ut ea ttempt edr ape, s
inceheha dnoty et
undr essed. Ra ther,thea ct
sc onstitut
edme repreparat
ionfort ha tcrime( 1971)H598T heactshowev er
didc
onstit
utethec rimeofi
ndecentass
ault(
s.135(1)P.C.)Aconvi
ct
ionfori
ndecentassaul
twas
subs
tit
utedunders ecti
on185ofCrimi
nalProcedureCode).
”Intheprese
ntcas
ethea ppell
antdi
dnot
undr
ess.”(
2)FollowingtheHar
unaI br
ahimc a
se(supra)t
hea ppel
l
ant’sc
onvi
ct
ionisherebyquashed
andinsubst
it
utiont her
efor
eheisconvic
tedofindecentl
ya s
saul
ti
ngthecomplai
nant.

R.
V.HARUNAI
BRAHI
M 1967HCD76

Accusedwasconvi
ctedofa t
temptedrape(P.C.s.132).Thee vi
de ncewa stha theha ddraggedthe
complai
nanttoadit
ch,placedhi
sha ndov erhermout handpul leddownherunder cl
otheswhilel
ying
ontopofher,whenhewa sobse
rvedbyapa sser
bya ndfled.The rewa snoe videncethatattheti
mehe
fl
ed.Undress
ed.Held:(1)Theactsoftheac c
useddidnotc ons t
itutea tt
empt edrape,si
nc ehehadnot
yetundres
sed.Ra
therthea ct
sconsti
tutedmer epreparati
onf ortha tcri
me .Citi
ngAdamuMul i
rav .
Reg.(1953)XXE. A.C.
A.223. (2)Thea ct
sdid,howe ver,constit
utet hecri
meofi ndece ntass
aul
t(P.C.
s.135(
1)).Aconv
icti
onforindecentassaul
twa ssubsti
tuted.Cri
m. Proc.Code, s
.185).

