R Programming Ultimate Guide

Data Types
┣ Numeric : Real or decimal numbers

┣ Integer : Whole numbers

┣ Character : Text strings

┣ Factor : Categorical variables with levels

┣ Date : Dates (YYYY-MM-DD format)

┣ POSIXct : Dates and times (seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC)

┣ Logical : True or false values

┣ List : Collection of objects

┗ Data frame : Tabular data with columns of different types

Basic Operations
┣ x + y : Addition

┣ x - y : Subtraction

┣ x * y : Multiplication

┣ x / y : Division

┣ x %/% y : Integer division

┣ x ^ y : Exponentiation

┣ sqrt(x) : Square root

┣ abs(x) : Absolute value

┣ ceiling(x) : Smallest integer greater than or equal to x

┣ floor(x) : Largest integer less than or equal to x

┣ round(x, digits) : Round x to the specified number of digits

┣ trunc(x) : Truncate x to an integer

┣ min(x, y) : Minimum value of x and y

┗ max(x, y) : Maximum value of x and y

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Data Manipulation and Visualization
┣ install.packages("package_name") : Install a package

┣ library(package_name) : Load a package

┣ read.csv("filename.csv") : Read a CSV file

┣ read.table("filename.txt") : Read a text file

┣ write.csv(data, "filename.csv") : Write data to a CSV file

┣ write.table(data, "filename.txt") : Write data to a text file

┣ dim(data) : Get the dimensions of a data frame

┣ head(data) : View the first few rows of a data frame

┣ tail(data) : View the last few rows of a data frame

┣ summary(data) : View summary statistics of a data frame

┣ subset(data, subset) : Subset a data frame based on a condition

┣ merge(data1, data2) : Merge two data frames

┣ aggregate(data, by) : Aggregate data by a specified variable

┣ tapply(data, by) : Apply a function to subsets of data based on a specified

variable

┣ transform(data, new_var = f(var)) : Add a new variable to a data frame

based

┣ sort(data, decreasing = FALSE) : Sort a data frame by one or more

variables

┣ order(data, decreasing = FALSE) : Order a data frame by one or more

variables

┣ unique(data) : Remove duplicate rows from a data frame

┣ duplicated(data) : Identify duplicate rows in a data frame

┣ which(data > value) : Find the indices of values that meet a condition

┣ is.na(data) : Identify missing values in a data frame

┣ na.omit(data) : Remove missing values from a data frame

┣ complete.cases(data) : Identify complete cases in a data frame

By: Waleed Mousa
 R Programming Ultimate Guide
┣ reshape(data, idvar, timevar, direction) : Reshape a data frame from long
to wide or vice versa

┣ melt(data, id.vars, measure.vars) : Reshape a data frame from wide to long

┗ dcast(data, formula, fun.aggregate) : Reshape a data frame using an

aggregation function

┣ library(dplyr) : Load the dplyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(tidyr) : Load the tidyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(ggplot2) : Load the ggplot2 package for graphics

┣ library(lubridate) : Load the lubridate package for working with dates and
times

┣ library(stringr) : Load the stringr package for string manipulation

┣ select(data, variables) : Select variables from a data frame

┣ filter(data, condition) : Filter rows from a data frame based on a

condition

┣ group_by(data, variable) : Group a data frame by a variable

┣ summarise(data, variable = function) : Apply a function to a variable in a

grouped data frame

┣ mutate(data, variable = function) : Create a new variable in a data frame

┣ arrange(data, variables) : Arrange rows in a data frame by variables

┣ gather(data, key, value, columns) : Convert multiple columns into key-

value pairs

┣ spread(data, key, value) : Convert key-value pairs into multiple columns

┣ separate(data, column, into = c("new1", "new2", ...)) : Separate a column

into multiple columns

┣ unite(data, new_column, columns, sep = "") : Combine multiple columns into

a single column

┣ merge(data1, data2, by = "variable") : Merge two data frames by a variable

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x, y)) + geom_*(...) : Create a plot using ggplot2

┣ library(ggmap) : Load the ggmap package for working with maps

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
┣ get_map(location) : Get a map for a location

┣ ggmap(map) + geom_*(...) : Create a map plot using ggmap

┣ library(ggvis) : Load the ggvis package for interactive graphics

┣ ggvis(data, ~x, ~y) %>% layer_*(...) %>% ... : Create an interactive plot
using ggvis

┣ library(plotly) : Load the plotly package for interactive graphics

┣ plot_ly(data, x = ~x, y = ~y, ...) %>% add_*() %>% ... : Create an

interactive plot using plotly

┗ library(leaflet) : Load the leaflet package for interactive maps

Control Structures
┣ if (condition) {expression} : Execute an expression if a condition is true

