Thermal & moisture

protection

• BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1-
MATERIALS
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

A mortar or concrete is considered impermeable when it

does not permit passage or flow of water through its
pores or voids.

The absorption of a mortar or concrete is the property

of drawing in or engrossing water into its pores or
voids by capillary action or otherwise.

If the pores or voids between particles are sufficiently

large and connected from surface to surface of the wall,
the concrete will be permeable to water.

If the pores or voids are very minute, but connect with

one another, theoretically they may act as capillary
tubes, but the capillary forces will tend to hold the water
and prevent the passage of water.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
The various methods of waterproofing concrete may be
classified as follows :
a. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete
Accurate grading and proportioning of the concrete
materials in order to secure a concrete so dense as to
be waterproof.

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

Applying waterproof coatings or washes to the
concrete after it is on place.

c. Integral Waterproofing Compounds

Mixing foreign substances with the concrete.

d. Membrane Waterproofing
Surrounding the concrete with layers of waterproofing
materials.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

a. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Portland cement mortar and concrete can be made

practically waterproof or impermeable without the
use of any integral waterproofing materials; but in
order to obtain such impermeable concrete or
mortar considerable care should be exercised in
selecting good materials :
• Well-graded sands containing considerable
graded fine material are preferable for making
impermeable concrete, or fine material in the
form of hydrated lime, finely ground clay, or an
additional quantity of cement will be of value.
• The consistency of the concrete mixture should
be wet enough so that it can be puddled, mixture
should be well spaded against the forms to avoid
the formation of pockets on the surface.
• Care should be taken not to over trowel which
may cause erasing the coating will be effective.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

Permeable concrete results from :

• Defective workmanship, resulting from improper

proportioning, lack of thorough mixing, separation
of the coarse aggregate from fine aggregate in
transporting and placing the mixed concrete, lack
of density through insufficient tamping or spading,
improper bonding of work joints .

• The use of imperfectly sized and graded

aggregates.

• The use of excessive water, causing shrinkage

cracks and formation of laitance-seams .

• The lack of proper provision to take care of

expansion and contraction, causing subsequent
cracking .
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

The materials employed as surface coatings may be

classified as follows :
⮚ Alum and soap mixtures applied in alternate
mixtures (known as the Sylvester process),
which penetrates the pores of the concrete
forming insoluble compounds due to chemical
action between the alum and soap solutions,
and these compounds prevents percolation.

- use in proportions of ¾ gal. of soap to 1 gal. of

water, and 2oz. of alum to 1 gal. of water, both
substances to be perfectly dissolved in water
before using.

- should be applied with a soft, flat brush (one

for each solution), the soap boiling hot and the
alum solution at 60 to 70°F.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

⮚ Alum, lye and cement washes .

⮚ Cement grout, with or without the addition of

water-repellants.

⮚ Paraffin and other

mineral bases, applied
cold in solution or
prepared in melted.

⮚ Miscellaneous
materials of unknown
composition sold under
various trade names.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

⮚ Specially prepared bituminous products, e.g.,

“FLINT-KOTE”, “JOHN-MANSVILLE”, etc
✔ Asphalt emulsions - Generally called Asphalt
Base Clay Emulsions, minute asphalt particles
dispersed in water and maintained in suspension
(until applied) by a mineral colloid emulsifying
agent. When the water vehicle evaporates,
resilient reinforced weatherproof film remains
which resist the passage of free water but allows
movement of water vapor through the film and are
classed as breathing films.
✔ Cutback Asphalts - composed of a variety of
products from thin liquids to heavy paste, often
one or more asphalts dissolved in solvent are
filled with minerals and fibers to meet
requirements of different coating uses and
provide tough, durable films resistant to the
passage of water vapor.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

c. Integral Waterproofing Compounds

These are manufactured and sold under various

trade names, and are available in powder or liquid
form, e.g.:
“SAHARA”
“POZOLITH”
“AQUELLA”
Truscon “ZILICON”
“ANTI-HYDRO”
The addition of the integral waterproofing
compounds will not, however, compensate for lean
mixtures, nor for poor materials, nor for poor
workmanship in the fabrication of concrete
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING
1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

d. Membrane Waterproofing

Layers of waterproofing materials used in this

method range from ordinary tar paper laid with
coal-tar pitch to asbestos or asphalted felt laid in
asphalt.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing – various corrugations

and rib sections.
• Aluminum Roofing – various corrugation and
rib sections
b. Plastic Roofing
• Plastic – various corrugation and rib sections
• Polycarbonate – corrugated and flat sheets