R.
VSHABANI
1971HCD233Mnz
ava
sAg
.J.

T hea ccus ewa sc ha rgedwi tha t

tempt edr apec /s132oft hePe na lCode . theev ide ncea gains tthea cc usedwa sto
thee ffectt ha thedr ag ge dt hec ompl ainant( ala dy )t oapl a cewher et he r ewa st allg rass,thr ewhe rt ot heg round,
drewak nifea ndt hr e atene dt ok il
l heri fsher ef use dt oha ves exua l i
nte rcour sewi t
hhi m. Int ryingt oa ccompl i
sh
hispa ssions ,thea c cus edf or cedt hec ompl a i
na ntt or emov eherunde rpa nt sa ndwhent hea c cusedwa sint he
proces sofr e mov inghi sownunde rpa nts,apol icec ars t
oppedne arbya ndt hec ompl a
ina ntc all
e df orhe l
p. On
thesef ac t
st hel ea rne dRe sidentMa g i
stratefoundt ha tac ha rgeofa t
te mpt edr apec ouldnotbes uppor tedbut
conv i
c t
edt hea ccus e dofi nde cent .a ssault.Thema inissuewa swhet he rornott hef act sasa dduc edwe re
suffi
cientt os uppor tt hea l
ter nativev erdictofi nde c enta ssault. TheRe publ i
ca rgue dt ha tsinc et hea cc usedc ha sed
thec ompl aina nta ndk noc ke dhe rdownwhe nheha da l
readydec i
dedt oha v es ex ua li
nt ercour sewi thhe rt his
amount edt oi nde c enta ssault.Itwa sa lsoc onte ndedt ha tthef orcingoft hec ompl a i
na ntt or e mov ehe r
under pa ntsa mount edt or emov ingt heunder pa nt sbyt hea ccus edhi ms e l
fa ndt hist anta mountt oi nde centa ssa ul
t
[cit
ingR.v .HARUNAI BRAHI M( 1967)H.C.D.CaseNo.76]Hel d:( 1)“ Iha v emy se l
ffa il
e dt of indal oc al
decisionwhi c hs uppor t sthea rgume ntt hata na ssa ultona nypa rtoft hebodyofac ompl ai
na ntwhi chf ollows
i
ndec enta ssa ult.T he rea rehowev er, anumbe rofa uthor i
tiesont hispoi ntf romot herj urisdic ti
ons . Theques t i
on
whet he ritwa ses se ntial t
opr ovea ni nde centa ctbe f
or eape rsoni sc onv i
cte dofi ndec enta ssa ultorwhet he rit
wa ssuf f
icienti fpr ov edt ha ta na ssa ult,dec enti ni tself,wa sindec entbe ca usei twa sc ommi t tedwi tha nindec ent
aimwa sdi sc us sedi nR. v .CUL GAN( 1998)19N. S. W. pa ge160. I
nt hatc a sei twa she l
dt ha tt oc ons titutei ndec ent
assaulta ni nde centa ctmus tbepr ov ed. TheS upr emeCour tofNewS out hWa leswa soft hev iewt ha titwa snot
suffi
cientt os uppor tt hec ha r
g emer e l
ybys ayingt ha tthea ccus edt ri
e dt odr agt hepr os ecut ort oapl acewhe rehe
couldha vei nter cour sewi t hher .T hisde ci
sionwa sf oll
owe dinR. v .ABRAHAMS[ 1918]32C. P. H. 590, aS out h
Afri
ca nc ase. The set wodec is
ionswher enotf ollowedbyt heS upr emeCour tofOnt a ri
oi nR. v. CHONG( 1915)32
ONT ARI O66. Int ha tc as eitwa she ldt ha tani nde c enta ssaultisa na s
sa ultwhi chha sini tane leme ntofi nde c enc y,
evenamer elyment alone. Int hec a seofCol .Va lent ineBa k er–T heT i
mesof30/ 7/ 1875, LordE she ri nstruc tedt he
grandj ur yint hef ollowi ngt erms :-“ Ifama nk i
s sesay oungwoma na g ains the rwi llandwi thf e eli
ng sofc a rna l
pa s
siona ndwi t hav iewt og ra t
ifyhi spa ssionsort oe xc i
teher s, tha twoul dbea ni ndec enta s sault.”Hewenton-
“Thek i
sse sofy oungpeopl eins ea sonsofuni versa lg aietya renoti nde ce nt, butk i
s sesg ivenbyama nunde rt he
i
nf l
uenc eofc arna l pa ssiona r
ei ndec ent .”Inamor er ec entc aseinE ng l
a ndR. v.COOMBE S( 1961)CRI M. L. R. 54, a
l
ighttouchwitht heha ndonawoma n’
sba c
kwa she l
dt obeindecentas
s aul
tbecause,thoughthetouchwa snot
byits
e l
findecent,i
twa sacc
ompa ni
e dwiththereasoningthatana s
saul
tonal adythoug hnotindecentinit
self
becomesi ndecenta s
sa ul
t.Ia
lsoagreewiththelear
ne ds tat
ea t
tor
neythattheforcingbythea ccus
e dofthe
complainanttoremov eherunderpantsamountedt ore movingtheunderpantsofthecomplainantbythea ccus
ed
andass uchthea ccusedwa sguil
tyofindecenta
s s
ault.
”( 2)Alt
ernat
iveverdi
ctconfi
rme d.