┣ ifelse(condition, true_expression, false_expression) : Execute one

expression if a condition is true and another if it is false

┣ for (variable in sequence) {expression} : Execute an expression for each

element in a sequence

┣ while (condition) {expression} : Execute an expression while a condition

is true

┣ repeat {expression} : Execute an expression indefinitely until a break

statement is encountered

┣ break : Exit a loop

┣ next : Skip an iteration in a loop

┣ return(value) : Return a value from a function

┣ source("filename.R") : Run R code from a file

┣ setwd("path") : Set the working directory

┗ getwd() : Get the current working directory

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Data Import and Export
┣ library(readr) : Load the readr package for data import

┣ library(readxl) : Load the readxl package for Excel files

┣ library(haven) : Load the haven package for SPSS, SAS, and Stata files

┣ library(dplyr) : Load the dplyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(tidyr) : Load the tidyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(tidyverse) : Load the tidyverse package for data manipulation and

visualization

┣ write.csv(data, file) : Export data as a CSV file

┣ write_excel_csv2(data, file) : Export data as an Excel file

┣ write.table(data, file) : Export data as a text file

┣ read.csv(file) : Import data from a CSV file

┣ read_excel(file) : Import data from an Excel file

┣ read_spss(file) : Import data from an SPSS file

┣ read_sas(file) : Import data from a SAS file

┣ read_stata(file) : Import data from a Stata file

┣ separate(data, column, into = c("new1", "new2", ...)) : Separate a column

into multiple columns

┣ gather(data, key, value, columns) : Convert multiple columns into key-

value pairs

┗ spread(data, key, value) : Convert key-value pairs into multiple columns

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Functions
┣ function(arguments) {expression} : Define a function

┣ return(value) : Return a value from a function

┣ formals(function) : Get the formal arguments of a function

┣ missing(argument) : Check if an argument was supplied to a function

┣ source("filename.R") : Run R code from a file

┣ setwd("path") : Set the working directory

┗ getwd() : Get the current working directory

┣ args(function) : View the arguments of a function

┣ exists("var") : Check if a variable exists in the current environment

┣ ls() : View the objects in the current environment

┣ rm("var") : Remove a variable from the current environment

┣ source("file.R") : Run code from a file

┗ sink("file.txt") : Redirect output to a file

Graphics
┣ library(ggplot2) : Load the ggplot2 package

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var)) + geom_point() : Create a scatter

plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var)) + geom_line() : Create a line plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity") :

Create a bar plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, fill = fill_var)) + geom_bar() : Create a

stacked bar plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, fill = fill_var)) + geom_histogram() : Create a

histogram

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + geom_boxplot() :
Create a box plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + geom_errorbar() :

Create an error bar plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + geom_smooth() :

Create a smooth line plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

facet_grid(facets) : Create a grid of plots

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + labs(x = "X axis

label", y = "Y axis label", title = "Plot title") : Add labels and a title to a
plot

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + theme_bw() : Set

the plot theme to black and white

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) + theme_classic() :

Set the plot theme to a classic style

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

scale_x_continuous(limits = c(min_value, max_value), breaks = seq(min_value,
max_value, step)) : Set the limits and tick marks for the x-axis

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

scale_y_continuous(limits = c(min_value, max_value), breaks = seq(min_value,
max_value, step)) : Set the limits and tick marks for the y-axis

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

scale_fill_manual(values = c("color1", "color2", ...)) : Set the color scale for
the fill variable

┣ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

scale_color_manual(values = c("color1", "color2", ...)) : Set the color scale
for the color variable

┗ ggplot(data, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var, fill = fill_var)) +

scale_size_continuous(range = c(min_size, max_size)) : Set the size scale for
the size variable

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Statistics
┣ library(stats) : Load the stats package

┣ mean(data) : Calculate the mean of a vector or column in a data

┣ sd(data) : Calculate the standard deviation of a vector or column in a

data frame

┣ var(data) : Calculate the variance of a vector or column in a data frame

┣ cor(data) : Calculate the correlation matrix of a data frame

┣ cov(data) : Calculate the covariance matrix of a data frame

┣ lm(y ~ x, data) : Fit a linear regression model to the data

┣ summary(lm_model) : View a summary of the linear regression model

┣ predict(lm_model, new_data) : Make predictions using the linear regression

model

┣ glm(y ~ x1 + x2 + ..., data, family = "binomial") : Fit a generalized

linear model to the data

┣ summary(glm_model) : View a summary of the generalized linear model

┣ predict(glm_model, new_data, type = "response") : Make predictions using

the generalized linear model

┣ library(lme4) : Load the lme4 package for mixed effects models

┣ lmer(y ~ x1 + x2 + ... + (1|group), data) : Fit a linear mixed effects

model to the data

┣ summary(lmer_model) : View a summary of the linear mixed effects model

┗ predict(lmer_model, new_data) : Make predictions using the linear mixed

effects model

┣ library(forecast) : Load the forecast package for time series analysis

┣ auto.arima(data) : Fit an ARIMA model to the data

┣ ets(data) : Fit an ETS model to the data

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
┣ stl(data) : Decompose a time series into trend, seasonal, and remainder
components

