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CHAPTER II

FORENSIC SCIENCE AS APPLIED

TO CRIME INVESTIGATION

PRESENTED BY : GROUP 1
MAPILI, SHERWIN

PLAGTIOSA, LIZA

ELNAS,EMELYN

TIMBANGAN ,EDLYN

BERNABE, KINT PAUL

LAGUNERO, JUNIEVA
LESSON OBJECTIVES

• Understand by heart the meaning of Forensic science;

• How is science applied to criminal and civil laws;
• Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations;
• How is criminal profiling done;
• Importance of Forensic Science in Law.
FORENSIC SCIENCE

• Defined as the “application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by the police
agencies in a criminal justice system”
• It involves the use of physics, chemistry, biology,computer science, and engineering for evidence
analysis
• Also known as criminalistics- the application of science to criminal and civil laws,mainly on the
criminal side during the criminal investigation.
• The word FORENSIC has its roots in the Latin word “FORENSIS” which means a forum- a public place
where judicial proceedings and debates were held.
• CHINESE (650 A.D.) – the first forensic technique ever used involving finger and palm print
identification.
MODERN HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

In the early 20th century, there was a boom in the development of newer forensic techniques for examining
the evidence. This lead to law enforcement agencies realizing the requirement of special forensic
investigator teams for evidence gathering and analysis.

A professor at the University of Lyons – Edmond Locard, began the first police crime laboratory in France
(1910). In fact, his revolutionary work in the field of forensic science earned him the name “The Sherlock
Holmes of France”.
LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE

• Edmond Locard’s concept that “everything leaves a trace” formed the basis of what is now called
Locard’s Exchange Principle.
• Locard’s Exchange Principle states that everything and everyone that enters a crime scene leaves
some piece of evidence behind. This is extensively used by a forensic investigator in crime scene
investigations.
• Locard is considered to be the father of modern forensic science. His Exchange Principle is the basis of
all forensic work; the principle stipulates that when any two objects come into contact, there is
always a transference of material between each object.[4
CRIMINAL PROFILING

• Dates back to 1888 and is believed to have been originally used and adapted by FBI.
• Enables forensic scientists to zero down on suspects by determining a criminal’s patterns and
personality.
• Its basic steps includes,
1. IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE CRIME SCENE
2. ANALYZING THE INCIDENCE and DRAWING COMPARISONS WITH SIMILAR EVENTS IN THE PAST
3. VICTIM’S BACKGROUND
4. MOTIVES
5. CRIMINAL DESCRIPTION
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE CRIME SCENE

• Crime scene analysis (crime analysis) is the analytical process of interpreting the specific features of a
crime and related crime scenes. It involves an integrated assessment of the forensic evidence, forensic
victimology, and crime scene characteristics.
• Potential crime scene characteristics that must be established or at least considered include, among
many others, method of approach, method of attack, method of control, location type, nature and
sequence of sexual acts, materials used, evidence of skill or planning, any verbal activity,
precautionary acts, contradictory acts, modus operandi, signature behavior, and the amount of time
spent in the commission of the crime.
 ANALYZING THE INCIDENCE AND DRAWING COMPARISONS
WITH SIMILAR EVENTS IN THE PAST

• Elimination or Reference Sample: A term used to describe a sample of known source taken for
comparison purposes. An elimination sample is one of known source taken from a person who had
lawful access to the crime scene to be used for comparison with evidence of the same type.
VICTIM’S BACKGROUND
• Victimology is the study of crime victims. It’s a subset of criminology, the study of crime. People who
study victimology, or victimization, examine the psychological effects of crimes on the victims, the
interactions between victims and the criminal justice system and the relationships between victims and
offenders.
MOTIVES

MOTIVE IMPLIES
AN EMOTION OR
DESIRE
OPERATING ON
THE WILL AND
CAUSING IT TO
ACT. A MOTIVE
FOR THE CRIME.
CRIMINAL
DESCRIPTION
THE SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
• FORENSIC BIOLOGY/ DNA
Other commonly used forensic technique in Criminal Investigations.

• FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
Helps in the identification of victims when body is unrecognizable.

• CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Chemicals that are legally recognized as having the potential for abuse are called CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES.

• FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
Involves analysis of biological samples to check for the presence of toxins and drugs.
• FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Deals with the examination of compromised human remains or skeletons to help
Determine the age, gender ,and ancestry.

• FORENSIC PATHOLOGY and MEDICO-LEGAL DEATH INVESTIGATION

Helps determine the cause of death by examining the cadaver. Forensic medicine involves the collection and
analysis of medical samples to deduce facts admissible in the court of law.

• IMPRESSION and PATTERN EVIDENCE

Helps establish vital links between a suspect or tool to a crime scene .
Evidence created when two objects come in contact with enough force to create an “impression”
1. Two-dimensional Impression – these are fingerprint
2. Three-dimensional Impression – marks on a bullet
• TRACE EVIDENCE
Evidence such as fibers, soil, hair, gunshot residue, wood ,and pollen are some examples of trace evidence.

• CYBER FORENSICS
Involves the analysis of evidence found in computers and digital storage media like pens drives, hard disks etc.
- it’s major objective is identifying, preserving, recovering, analyzing, and presenting facts and opinions .

• BALLISTICS
Specialized Forensic Science that deals with motion behavior, dynamics, angular movement and effects of
projectiles ,such as bullets, rockets, missiles,bombs etc.
THE END….THANK YOU FOR LISTENING