UNIT 3:

LEVERAGING THE POWER COMPUTING: _

INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE

DELIVERY OF COMPUTING POWER:_
Computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic

Or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

Modern computers have the ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called
programs. These programs enable computers to perform an extremely wide range
of tasks. A “complete “ computer including the hardware, the operating system
(main software) and peripheral equipment required and used for “full” operation
can be referred to as a computer system.

Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and
consumer devices. This include simple special- purpose devices like microwave
ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer
aided design and general purpose devices like PCs and mobile devices. The
internet is run on computers and it connects hundreds of millions of other
computers and their users.
Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Early in the
industrial revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious
tasks.

A modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a CPU in

the form of a microprocessor, along with some type of computer memory , typically
semiconductor memory chips.

The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a
sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to
stored information.

HISTORY OF COMPUTING HARDWARE

The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple
devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most
calculations were done by humans.

Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, like the abacus,
were referred to as calculating machines or calculators.

The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the
operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then
manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers
in a continuous form. Numbers could also be represented in the form of digits,
automatically manipulated by a mechanism.
THE CLOSENESS OF COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY:
Closeness centrality is an substantial metric used in large scale network analysis,
in particular social networks. Determining closeness centrality from a vertex to all
other vertices in the graph is a high complexity problem. Prior work has a strong
focuses on the algorithmic aspect of the problem, and little attention has been paid
to the definition of the data structure supporting the implementation of the
algorithm.

Algorithm is based on:

1. An appropriate data structure for increasing the cache hit rate, and then
reducing amount of time accessing the main memory for the graph data
2. An efficient and parallel complete BFS search to reduce the execution time.

MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS:

Mainframes are a type of computer that generally are known for their large size,
amount of storage, processing power and high level of reliability. They are
primarily used by large organizations for mission- critical applications requiring
high volumes of data processing.

Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output (I/O) and
emphasize through computing.

A single mainframe can replace dozens or even hundreds of smaller servers.

EXAMPLES OF MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:

1) IBM Z-series
2) System z9
3) System z10 servers
4) HP mainframe

ADVANTAGES:

1) HIGH COMPUTING POWER: There is an inbuilt capability in mainframe

computer to process massive chunks of data and can also support the
complicated applications to run with high computing speed.
2) SCALABILITY: The mainframe computers have the compatibility with big
power type processors and other ultra power processors can be added in the
mainframe computer to increase the computing speed.
3) VIRTUALIZATION SYSTEM: The mainframe computers use the concept of
virtualization in which the whole system is divided into tiny logical segments
so that memory limitation issues can be resolved and computing
performances can be increased for a mainframe computer.
4) SELF – SERVICEABILITY: As the mainframe computers are reliable in
nature it has the capability to self identify the threats and bugs and then self
recover from the bugs.
5) PROTECTION: These computers are used by the large scale organization
as there is requirement of protecting the confidential data and information
from the external world.
6) RELIABILITY: These computers are very reliable as the bugs and threats
can be easily identified in this type of computers and can be self recover
without using any embedded resources.
7) FLEXIBLE – customization: The mainframe computer design is flexible and
can be modified as per the user requirement .

DISADVANTAGES OF MAINFRAME COMPUTER:

1) HIGH COST: These computers have a very high price and they cannot be
used in homes. Mainframes are only used by big organization, banks, large
websites and government agencies

2) HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE IS EXPENSIVE: Windows and Mac are not run

on mainframe computers. These computers have custom software and hardware
that are expensive for the normal user.

3) A LOT OF SPACE REQUIRED: Mainframe computers need a large space

and also the temperature of the place should not be hot.

4) HIGH TECHNICAL STAFF: For maintaining mainframe computer

specialized staff is needed. A normal computer user cannot operate and debug
the system.

5) COMMAND DROVE INTERFACE: The terminal connected to the

mainframe computer have the text and a command based interface that is
difficult to understand.

6) HARDWARE CRASH: If any hardware crashed then the whole system stops
working.
MICRO AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS:
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a central
processing unit (CPU) as a microprocessor. Designed for individual use, a
microcomputer is smaller than a mainframe or a minicomputer. The term
microcomputer is not as commonly used as it was during the 1970s-1980s.

EXAMPLES :

 Desktop computers used in homes.

 Servers attached to the internet for hosting websites.
 Terminals used for air ticket reservation.
 Laptops

PERSONAL COMPUTER:

A personal computer(PC) is a multi- purpose computer whose size, capabilities

and price make it feasible for individual use.
Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather
than by a computer expert or technicians. Unlike large , costly minicomputers and
main frames, time sharing by many people at the same time is not used with
personal computers.