┣ acf(data) : Calculate the autocorrelation function of a time series

┣ pacf(data) : Calculate the partial autocorrelation function of a time

series

┣ library(nnet) : Load the nnet package for neural networks

Machine Learning
┣ library(caret) : Load the caret package for machine learning

┣ library(randomForest) : Load the randomForest package for random forests

┣ library(gbm) : Load the gbm package for gradient boosting

┣ library(xgboost) : Load the xgboost package for extreme gradient boosting

┣ train(formula, data, method) : Train a machine learning model using cross-

validation

┣ predict(model, new_data) : Make predictions using a machine learning model

┣ confusionMatrix(predictions, actuals) : Calculate the confusion matrix for

a classification model

┣ varImp(model) : Calculate the variable importance for a machine learning

model

┣ partialPlot(model, data, variable) : Create a partial dependence plot for

a machine learning model

┣ library(mlr) : Load the mlr package for machine learning

┣ makeLearner("classif.ksvm") : Create a support vector machine classifier

┣ makeLearner("regr.ranger") : Create a random forest regression model

┣ train(learner, task) : Train a machine learning model using cross-

validation

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
┣ library(h2o) : Load the h2o package for machine learning

┣ h2o.init() : Initialize the h2o package

┣ h2o.importFile(path) : Import a file into h2o

┣ h2o.glm(y = "response", x = c("predictor1", "predictor2", ...),

training_frame = data) : Fit a generalized linear model in h2o

┣ h2o.randomForest(y = "response", x = c("predictor1", "predictor2", ...),

training_frame = data) : Fit a random forest model in h2o

┗ h2o.deepLearning(y = "response", x = c("predictor1", "predictor2", ...),

training_frame = data) : Fit a deep learning model in h2o

Web Scraping
┣ library(rvest) : Load the rvest package for web scraping

┣ html_text(html_nodes(page, css)) : Extract text from HTML nodes

┣ html_attr(html_nodes(page, css), "attribute") : Extract attributes from

HTML nodes

┣ html_table(html_nodes(page, css)) : Extract tables from HTML nodes

┣ html_form(page) : Extract forms from an HTML page

┣ html_submit(form, "button") : Click a button in an HTML form

┣ library(httr) : Load the httr package for HTTP requests

┣ GET(url) : Send a GET request to a URL

┣ POST(url, body) : Send a POST request to a URL with a request body

┗ library(RSelenium) : Load the RSelenium package for automated web scraping

┗ remDr$findElement(using = "css selector", "selector")$clickElement() :

Click an element on a web page using RSelenium

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Text Analysis
┣ library(tm) : Load the tm package for text mining

┣ Corpus(VectorSource(text)) : Create a corpus from a character vector

┣ tm_map(corpus, function) : Apply a function to a corpus

┣ DocumentTermMatrix(corpus) : Create a document-term matrix from a corpus

┣ findAssocs(dtm, term) : Find terms associated with a given term in a

document-term matrix

┣ library(quanteda) : Load the quanteda package for text analysis

┣ corpus(text, docnames = c("doc1", "doc2", ...)) : Create a corpus from a

character vector with document names

┣ tokens(corpus) : Split a corpus into tokens

┣ dfm(tokens) : Create a document-feature matrix from tokens

┣ textstat_frequency(dfm) : Calculate term frequencies from a document-

feature matrix

┣ textstat_collocations(dfm) : Find collocations from a document-feature

matrix

┣ library(quanteda.textmodels) : Load the quanteda.textmodels package for

text classification

┣ textmodel_nb(dfm, y) : Train a naive Bayes model on a document-feature

matrix and target variable

┣ textmodel_svm(dfm, y) : Train a support vector machine model on a

document-feature matrix and target variable

┣ library(wordcloud) : Load the wordcloud package for creating word clouds

┣ wordcloud(words, freq, max.words = 100, colors = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2")) :

Create a word cloud from a vector of words and their frequencies

┣ library(ggplot2) : Load the ggplot2 package for creating visualizations

┗ ggplot(data, aes(x, y)) + geom_*(...) : Create a plot using ggplot2

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Time Series Analysis
┣ library(lubridate) : Load the lubridate package for working with dates and
times

