Data Communication Networks

Dr. Sonali Chouhan

Dept of EEE, IITG
 Syllabus
• Introduction to Computer Networks
• Data Link Layer and Peer to Peer protocols -Encoding
(NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, 4B/5B), HDLC, Error
detection, ARQ – SW, GBN, SR;
• Store-and-forward and circuit switching, layered
network architecture, the OSI network model, Internet
architecture;
• Delay models in Data Networks -Traffic multiplexing on
a communication link, Little’s theorem, The M/M/1
Queueing System, M/G/I Queues with Vacations,
Priority Queues;
 Syllabus
• MAC protocols and LAN - Polling and Reservations,
ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, CSMA-CD, Ethernet and IEEE
802.3, Wireless LAN and IEEE 802.11.
• Routing in packet networks - IP, shortest-path routing,
intra-domain routing (OSPF, RIP), inter-domain routing
(BGP), routing for mobile hosts;
• End-to-End Protocols - UDP and TCP;
• Congestion Control and Resource Allocation -Resource
Allocation, TCP Congestion Control, Congestion-
avoidance mechanisms, QoS;
• Internetworking using TCP/IP - Network programming
using socket API, client/server communication.
 Course Material
Texts:
• A. Leon-Garcia and I. Widjaja, Communication
Networks, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, 2009.
• J.F. Kurose and K. W. Ross: Computer
Networking, A Top-Down Approach, 4/e,
Pearson/Addison Wesley, 2008.
 Course Material
References:
• D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks,
2nd Ed., Prentice Hall,1992.
• L. Peterson and B. Davies, Computer
Networks: A Systems Approach, 4th Ed.,
Elsevier, 2007.
 Course Grades
Students grades are calculated as per the following
weightage:

Assignments Quizzes Midterm Final

Exam Exam

10% 20% 30% 40%

-No assignments will be accepted beyond the due date.
-75% attendance is mandatory in the course
 Communication Network


Data communications networks improve the
day-to-day control of a business by providing
faster information flow.
• Networks also allow their users to interact using
e-mail, chat and video streaming.
 Examples
• Telephone Networks
• Computer Networks
• Television Broadcast Networks
• Cellular Telephone Networks
• Satellite-based cable/telephone
• Internet
• Internet of Things (IoT)
 Communication Network
• A communication network in its simplest form
is a set of equipment and facilities that
provides a service: the transfer of information
between users located at various geographical
points.
• Computer network: [Tanenbaum] a collection
of “autonomous” computers interconnected
by a single technology.
 Communication Network
• Two computers are said to be interconnected
if they are able to exchange information
• The merger of computers and communications
has had a profound influence on the way
computer systems are organized.
 Communication Level
•
User-to-User Communication
•
Computer-to-Computer Communication
•
Computer-to-Network Communication
Computer A Computer B
User-to-User
Application Communication
Application

Communication Computer-to-Computer Communication

Communication
System System
Computer-to-Network
Communication

Data Communication Network

Simplified Communications Model
- Diagram
 Computer Network Components
• Local area networks contain three basic hardware
components :
– Servers (aka hosts or host computers)
– Clients
– Circuits
• Clients and Servers typically work together in client-
server networks. Networks without servers are called
peer-to-peer networks.
• Routers are specialized devices responsible for moving
information between networks, are also a common
network component.
• Server types: file servers, print servers, Web servers, e-
mail and directory servers.
Components of a Network
 Network Types
• A common way of thinking about networks is by the scale
of the network. 3 common network types are:
– Local Area Networks (LANs): typically occupy a room or building,
usually include a group of PCs sharing a circuit.
– Backbone Networks, have a scale of a few hundred meters to a
few kilometers. Include a high speed backbone linking the LANs
at various locations.
– Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) typically have a scale of a
few kilometers to a few tens of kilometers. MANs connect LANs
and BNs at different locations, usually using leased lines or other
commercial services to transmit data.
– Wide Area Networks (WANs) have a scale of hundreds or
thousands of kilometers. Like MANs, use leased circuits or other
commercially available services to transmit data.
Network Models

16
 Multi-layer Network Models
• The process of transferring a message between
sender and receiver is more easily implemented
by breaking it down into simpler components.
• Instead of a single layer, a group of layers are
used, dividing up the tasks required for network
communications.
• The best known network model is the OSI
models.

17
Network Models
18
The OSI Networking Reference Model
• OSI= Open Systems Interconnect. Created by the
International Standards Organization (OSI) in 1984
as a network standards framework.
• The model’s seven layers from high to low are:
• 7. Application
• 6. Presentation
• 5. Session
• 4. Transport
• 3. Network
• 2. Data Link
• 1. Physical
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 Application Layers
• The application layers are the user’s connection to the
network and include the application software and other
software used to connect the application to the
network:
– 7. Application: provides a set of utilities used by
application programs.
– 6. Presentation: formats data for presentation to the
user, provides data interfaces, data compression and
translation between different data formats.
– 5. Session: responsible for initiating, maintaining and
terminating each logical session between sender and
receiver.
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 Internetwork Layers

• The internetwork layers connect applications to

the network and as well as determine the best
route for sending messages between sender and
receiver.
– 4. Transport: deals with end-to-end issues such
as segmenting the message for network
transport, and maintaining the logical
connections between sender and receiver.
– 3. Network: responsible for making routing
decisions.
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 Hardware Layers
• The hardware layers move messages from one
computer or device to another.
– 2. Data Link: deals with message delineation,
error control and network medium access
control.
– 1. Physical: defines how individual bits are
formatted to be transmitted through the
network.