AT
TEMPTT
HEF
T

MAZ
ENGOS
/OMAGAL
AV.
R1969HCD156

Thea ppel l
a nt,whowa sc ha rge dont woc ount s, ofc a
ttl
et hef ta ndofc r
imi na ltres pa ss,wa sa cqui ttedont hel a tt
er
count ,a ndont hef irstc ounthewa sf oundg uilt
yofa ttempt edc attlet he fta nds ent e ncedt oi mpr isonmentf or
threey ea r
s, andt ot hes tatut or yt went yf ours trok escor por alpuni shme nt . Ev i
de nc ewa sg ivenbyt woher ds me n
empl oy edbyt hec ompl aina ntwhos l
eptnea rhi sc att
leboma ,tha ta ta boutt hr eeo’ clocki nthemor ningt heywer e
awa ke nedbyt hes oundofc a ttlemov inga ndt heyf oundf ourhea dofc attleout si
det heboma , whi c hha dbe en
broke nope n.Whe na boutt or et urnt hec attletot heboma ,the yc aug hts i
g htoft hea ppe ll
ant, whowhe nhe
reali
ze dt ha theha dbe ens ee n, at tempt edt oes c apebybr ea ki
ngt hroug hwha ti sa ppa rentlyahe dg es ur r
oundi ng
thec ompound, buthewa sa ppr e hended.Hel d:( 1)“Thema gistratedi rec te dhi ms elfa sfoll
ows ; “Theques tionnow
i
st odec idewhet he rt hea ctofdr i
v i
ngoutoft hebomaf ourc owsa ndc aug htbef or emov ingt hema wa yf r
omt he
vic
tim’ sc our tyar di s‘ta ki
ng ’ i
nt her ea lsens eoft hewor d‘ tak i
ng ’inmyopi nionI thi nkt hea ctofc arryinga wa yha d
noty etbe enc ompl e t
edbec a us et hec owswer es til
li
nt hec ourty ardoft hev ictima nds owi thint hev ictim’ s
j
ur i
sdic ti
on. Thisi slikeama nwhoput shi sha ndi ntosome body ’
spoc ket ,g rabss omemoneybutc aug htbef or e
remov i
ngt hemoneyf romt hepoc ke t.T hiswoul dbea na ttemptt os tea l……”Wi thr e spect,TheMa g i
stra t
eha s
misdire cte dhi ms elfonwha tc ons titutest aking .T herewa smor et ha ns ufficie nta spor t
a ti
oni nt hi sinsta ntc as et o
constitut eat akingwi thi nt hemea ningoft hedef i
niti
onoft heft. Ast hema g istrateha squot edf r omAr c hbol d,
thoug hi nadi ffer entc ont ex t, i
nr espe c tofapos s i
blemi snome roft hea ppel la nti nt hec ha rges he et ,hei sa dv ised
tocons ultAr chbol d( 35t hE dition)ont hisa spe ctofa s
por ta t
ion, setouta tpa rag raph1512. Inc ident ally,ast he
ma gistrat ewi llnot e, thev erye xa mpl eg ivenbyhi mi nthepa ssag equot ed, tha tis, pickingapoc k etbutbei ng
preve ntedf rome ntirelyr e mov ingt hepur set her e fr
om, wa she ldt oc ons titut et he ft.”( 2)“Wi t hr eg ardt ot he
secondc ountt hema gistratedi rec tedhi ms e l
f: “2ndCount .T hef actsi nt hef irstc onv icti
ona r
emor eorl esst he
samea st hos ei nt hisc ount . Ther ef oreac onv ictionont hi sc ountwi l
l bemor eorl es sadoubl ec onv icti
on( dupl ici
ty)
………a lthoug hs ubs tant i
v elyt hes ec ondc ountwa sreal
lyunne ces sary, ast heof fe nc ewa spa rta ndpa rc eloft he
cattl
et he f
tc ha rge d, none thel ess, ont hef a cts,ac onvi
ctionc ouldha vebee nf oundont hec ha rgea slaid, asi tdoes
constitut eas epa ra tea nddi stinc tof fenc ef roms teali
ng, thoug hna tura l
lya nys ent enc ei mpos edons uchc onv icti
on
woul dbeor der edt or unc onc ur re ntlywi tht hes ent encei mpos edont hes ubs ta ntivec harge.”( 3)“ Itisfur the r
pointedoutf ort hebenef itoft hema g i
s tratet ha titiscont raryt opr a cti
cet oa cqui tonas ubst ant ivec ha rgea nd
then, afters i
gninga ndda tingt hej udg me nt ,g oont ode liver“ Ana l
te rnativ ev erdic t”a ndf i
ndt hea ccus edg uiltyof
attempt i
ngt oc ommi tt heof fenc ehewa sc har ge dwith.Inf act,suc hapr oc edur ei st obedepl or ed, asitl aysi tsel
f
opent ot heda ng e rofas ubmi ssiont ha t,onc ea na c
cusedha sbeena cquitt ed, hec a nnott her ea fterbec onv icted
ont hes amef ac tsont hepr inc ipleofa utref oisa cqui t
.”( 4)Appea ldis mis se d.