c. Tile Roofing
• Clay
• Concrete
d. Shingles
• Wood
• Tar
2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing
✔ Corrugated galvanized iron sheets are
manufactured in lengths of 5 to 12 ft. in 1 ft.
increments, the 8 ft length being the most
commonly used.
✔ Width of sheets is 32”. Each sheet has 10
corrugations with a pitch of 3”.
✔ For roofing, Ga. 26 is generally specified, Ga.
24 is preferred.
✔ Galvanized iron sheets are also sometimes
used as siding for industrial buildings. When
used as siding, courses shall be lapped at
least 6”.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Aluminum Roofing
✔ Corrugated aluminum is rigidized sheet
fabricated of special aluminum alloys
specifically developed for this purpose.
✔ Has a high insulating value and is about one-
sixth lighter than similar materials.
✔ Is silvery in color, strong and does not stain
adjoining materials.
✔ It reacts, however, with dissimilar materials,
lead-base paints green or damp wood, certain
wood preservatives, lime mortar, concrete, and
other masonry materials and must be insulated
from contact with these materials .
✔ Width of sheets are 32-5/8”, 32”, 31-1/2”, 31-
1/8”, and 30-5/8”; lengths are from 6 to 12 ft. in
1 ft. increments. Number of corrugations for
32” sheets and wider is 12; sheets of narrower
width have 10 corrugations.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

b. Plastic Roofing

• Corrugated or Ribbed Roofing

✔ Corrugated sheets are manufactured in in
same widths and lengths as Metal Sheet
Roofing.
✔ Metal reinforced plastic roofing is available.
✔ Ideally used in sites of high salinity levels.

• Sheet Roofing
✔ Polycarbonate Sheets.
✔ Ideally used in greenhouses, patios, outdoor
sheds, and skylights.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

c. Tile Roofing
• Clay Tiles

• Concrete Tiles
2. PREFORMED ROOFING
2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

d. Shingles
• Wood Shingles
• Tar/Asphalt Shingles
sealant
- a substance capable of attaching to at least
two surfaces, thereby, filling the space between
them to provide a barrier or protective coating.

- ability to fill gaps, resist relative movement of

the substrates, and exclude or contain another
material. They are generally lower in strength
than adhesives, but have better flexibility. Ex.
urethanes, silicones, and acrylic systems.

- Any resilient material used to seal a joint.

- Building Sealant, joint sealant, mastic,

sealing compound - are soft flexible
compound applied to construction joints
between components or materials as
weatherproofing and a glazing compound.
 PROPERTIES
sealant

- prevent the penetration of air, gas,

noise, dust, fire, smoke or liquid from
one location through a barrier into
another.

- to close small openings that are difficult

to shut with other materials, such as
concrete, drywall, etc.

- Desirable properties insolubility,

corrosion resistance, and adhesion.
 sealant

APPLICATIONS
 COMMON TYPES
sealant

Silicone Sealant
Glass Sealant
Concrete Sealant
Acrylic Sealant
Acoustic Sealant
Metal Sealant
Pipe Sealant
 COMMON TYPES
sealant SILICONE SEALANT
designed to be used to seal out water
around a bath tub, shower screen or
laundry sink, around roofs, gutters,
flashing, vents, glass and even aquariums
 COMMON TYPES
sealant GLASS SEALANT
has excellent adhesion to glass and has
been especially formulated for glazing
 COMMON TYPES
sealant CONCRETE SEALANT
suited for concrete and as traffic loop sealant,
crack filling, bridge expansion joint sealant and
saw-cut control joint sealant.
 COMMON TYPES
sealant ACRYLIC SEALANT
are based on acrylic polymers and are recognized
by several other names including decorators caulk,
painters caulk or decorators acrylic. They are
traditionally used as an economical filler and
sealant mainly internally however some can be
used externally.
 COMMON TYPES
sealant ACOUSTIC SEALANT
reduce sound in partition systems
 COMMON TYPES
sealant METAL SEALANT
is a one-part aluminum colored sealant which air
dries to a tough, flexible film that resists water, oils
and fuel
 COMMON TYPES
sealant PIPE SEALANT
are designed for low- and high-pressure
applications, providing an instant seal that prevents
leakage of gasses and liquids.
 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMEN
T
adhesive & sealant
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

- behave as a liquid, at some time in the course of

bond formation, in order to flow over and wet
(make intimate contact with) the adherents.

- form surface attachment through adhesion (the

development of intermolecular forces).

- hardens to carry sometimes continuous,

sometimes variable load throughout its life.

- transfers and distribute load among the

components in an assembly.

- fill gaps, cavities, and spaces.

