Study of Land Pollution in Biratnagar

A project work submitted for the partial fulfillment of

requirement in Zoology of class 11

Submitted to:
Mr. Bimlendu Mishra
Address: Kumaripati, Lalitpur
Date: 2080/01/15
Submitted by:
Name: Supriya Karki
Roll no : 31

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 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project work entitled

‘Study of Land Pollution in Biratnagar’ in the
partial fulfillment of the requirement of biology
class 11(SDB) is submitted by Supriya Karki
under the supervision of Mr. Bimlendu Mishra
has been accepted.

Supervisor: Head of Department:

Name: Bimlendu Mishra Name: Kamal Adhikari
Department of Biology Department of Biology
Name of College: Moonlight Secondary School

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 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

This is to recommend Ms. Supriya Karki of

Moonlight Secondary School has done the
project entitled ‘Study of Land Pollution in
Biratnagar’ the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of class 11(SDB). She has fulfilled all
the requirement laid down by NEB for the
submission of project award for the award of +2
degree.

Signature:
Name of supervisor: Bimlendu Mishra
Department of biology
Moonlight secondary school
Date: 2080/01/15

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 DECLARATION

The project work entitled ‘Study of land pollution in

Biratnagar’, which is being submitted to the
Department of Biology, Moonlight Secondary School,
Nepal for the award of class 11(SDB) degree in
Biology, is carried out by MS. Supriya Karki under the
supervision of MR. Bimlendu Mishra, department of
biology, Moonlight secondary school. I hereby
declare that this work is originally done by me and
has not been previously formed anywhere else for
another degree. Any literature or work done by other
or cited in this project has been given due
acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.

Signature:

…………….

Date: 2080/01/15
Email: [email protected]

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I feel immense pleasure in acknowledging my

ineptness and heartfelt sense of gratitude to my
respected supervisor Bimlendu Mishra, Department
of Chemistry, Moonlight secondary school for his
sustained encouragement, regular guidance,
inspiration, valuable suggestion and great support
throughout my period. My special thanks go to Head
of Department, Kamal Adhikari, Moonlight secondary
school for providing us necessary requirements and
suggestion. I would like to thank and express my
sincere appreciation to friends and family members.

THANK YOU ALL

Supriya Karki
Date: 2080/01/15

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 CONTENT PAGE

 Introduction
 Cause of Land Pollution
 Effect of Land Pollution
 Control Measures Of Land
pollution
 Conclusion
 References

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Introduction:
Land Pollution: It is an undesirable change in physical and biotic
elements on the land environment which adversely affect plant and
animals. The various human activities and also natural factors are the
various causes of land pollution. Besides, some of the causes of land
pollution are the use of pesticides, agricultural and industrial waste,
deforestation, growing urbanization, acid rains, and mining
activities. Furthermore, these activities not only cause damage to the
soil but also the reason for various human and animal infections and
diseases.

Land pollution is a problem of urban area like Biratnagar and

industrialized countries and sites. Growing industrial establishments
without proper attention on pollution control measures have
resulted adverse impact on the local environment in the city like
Biratnagar. Due to availability of various infrastructure facilities
several types of industries viz., Jute, Textile, Sugar, Leather, Soap.
Plastic, Match, Iron rod, Galvanized iron products; stainless steel,
liquors, biscuits, oil seed extraction mills etc. operate in Biratnagar.
These industries as well as rapidly expanding Biratnagar
metropolitan city discharge their untreated wastes directly into the
natural environments (water courses, land, air) thereby polluting
them.

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 Solid Waste Management in Biratnagar Metropolitan
City

Builtup area map of Biratnagar Metropolitan City

To begin with, Biratnagar Metropolitan City (BMC) is an important

commercial and industrial hub of Nepal. BMC’s proximity to the
Indian border has established the city as a hub for cross-border
trading. Indeed, the rich history of industrialization includes the
establishment of Biratnagar Jute Mills in 1930s and Raghupati Jute
Mills in 1940s. Because of this, the city has been established as the
front runner in the industrial sector in the country.
According to a report , the population of BMC was 204,949 in 2017.
This figure is entirely based on the census of 2011 with the
population of former VDCs that are now a part of BMC also
considered. However, BMC due to its urban center status, has a
significant floating population and daily commuters who travel to
the city from adjacent towns for work and education.