CHOHANANDANOT
HERV.
R1971HCD72Bi
ronJ
.
Thea ppell
a nt swer ec onv ict edofa t
tempt eds tea l
i
nga nds ent enc edt otens trokesofc orpora lpuni shment .I
twa s
all
eg edt hatt he ywe refoundbyt hepol i
c euns cr
ewi ngt hebol tsofas pot l
ightonapa rkedv ehiclebutdi dnot
remov eit.Wher eupont hepol icea cc
os t
eda nda rrestedt hem. Itwa ss ubmi t
te dforthea ppe l
lant st ha t:(a)their
acti
oni ntamper ingwi t
ht hes potli
ghtdidnotc ons ti
tutea na ttemptt ostea la sitdidnotg obe yondt he
prepa ratorys tag ea ndha dnotr eachedt hes tageofs ta rti
ngt oe xecutet hei ntentt os tealbyt her emov alofthe
spotlight,[CitingAda mMul i
r av .R.20E .A. C.A. 223a ndHopev . Brown[ 1954]1a llE. .330]( b)thea ppe ll
ants
desistedoft heirowna cc ordbef oreex ecutingthei ntenta ndc oul dnott he reforebec onvictedofa ttempt i
ngt o
steal.Hel d:( 1)Thec asesc iteda redisti
ng uishable“int ha tther eha dbee nnoa ctbey ondt hes t
a geofpr epar a
tion,
whe re asint hisins tantc asest hea ppella
nti na tt
e mpt i
ngt ouns crewt hebol tswhi chs ecuredt hes pot lightha d,in
thet ermsoft hes ec t
ion[ 380oft hePe nal code]‘beg unt oputhi sintentioni nt oexecut ionbymea nsa dapt edtoi t
s
ful
fi
llmenta ndha dma nifes tedhi sintentionbys omeov ertac t
.”( 2)“Thes ent enceont hef i
rsta ppe l
lanti sill
e g
al as
hisag ea sg i
v eni nt hec ha rges heetissixteeny ea r
s.Hewa st he r
ef orea na dultwi thint hemea ningoft heCor poral
Punis hmentOr dina nce( Ca p. 17S upp.58)t owhi chthea ttent i
onoft hema gi
s trat
eisdi rected, wher efr omhewi ll
notet ha tatte mpt eds tea li
ngi snotpuni sha blewi t
hc or por a
l puni shme nti nt hec aseofa na dult.”T heot he r
appel lantisa lsoa na dultbynow. Thea geoft heot hera ppellanti sgiveni nt hec ha r
ges heeta sfour teeny ears;
i
nc i
de nt al
l
y ,hei sa lsoa na dul tbynow, thoug hhewa snota tthet i
meoft hec onv i
ctionwhi chwa sont he3r dof
April1970. ”( 3)“ Thes ent e nc esa reaccording l
ys etasidea ndt he rei ssubs tit
ut edthe re f
orei nthec a seofea ch
appel lantac ondi tiona ldisc ha rgeunde rsec ti
on38oft hePe nal Code, thec ondi t
ionbe i
ngt hathec ommi t
sno
offenc eforape ri
odoft we lvemont hs.”(4)Appea lsdismi ssed.

HAS
SANI
MIRAMBOV.
R1968HCD480Bi
onJ
.

Accus edwa sc onv i

cte dofa t t
empt i
ngtos t
ea lfromamot orv ehicle,onev idencewhi che st
ablishe dthat
hepus hedas crewdr i
v ert hroug ht heve nti
lationwi ndowofapa rkedmot orc ar.Asar esult,thec arwa s
sl
ight l
ys cr
a tched, butt hea ccuse ddidnotg ainent ry.Sincenot hingwa sa c
tuallyta ken, thema g i
s t
rate
conc ede dtha ttheof fenc ewa s“ ofami norna ture”Hes aid,howe ver,thatthea cc used’ sprev i
ous
recordoff ourc onv ictions“ s howst hathewoul dha vestolenf r
omt hec arha dhenotbe ena ppre hended
i
nt ime, ”andhet he refor es entenc edthea ccusedt o12mont hsi npr i
son.Hel d:( 1)T hea t
tempt edt hef
t
conv i
c t
ioni sclear l
yba se dont hea ccused’ sintent iontos tealasr evealed,notbyhi sa ctsint heinc i
dent
beingc ons i
de red, butbyhi spr ev i
ousrec ord. Si
nc epr i
orc onvictionsma ybec ons i
der edi ns entenc i
ng,
butnoti nde termi ningg uiltoft heof f
enc ec harg ed, t
hec onv i
ctionc annotbes usta i
ne d.(2)T hefa ct
sas
prove nmi ghts uppor tac ha rgeofc ausingma l
ici
ousda ma ge.Howev er,ac onvicti
onf ort hatoffenc e
cannotbes ubs t
itutedunders .319, Cri
mi na lProc edureCode ;tha tsecti
ong ivesa na ppel lat
et ri
buna la
widedi s c
ret i
ona stov aryingac onv i
cti
on( but )itdoe snot…g i
vea nunlimiteda ndunbounded
discretiontov aryac onv ictionf oundt oa nyot herwhi chthec our tma yc onsideriss uppor t
edbyt he
evidenc e.Thepowe rt ov a r
yac onv i
cti
oni sg ove rnedby ,a ndcor respondswi th, t
hepowert he
conv i
c t
ingc our tha d, tha tis,inc onvict
ingf ora nof fenceot hertha nt hatwi t
hwhi cht hea c
cus e
dbe for
e
i
tisc ha rged.T hepowe rsofr etur ni
ngac onv i
ctionf oranof f
enceot hert hant hatc ha rgeda ree xpressl
y
l
a i
ddowni ns ec t
ions181t o188oft heCr i
mi nal ProcedureCode, whichc ert
a i
nlyofnotembr acea
powe rtosubs ti
tuteac onv i
c ti
onf orcaus i
ngma li
ciousda ma gef oroneofa ttempt ingt os teal,t
he
offenc esnote venbei ngc ogna te.”

COMPI
LER:
TAARI
QMADOWE
KA(
MADOX)