Scribd
Upload
201 views9 pages

Hydrostatic

Bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It is produced by distillation of crude oil or obtained from natural deposits called tar sands. Bitumen consists mainly of hydrocarbons along with other elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. It is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties and is widely used in road construction. Different types of bitumen include penetration grade bitumen, cutback bitumen, asphalt, emulsified bitumen and polymer modified bitumen.

Uploaded by

SWARAJ PAWAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
201 views9 pages

Hydrostatic

Bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It is produced by distillation of crude oil or obtained from natural deposits called tar sands. Bitumen consists mainly of hydrocarbons along with other elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. It is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties and is widely used in road construction. Different types of bitumen include penetration grade bitumen, cutback bitumen, asphalt, emulsified bitumen and polymer modified bitumen.

Uploaded by

SWARAJ PAWAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Bitumen

What Is Bitumen?
The term bitumen refers to a substance produced through the
distillation of crude oil. Bitumen is known for its waterproofing
and adhesive properties and is commonly used in the
construction industry, notably for roads and highways.
Production occurs through distillation, which removes lighter
crude oil components like gasoline and diesel, leaving the
heavier bitumen behind. Deposits can also occur naturally at
the bottom of ancient lakes, where prehistoric organisms have
decayed and been subjected to heat and pressure.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Penetration Grade Bitumen

The penetration grade bitumen is refinery bitumen that is


manufactured at different viscosities. The penetration test is carried out
to characterize the bitumen, based on the hardness. Thus, it has the
name penetration bitumen. The penetration bitumen grades range from 15
to 450 for road bitumen. But the most commonly used range is 25 to 200.
This is acquired by controlling the test carried out i.e. the distillation
process. The partial control of fluxing the residual bitumen with the oils
can help in bringing the required hardness.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Asphalt

A material or mechanical mixture in which bitumen is associated with inert


minerals matter it is known as asphalt

TYPES OF ASPHALT

 Natural asphalt

Natural asphalt when found in a deposit or earth core

 Residual or petroleum Asphalt


When asphalt is prepared by distillation of crude petroleum in a
refinery process then it is called as residual or petroleum asphalt

Tar

The residual product obtained by distructive distillation of organic matter


such as oil, coal, wood, etc is known as tar .

The road tar contain 70% to 95% of bitumen contain.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Bitumen Emulsion

A liquid product obtain by stirring of a mixture of two unmixable liquid is


known as Emulsion

A bituminous emulsion contain 58% to 65% by weight of bituminous


material

Cutback Bitumen

The solutation of a bituminous material in a volatile solvent is


known as cutback Bitumen

 Classification of cut back bitumen : Grade A, Grade B, Grade C

Road oil

The term road oil is used to indicate slow quirking liquid asphalt

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Some other types of bitumen

Oxidized Bitumen

The refinery bitumen is further treated by the introduction of processed air.


This will give us oxidized bitumen. By maintaining a controlled temperature,
the air is introduced under pressure into soft bitumen. Compounds of higher
molecular weight are formed by the reaction of this introduced oxygen and
bitumen components. Thus, the Asphaltenes and the Maltenes content
increases resulting in a harder mix. This harder mix has a lower ductility and
temperature susceptibility.

he oxidized bitumen is used in industrial applications such as


roofing and coating for pipes. By this method of processing, the bitumen that
has a lower penetration can be manufactured, which can be employed for
paving roads.

Polymer - Modified Bitumen


Polymer modified bitumen is the type of bitumen obtained by the
modification of strength and the rheological properties of the penetration
graded bitumen. Here for this 2 to 8% of polymer is added .

The polymer used can be either plastic or rubber. These polymers vary the
strength and the viscoelastic properties of the bitumen. This is achieved by:

Factors of polymer bitumin

1. Elastic response increase


2. Improvement in cohesive property
3. Improvement in Fracture strength
4. Providing ductility

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


KEY TAKEAWAYS

 Bitumen is produced through the distillation of crude oil and also

occurs naturally.

 Bitumen is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties.

 It is composed of complex hydrocarbons and contains elements

like calcium, iron, sulfur, and hydrogen.

 Bitumen prices are determined by the state of the global

economy and the supply and demand for crude oil.

 The world's first bitumen futures contracts debuted on the

Shanghai Futures Exchange in October 2013.

Question:-

What chemicals are in bitumen?

Although bitumen is mainly composed of hydrogen (8–12%


by weight) and carbon (80–88% by weight), which together
give a hydrocarbon content of about 90%, heteroatoms as
nitrogen (0–2% by weight), oxygen (0–2% by weight), and
sulfur (0–9% by weight) are also present.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


PROPERTIES Adhesion:

The adhesive property of bitumen binds together all the components


without bringing about any positive or negative changes in their
properties. Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid surface in a fluid
state depending on the nature of the surface. The presence of water on
the surface will prevent adhesion.

Resistance to Water:

Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an effective sealant


Bitumen is water resistant. Under some conditions water may be
absorbed by minute quantities of inorganic salts in the bitumen or filler in
it.

Hardness:

To measure the hardness of bitumen, the penetration test is conducted,


which measures the depth of penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted
needle in bitumen after a given time, at a known temperature. Commonly
a weight of 100 gm is applied for 5 sec at a temperature of 77 °F. The
penetration is a measure of hardness. Typical results are 10 for hard
coating asphalt, 15 to 40 for roofing asphalt and up to 100 or more for
water proofing bitumen.

Viscosity and Flow:

The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance both at high


temperature during processing and application and at low temperature to
which bitumen is subjected during service. The flow properties of
bitumens vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions.
Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the
form of hardening. Resultantly, decrease in adhesive and flow properties
and an increase in the softening point temperature and coefficient of
thermal expansion.

Softening point:

This property make us to know whether given bitumen can be used at the
particular place i.e. softening point value should be higher than pavement
temperature otherwise bitumen present in the layer get soften and come
out.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Softening point is the temperature at which a steel ball falls a known
distance through the bitumen when the test assembly is heated at a
known rate. Usually the test consist of a (3/8) in dia. steel ball, weight 3.5
gm, which is allowed to sink through a (5/8) in dia, (1/4) in thick disk of
bitumen in a brass ring. The whole assembly is heated at a rate of 9 °F per
min. Typical values would be 240 °F for coating grade asphalts, 140 °F to
220 °F for roofing asphalt and down to 115 °F for bituminous water
proofing material.

Ductility:

Ductility test is conducted to determine the amount bitumen will stretch


at temperature below its softening point. A briquette having a cross
sectional area of 1 in2 is placed in a tester at 77 °F. Ductility values
ranges from 0 to over 150 depending on the type of bitumen.

Presence of ductility means the formation of the film and coating would
be proper.

Specific Gravity

Specific gravity of a binder does not influence its behaviour . But all the
same, its value is needed in mix design. The property is determined at 27º
C

Durability:

Bitumen durability refers to the long-term resistance to oxidative


hardening of the Material in the field. Although, in-service, all bitumens
harden with time through reaction.

With oxygen in the air, excessive rates of hardening (poor durability) can
lead to premature binder embrittlement and surfacing failure resulting in
cracking and chip loss. Bitumen lives upto twenty years if maintained
properly throughout the pavement life.

Versatility:

Due to versatility property of Bitumen it is relatively easy to use it in many


applications because of its thermoplastic property. It can be spread easily
along the underlying pavement layers as it liquefies when heated making
the job easier and hardens in a solid mass when cooled.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING


Economical:

It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world which makes it
feasible and affordable in many applications.

Strength:

Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing component in a
pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role in distributing the
traffic loads to the layers beneath.

CE3I CIVIL ENGINEERING

You might also like