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Amount and composition of collected waste
The total amount of waste collected in BMC is 66 tons per day. This
includes the waste collected from households and institutional
sources. The per capita waste collection is calculated at 307
grams/capita/day. This is relatively higher rate compared to other
cities in Province 1, say Dharan where 254 grams of waste is collected
per capita per day. This difference is largely caused due to the
floating population in BMC and higher commercial activities
occurring in the city.

Composition of waste in BMC

Waste Management Site

Birds and stray animals often found at sites Sanitary staff are often ill-equipped & untrained to
handle the wastes.

BMC, despite its metropolitan city status still employs poor and
environmentally-degrading practice of open dumping the waste. For
instance, waste is dumped on the banks of Keshaliya river, about 300
meters north of Keshaliya Bridge on the Keshaliya Marga situated in
Ward No 6 of BMC.

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Sanitary staff unloading the wastes from Tractor. Kesliya river is visible in background.

BMC, despite its metropolitan city status still employs poor and
environmentally-degrading practice of open dumping the waste. For
instance, waste is dumped on the banks of Keshaliya river, about 300
meters north of Keshaliya Bridge on the Keshaliya Marga situated in
Ward No 6 of BMC.

Resources allocated
The waste management model implemented in BMC is public private
partnership (PPP) model whereby the responsibility for collection
and management of waste is handed to a private company, Waste
Management Group Nepal Pvt. Ltd. and J.V. as per the contract with
BMC.
A total of 217 employees, 30 drivers and remaining sweepers and
loaders are employed for waste management purpose. The number
of sanitary employees is almost three times and more than twelve
times the manpower employed in Dharan Sub-metropolitan City
(DSMC) and DMUN respectively.
Likewise, for the collection and transportation purpose, a total of 51
vehicles are used of which 31 are tractors and 20 are wheel carts.
Meanwhile, the wheel carts serve as temporary transfer stations with
the waste collected in wheel carts loaded on to tractors for final
disposal.

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Financial aspects of solid waste
As PPP model is implemented in BMC, general public pay the sanitary
service charges directly to the waste management company while
BMC also allocates budget to the company. In FY 2075/76 BMC
allocated budget of Rs 13.68 million which is about 0.46% of the total
budget of Rs 2.95 billion.
The service charges paid by households (HHs) for sanitary service are
tabulated below:
S. Pariculars Service Frequency Monthly charge in
N Rs.
1 Normal Service Twice every week 200
2 Special Service Everyday 500
3 HHs with low income Twice every week 100

Service charge per HHs in BMC

The sanitary service charges for institutions such as health
institutions, shops, hotels, lodges, offices, industries and academic
institutions vary according to the frequency of service provided and
the amount of waste to be handled. The services charges for
institutions are generally higher than that of household service
charges.

The way forward

As mentioned earlier, BMC practices open dumping of waste on the
banks of Keshaliya river. Above all, this reality demands an urgent
need to abolish such unsanitary practice to mitigate the impacts on
environment. The best way would be to focus on reuse and
recycling of waste. For that source separation and separate
collection and transportation of waste must be promoted.

As 71% or nearly 47 tons of waste is organic, emission of methane is

likely to occur when dumped openly. Rather, the organic waste
could be converted to biofuel or biogas. As a matter of fact, many
areas in and around BMC is agricultural land, the organic waste
could be composted into bio-fertilizers. A detailed study about
composition of organic fraction in waste stream and its calorific
value needs to be carried out.

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Meanwhile, the composition of paper, plastic and glass is about 20%
or 13.2 tons. Paper, plastic and glass are highly recyclable materials.
Diverting these materials along with organic fractions away from
waste stream would reduce the pressure on the landfill. In addition,
there is also an economic opportunity of recycling waste as it means
more income for the waste management company, while tax on the
recycled materials could generate extra income for BMC as well.