ADVANTAGES OF MICRO AND PERSONAL COMPUTER:

1) Small size: PC;s are smaller in size as compared to mainframe and

supercomputers.
2) Maintenance is easy: Most of the PC users knows how to fix the problem in
the PC
3) Easy to use: Easy to use even children can operate PCs.
4) Used in businesses: In today life, every type of business uses PC for
handling their office work. All the data of the business is now stored in the
PC and in remote servers.
5) Low cost: PC’s were costly in previous days but now PC’s are cheaper and
most of us can buy it easily.
6) Commonly used for personal applications.
7) Portability: These computers are easily portable because of their small size
.PC’s are easy to move from one place to another.
8) Multiple uses: One desktop computer can be used for multiple purposes e.g.
printing, scanning, browsing the internet, playing games, etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF MICRO AND PERSONAL COMPUTER:

1) Least powerful: PC’s have low computational power as compared to

mainframe and supercomputers.
2) Less storage: Desktops have less storage and for storage large data you will
need extra storage devices.
3) Weak in performance: Many PC’s have low processor that will effect
computer performance e.g. playing games and running big software is
difficult on the PCs.
4) Negative physical effects: If you use PC for a long time then you will get
physical effects like eye stain, neck pain and back problem.
5) Difficult to upgrade: As desktop PCs have different motherboards for every
type of processor so it is difficult to upgrade PC for high performance.
6) Lack of security: Hackers can hack your computer if it is connected to the
internet and your sensitive data can be stolen or loss by virus attack.
7) Public safety: Now people can view sensitive content that is not allowed by
the government.
Luggable computer
First released in 1982, the luggable computer is an early computer that was
easier to move than other computers, weighing around 7 to 13 Kg. These
computers had a small CRT​(cathode-ray tube)​ display and keyboard as one unit. In
some cases, the keyboard was separate. While not anything like laptops, these
computers offered several benefits for mobility compared to the standard
computer at the time
Pros
1.It was lighter than other computers at that time.
2.Cheaper than any other computer at that time.

Cons
1.Not for everybody to use because of lots of professional program
2.Very Heavy
3.Lots of unnessey hardwares

PORTABLE COMPUTERS
Laptop

A laptop or laptop computer, is a small, portable personal computer (PC) .Typically having a
thin LCD or LED screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the clamshell and an
alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid. The clamshell is opened up to use the
computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation.
The first laptop in the modern form was the 16-bit Grid Compass 1101, designed by Bill
Moggridge in 1979–80, and released in 1982.
Pros
1.Portability​ is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops
2.Carrying a laptop means having instant access to information, including personal and work files
3.Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs
4.Battery​: a charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage
Cons
1.Laptops are easier to damage as compared to ordinary computers
2.Can’t upgrade the inner hardware

Pocket computer
A pocket computer was a user programmable calculator-sized computer
that had fewer screen lines, and often fewer characters per line.
the Pocket-sized computers introduced beginning in 1989.
The last Sharp pocket computer, the PC-G850V (2001) is programmable
in C, BASIC, and Assembler. An important feature of pocket computers
was that all programming languages were available for the device
itself.cons are also the same.
Pros
1.Portability you can carry in you pocket
2.Price much cheaper than any computer
3.They are smaller than the typical laptop

Cons
1.fewer screen lines you can’t input much data in ones.
2.Due to their small size easily forgettable.

Phone
A mobile phone, cellular phone, cell phone,sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell or
just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency
link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link
establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which
provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone
services use a cellular network architecture
The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell​ ​and Martin Cooper of
Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing approx 2 kilograms
Pros
1.Keep us connected
2.Entertainment for All
3.Manage work both personal and professional
Cons
1.Time consuming
2.prize most of the smartphones are very expencive
3. ​Fragile they can damage easily
The Tablet

Tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a mobile device, typically with a

mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry, and a
rechargeable battery in a single, thin and flat package. Tablets, being computers, do
what other personal computers do, but lack some input/output (I/O) abilities that
others have. Modern tablets largely resemble modern smartphones, the only
differences being that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens 7
inches (18 cm) or larger and may not support access to a cellular network.
The tablet computer and its associated operating system began with the
development of pen computing.​ ​ Electrical devices with data input and output so
tablet used a sheet of paper as display and a pen as an input device
Pros
1.They're so light and portable
2.A tablet is more affordable than a laptop
3.They're handy for giving presentations
Cons
1.Low processor speeds for work
2.Tablets tend to lack ports
3.Fragile -they can damage easily
Wearable Computing

Wearable technology, also known as "wearables", is a category of electronic devices

that can be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, implanted in the user's body,
or even tattooed on the skin. The devices are hands-free gadgets with practical
uses, powered by microprocessors and enhanced with the ability to send and
receive data via the Internet.
The definition of 'wearable computer' may be narrow or broad, extending to
smartphones or even ordinary wristwatches
Some Examples
Rings
Wristband
watches
VR headset
Smart glasses
Smart shoes
Pros
1.monitor our fitness levels, track our location with GPS
2.view text messages more quickly.
3​.It can increase productivity

Cons
1.there battery last for on 3 to 5 hours
2. It can be a distraction
3.They’re not cheap
Augmented Reality Devices

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the

objects that reside in the real world. AR can be defined as a system that fulfills three basic
features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D
registration of virtual and real objects. The overlaid sensory information can be constructive
(i.e. additive to the natural environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural
en​vironment).
Pros
1. Design & Modeling in real time and place
2. Medical Training
3. Classroom Education
Cons
● It is very expensive to implemented and develop AR technology based
projects and to maintain it.
● Lack of privacy is major drawback of AR.
BiBliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_computer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_computer

At the end with others biblography