┣ as_date(time) : Convert a character vector to a date

┣ year(time) : Extract the year from a date

┣ month(time) : Extract the month from a date

┣ day(time) : Extract the day from a date

┣ hour(time) : Extract the hour from a date-time

┣ minute(time) : Extract the minute from a date-time

┣ second(time) : Extract the second from a date-time

┣ library(zoo) : Load the zoo package for working with time series

┣ as.zoo(data) : Convert a data frame to a zoo object

┣ rollmean(zoo, k) : Calculate the rolling mean of a time series with a

window of k

┣ rollapply(zoo, k, function) : Apply a function to a rolling window of size

k in a time series

┣ library(forecast) : Load the forecast package for time series forecasting

┣ auto.arima(ts) : Automatically fit an ARIMA model to a time series

┣ ets(ts) : Fit an exponential smoothing model to a time series

┣ stl(ts) : Seasonal decomposition of a time series

┗ library(tidyquant) : Load the tidyquant package for financial time series

analysis

┗ tq_get(symbol) : Get financial data for a symbol

┗ tq_transmute(data, mutate_fun, select_fun, fill_fun) : Manipulate financial

data using tidyverse-style syntax.

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Other Useful Functions
┣ which.max(data) : Return the index of the maximum value in a vector

┣ which.min(data) : Return the index of the minimum value in a vector

┣ table(data) : Create a frequency table of the values in a vector

┣ summarize(data, variable = function) : Apply a function to a variable in a

data frame

┣ arrange(data, variable) : Sort a data frame by a variable

┣ mutate(data, new_variable = function) : Create a new variable in a data

frame based on an existing variable using a user-defined function or a built-in
function.

┣ select(data, variables) : Select variables from a data frame

┣ filter(data, condition) : Filter rows from a data frame based on a

condition

┣ group_by(data, variable) : Group a data frame by a variable

┣ summarise(data, variable = function) : Apply a function to a variable in a

grouped data frame

┣ ungroup(data) : Remove grouping from a data frame

┣ merge(data1, data2, by = "variable") : Merge two data frames by a variable

┣ library(dplyr) : Load the dplyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(tidyr) : Load the tidyr package for data manipulation

┣ library(ggplot2) : Load the ggplot2 package for graphics

┣ library(stats) : Load the stats package for statistical analysis

┗ library(caret) : Load the caret package for machine learning

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Resources
┣ R documentation: https://www.rdocumentation.org/

┣ RStudio cheat sheets: https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/

┣ The R Graphics Cookbook by Winston Chang

┣ R Graphics Cookbook, 2nd edition by Winston Chang

┣ An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R by Gareth

James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani

┣ Machine Learning with R, 2nd edition by Brett Lantz

┗ R for Data Science by Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund

┣ R Programming for Data Science by Hadley Wickham

┣ Advanced R by Hadley Wickham

┣ Text Mining with R by Julia Silge and David Robinson

┣ Applied Time Series Analysis with R by Wayne A. Woodward and Henry L. Gray

┗ Tidyquant: A Tidy Approach to Financial Analysis by Matt Dancho

Useful Packages
┣ dplyr : Data manipulation

┣ tidyr : Data manipulation

┣ ggplot2 : Data visualization

┣ rvest : Web scraping

┣ quanteda : Text analysis

┣ lubridate : Working with dates and times

┣ zoo : Working with time series

┗ forecast : Time series forecasting

By: Waleed Mousa

 R Programming Ultimate Guide
Useful Websites
┣ RStudio : https://www.rstudio.com/

┣ CRAN : https://cran.r-project.org/

┣ Stack Overflow : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/r

┣ R-bloggers : https://www.r-bloggers.com/

┗ DataCamp : https://www.datacamp.com/

┣ R for Data Science: https://r4ds.had.co.nz/

┣ Advanced R: https://adv-r.hadley.nz/

┣ R Graphics Cookbook: https://r-graphics.org/

┣ Machine Learning with R: https://www.tidyverse.org/

┣ Time Series Analysis and Its Applications:

https://www.stat.pitt.edu/stoffer/tsa4/

┣ Text Mining with R: https://www.tidytextmining.com/

┣ Web Scraping with R: https://www.r-bloggers.com/web-scraping-with-r-

tutorial/

┣ R Studio Cheat Sheets: https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/

┗ R Project for Statistical Computing: https://www.r-project.org/

Keyboard Shortcuts
┣ Ctrl+Enter : Run current line or selection

┣ Ctrl+Shift+Enter : Run current block

┣ Ctrl+Alt+I : Insert a new chunk

┣ Ctrl+Alt+L : Reformat current document

┣ Ctrl+Shift+M : Insert a markdown cell

┣ Ctrl+Shift+K : Insert a code cell above

┗ Ctrl+Shift+J : Insert a code cell below

By: Waleed Mousa