STUDY OF CAUSE OF LAND POLLUTION IN

BIRATNAGAR
Biratnagar is one of the most industrialized city of Nepal. There are
various industries and factories in Biratnagar district. There are
various factors in Biratnagar that are causing land pollution in the
Morang district like unsustainable agricultural practices, the
improper disposal of waste (both hazardous and non-hazardous),
mining (often called “mineral extraction”), illegal dumping and
littering. These factors are the main causes of land pollution. Some of
the major source / cause of land pollution are listed below in the
context of Biratnagar:
1. Various industrial sources like inorganic and organic effluents,
poisons, heavy metals like Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Al, etc. These also include
plastic and aluminum cans.
2. Domestic sources like kitchen packing and building materials,
plastic bags, rubber material, etc. which do not undergo
degradation. These also include domestic sewage, detergent, etc.
3. Agriculture sources like pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.
are also major cause of land pollution.
4. Radioactive sources like nuclear dust and radioactive dust
released from nuclear explosions and nuclear test pollutes the land.
5. Overgrazing and deforestation are responsible for the damage
of soil such as sandiness, desert, land slide, soil erosion and hence
pollutes the land and degrade the fertility of soil.
6. Nuclear plants can produce a huge amount of energy through
nuclear fission.

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 STUDY OF EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION IN
BIRATNAGAR
Land pollution is one of the factors that causes various adverse effect
or direct effect on biotic components like plants and animals.
Biratnagar is polluted badly by the land pollution causing various
effect. Land pollution can harm the human body in a variety of ways.
Toxic waste and contaminants can be ingested by people. Disposal
of hazardous radioactive wastes also contributes to land
contamination. Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart
disease, and even brain damage are all long-term health
consequences.
Land pollution touches essentially every area of the living world,
including:

 Contamination of drinking water.

 Polluted soil, which leads to a loss of fertile land for agriculture and
a reduction in the availability of food.
 Climate change, which causes an onslaught of disastrous
problems, including flash floods and irregular rainfalls.
 The endangerment and extinction of species in wildlife.
 Habitat destruction, where animal and plants wiped out in certain
areas.
 Habitat shifting, where animals are are forced to flee where they
live in order to survive.
 An increase in wildfires due to polluted areas often becoming very
dry.
 Increased air pollution, which burning waste contributes to.
 Increased soil pollutants can enter the body through the food
chain, and cause health issues.
 Increased human health issues, including cancer, respiratory
illnesses, and congenital disabilities, caused by exposure to
harmful chemicals.
 Landfills across the city keep on growing due to an increase in
waste and are alter burned, which leads to air pollution.
 The city loses its tourist destination as landfills do not look good
when you move around the city. It leads to a loss of revenue for
the state government.
 Other issues that we face include increased temperature,
unseasonal weather activity, acid rains, etc.

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 STUDY OF CONTROL MEASURE OF LAND
POLLUTION IN BHAKTAPUR
There are various routes which can be taken on a higher level
and as a small one. Any of it can initiate in preventing land
pollution. In order to execute it, both the citizens and
government must come together to do so.

 We can begin these with the below-explained prevention

measures.

 Reducing the Usage of Pesticides and Chemicals

 Reducing pesticides and chemical fertilizer usage can help in

the prevention of land pollution. In addition to
contaminating the soil, they do no good for the crops.

 Also, instead of harmful toxins, farmers must use natural

ingredients. They can switch to bio-fertilizers and manure.
This will help to minimize land pollution.

Reforestation
As we all know that grassland and forests bind the soil. All the people
of Biratnagar must practice reforestation to protect the land from
occurring pollution. Further, it will prevent us from floods and soil
erosion. Besides, it will make the land more fertile and enhance
biodiversity.

Recovering and Recycling the Material

We must recycle the waste material to stop polluting the land. We
are also supposed to dispose of organic and inorganic waste
separately and adequately. It helps in lessening the burden of
landfills. Also, it will save more natural resources that are available.

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 CONCLUSION

Several factors contribute to making the soil

sick, such as harmful chemicals from factories,
chemicals from fertilizers and pesticides, etc.,
industrial and household waste, etc. It is vital to
understand that nothing on Earth survives in
isolation. Instead, everything depends on one
another for survival. If we cannot take care of
the land, soil, and other natural resources, we
risk our own existence.

Environment together with soil represent the

world we live in; it is of fundamental importance
to do everything possible to preserve it. Also, the
current state of land and soil urgently demands
that we implement all the small and large
measures to prevent soil pollution.

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 REFERENCES

 https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/com
 https://ednep.com/solid-waste-management-in-
biratnagar-metropolitan-city/com
 https://www.texasdisposal.com/blog/land-
pollution/com
 https://byjus.com
 https://www.vedantu.com/
 https://www.wikipedia.org/

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