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How the layers fit together in practice
23
 Message Transmission Using Layers
• Network model layers use protocols, i.e., sets of rules to
define how to communicate at each layer and how to
interface with adjacent layers.
• Generally, outgoing messages travel down all network
layers.
• Before sending a message to the next layer, each layer
places it in an envelope of overhead information related
to that layer (encapsulation).
• At the receiving end, messages travels up through the
network layers, each layer removing the envelopes
added when the message was sent.

24
Message transmission using layers 25
 Networking Example: clicking on a
WWW hyperlink
• Clicking on a hyperlink starts an HTTP request-response cycle. First, the
user’s Web browser sends an HTTP request.
• The HTTP request is then handed to the transport layer’s TCP protocol
and placed in a TCP segment.
• The TCP segment is placed in an IP (network layer) packet.
• The IP packet is next placed in a Data Link layer (usually Ethernet)
frame and sent out over the physical layer (network medium) as a bit
stream (series of 1s and 0s).
• On the Web server, this process occurs in reverse, each layer removing
the overhead information added by each layer until the HTTP request
is finally produced for the server to read.
• The server then sends an HTTP response back to the client which is
sent back to the user’s Web browser.

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 A Transmission System
Transmitt Receiv
er Communication er
Channel
Transmitter: Converts digital data into signal suitable for
transmission and send the signal over the communication
channel
Receiver: Receives the signal and converts it back into digital data
to be delivered to the user.

Depending on the transmission medium, the

data may be encoded directly and sent to the
medium (Baseband Transmission, Line
Coding) or it may be modulated on to an analog
carrier and then transmitted (Modulation)
 Transmission Impairments
Transmitt Receiv
er Communication er
Channel
Communication Channels
•
Copper wires
•
Coaxial cables
•
Radio
•
Microwave
•
Light in optical fiber
•
Light in air
•
Infrared (irDA)
 Guided Transmission

•
Twisted Pair
•
Coaxial Cable
•
Fiber Optics
 Twisted Pair

Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two

conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for
the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources
(a) Category 3 UTP- provides performance of up to
16MHz
(b) Category 5 UTP- provides performance of up to 100
MHz
 Coaxial Cable

In contrast to twisted-pair wires, coaxial has the

capacity to transmit information 80 times faster, has
much higher bandwidth, offers greater protection
from noise and interference and can support
greater cable lengths between network devices.
 Fiber Optics

(a) Three examples of a light ray from inside a silica

fiber impinging on the air/silica boundary at
different angles.
(b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.
Transmission of Light through Fiber
 Fiber Cables

(a) Side view of a single fiber.

(b) End view of a sheath with three fibers.
 Fiber Cables (2)
A comparison of semiconductor diodes and LEDs
as light sources.
 Wireless Transmission
•
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
•
Radio Transmission
•
Microwave Transmission
•
Infrared and Millimeter Waves
•
Lightwave Transmission
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses for
communication.
 Types of Waves

Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)

Space wave Stratosphere

(12 - 50 km)
Ground wave
s m i tter Rece
iv er Troposphere
Tran (0 - 12 km)
Earth
 Radio Frequency Bands
Classification Band Initials Frequency Range Characteristics
Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz
Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz Ground wave
Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz Ground/Sky wave
High HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz Sky wave
Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz Space wave
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz
Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000GHz
 Radio Transmission

(a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves

follow the curvature of the earth.
(b) In the HF band, they bounce off the
ionosphere.
 Microwave Transmission
• Microwave Communication
• Is simply a high radio frequency link specifically
designed to provide signal connection between
two specific points.
• Also coined as Line-of-Sight or LOS
communications, Radio Link, Point-to-Point
communications.
Microwave Frequencies and Bands
• The practical microwave region is generally
considered to extend from 1 to 30 GHz, although
frequencies could include up to 300 GHz.
• Microwave signals in the 1- to 30-GHz have
wavelengths of 30 cm to 1 cm.
• The microwave frequency spectrum is divided up
into groups of frequencies, or bands.
• Frequencies above 40 GHz are referred to as
millimeter (mm) waves and those above 300 GHz
are in the submillimeter band.
Microwave Frequency Bands
 Lightwave Transmission
Convection currents can interfere with laser
communication systems.
A bidirectional system with two lasers is pictured here.
 Communication Satellites
•
Geostationary Satellites
•
Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites
•
Low-Earth Orbit Satellites
 Communication Satellites

15,000-20000 km

2,000-4000 km

Communication satellites and some of their properties, including

altitude above the earth, round-trip delay time and number of
satellites needed for global coverage.

GEO-36,000km, MEO-5000-15000km, LEO- 500-1000km

Communication Satellites (2)
The principal satellite bands.
Communication Satellites (3)
VSATs using a hub