- works with other components of the assembly to

provide a durable product.
adhesive
- a substance capable of holding at least two
surfaces together in a strong and permanent
manner.

- A sticky solid or liquid bonding substance used

for the firm sticking, surface joining and holding
together of materials and components.

- Superior holding and bonding power

- generally have high shear and tensile strength.

adhesive
2 TYPES OF ADHESIVE
ACCORDING TO STRENGTH

Structural adhesive

- generally used to define an adhesive whose

strength is critical to the success of the assembly.
with high shear strength (in excess of 1,000
pounds per square inch or psi) and good
environmental resistance. Ex. epoxy,
thermosetting acrylic, and urethane systems.

Non-structural adhesives
- has lower strength and permanence.

- generally used for temporary fastening or to

bond weak substrates. Ex. pressure sensitive
films, wood glue, elastomers, and sealants.
adhesive
2 TYPES OF ADHESIVE
ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION

Natural Adhesive
- are made from organic sources such as vegetable
matter, starch (dextrin), natural resins or from
animals such as casein or animal glue. Often
referred to as bioadhesives. Ex. simple paste
made by cooking flour in water

Synthetic Adhesive
- are based on elastomers, thermoplastics,
emulsions, and thermosets. Ex. epoxy,
polyurethane and acrylic polymers
ORIGIN &
TYPE
adhesive uses
PACKAGING
Corrugated board manufacture, Carton side-seam and Closures,
Composite bonding of disposable products (towel and tissue
laminating, pick up and tail-tie diapers, sanitary napkins, hospital
supplies), Bags, Labels, Cups, Cigarette and filter, manufacture,
Envelope manufacture, (excluding remoistenable gums),
Remoistenable products (stamps, envelopes, tapes, labels),
Flexible food laminates, Other flexible laminates (including labels
on display cartons and other packaging lamination), Point of sale
labels, Speciality packages, (cosmetics, toiletries), Composite
containers and tubes
adhesive uses
TAPES
Packaging tapes, Industrial tapes, Surgical tapes, Masking tapes,
Consumer tapes
adhesive uses
CONSTRUCTION
Acoustic ceiling panels, floor tile and continuous flooring
installation, Ceramic tile installation, Counter top lamination,
Manufacture of prefabricated beams and trusses, Carpet layment
adhesives, Flooring underlayment adhesives, Installation of
prefinished panels, Joint cements (gutters, plastic pipe), Curtain
wall manufacture, Wall covering installation, Dry wall lamination
adhesives
adhesive uses
OTHER NONRIGID BONDING
Fabric combining (including stitchless sewing), Apparel laminates,
Shoe assembly, Sports equipment, Book binding, Rug backing
adhesive uses
CONSUMER ADHESIVES
Do-it-yourself products, Model and hobby supplies, School and
stationery products, Decorative films
adhesive uses
TRANSPORTATION
Auto, truck, and bus interior and exterior trim attachment, Vinyl
roof bonding, Weatherstrip and gasket bonding, Aircraft and
aerospace structural assemblies
adhesive uses
OTHER RIGID BONDING
Shake proof fastening, Furniture manufacture, Manufacture of
millwork, doors, kitchen cabinets, vanitories (excluding counter top
lamination), Appliance assembly and trim attachment, Houseware
assembly and trim attachment, TV, radio, and electronics
assembly, Machinery manufacture and assembly, Supported and
unsupported film lamination, Manufacture of sandwich panels
(road signs, etc.)
 JOINTS IN
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION JOINT

A joint between two successive placement of concrete,

often keyed or doweled to provide lateral stability across
the joint.
EXPANSION JOINT

an assembly designed to safely absorb

the heat-induced expansion and
contraction of construction materials,
to absorb vibration, to hold parts
together, or to allow movement due to
ground settlement or earthquakes.
CONTROL JOINT

A continuous groove or separation

formed, sawed or tooled in concrete or
masonry structure to form a plane of
weakness and thus regulate the
location and amount of cracking from
drying shrinkage or thermal stresses.
ISOLATION JOINT

A joint two sections of a structure so

that the differential movement or
settlement can occur between the
parts.
WATERPROOFIN
G
The ability of material or construction
to resist the penetration of water.
Waterproofing Membrane

A layer of impervious sheet material, usually bitumen based,

incorporated into a flat roof construction to prevent the passage of
water downward.
Water-resistant Adhesive

Any adhesive which maintains its bond strength

when in contact with water such as waterproof
glue.
Water-resisting Admixture

Waterproofing admixture; in concretework, an admixture included in

the mix to inhibit the absorption or passage of water.